s 7 Unlawful stalking
7.—(1) An individual or entity must not unlawfully stalk another person.[17/2019] (2) Subject to subsection (7), an individual or entity (called in this section the accused) unlawfully stalks another person (called in this section the victim) if the accused engages in a course of conduct which —(a) involves acts or omissions associated with stalking; (b) causes harassment, alarm, distress or humiliation to the victim; and[Act 23 of 2025 wef 29/06/2026] (c) the accused —(i) intends to cause harassment, alarm, distress or humiliation to the victim; or[Act 23 of 2025 wef 29/06/2026] (ii) knows or ought reasonably to know is likely to cause harassment, alarm, distress or humiliation to the victim.[17/2019] [Act 23 of 2025 wef 29/06/2026] (3) The following are examples of acts or omissions which, in particular circumstances, are ones associated with stalking:(a) following the victim or a related person; (b) making any communication, or attempting to make any communication, by any means —(i) to the victim or a related person; (ii) relating or purporting to relate to the victim or a related person; or (iii) purporting to originate from the victim or a related person; (c) entering or loitering in any place (whether public or private) outside or near the victim’s or a related person’s place of residence or place of business or any other place frequented by the victim or the related person; (ca) engaging in online activity in any online location (whether public or private) which is visited by the victim or a related person;[Act 23 of 2025 wef 29/06/2026] (cb) making a presence felt to the victim or a related person in any online location (whether public or private);[Act 23 of 2025 wef 29/06/2026] (d) interfering with property in the possession of the victim or a related person (whether or not the accused has an interest in the property); (e) giving or sending material to the victim or a related person, or leaving it where it will be found by, given to or brought to the attention of, the victim or a related person; (f) keeping the victim or a related person under surveillance.Illustrations These acts are acts associated with stalking of X by Y: (a) Y repeatedly sends emails to Y’s subordinate (X) with suggestive comments about X’s body. (b) Y sends flowers to X daily even though X has asked Y to stop doing so. (c) Y repeatedly circulates revealing photographs of a classmate (X) to other classmates. (d) Y repeatedly posts emojis or symbols on X’s social media account page even though X has asked Y on multiple occasions to stop interacting with X. (e) Y sends messages to the social media accounts of many family members and friends of X, with disparaging comments about X. (f) X has blocked Y on a social media service and told Y to stop associating with X. Despite this, Y joins every online community that X is part of across multiple social media services, and persistently makes Y’s presence felt to X by engaging in online activity in these communities, even though X cannot communicate with Y directly. This act is not an act associated with stalking of X by Y: (g) Y uses Y’s social media account to follow X’s public social media page and regularly checks for updates, where X has not taken steps to stop Y from doing so. [17/2019] [Act 23 of 2025 wef 29/06/2026] (4) For the purposes of subsection (2)(c), the accused ought reasonably to know that the accused’s course of conduct is likely to cause harassment, alarm, distress or humiliation to the victim if a reasonable person in possession of the same information would think that the course of conduct is likely to have that effect.[17/2019] [Act 23 of 2025 wef 29/06/2026] (5) In considering whether a course of conduct is likely to cause harassment, alarm, distress or humiliation, the court may have regard to the following factors:(a) the number of occasions on which the acts or omissions associated with stalking were carried out; (b) the frequency and the duration of the acts or omissions associated with stalking that were carried out; (c) the manner in which the acts or omissions associated with stalking were carried out; (d) the circumstances in which the acts or omissions associated with stalking were carried out; (e) the particular combination of acts or omissions associated with stalking comprised in the course of conduct; (f) the likely effects of the course of conduct on the victim’s safety, health, reputation, economic position, or the victim’s freedom to do any act which he or she is legally entitled to do or not to do any act which he or she is not legally bound to do; and (g) the circumstances of the victim including his or her physical or mental health and personality.[Act 23 of 2025 wef 29/06/2026] (6) Any individual or entity that contravenes subsection (1) shall be guilty of an offence and, subject to section 8, shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $5,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both.[17/2019] (7) In any proceedings for an offence under subsection (6), it is a defence for the accused to prove —(a) that the course of conduct was reasonable in all the circumstances; (b) that the course of conduct was pursued under any written law or rule of law or to comply with any condition or requirement imposed by any person under any written law; (c) that the course of conduct was lawfully done under a duty or power under any written law for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime; or (d) that the course of conduct was done on behalf of the Government and was necessary for the purposes of national security, national defence or the conduct of international relations.[17/2019] (8) If any dispute arises as to whether any act falls within paragraph (d) of subsection (7), a certificate issued under the hand of the Minister responsible for national security, or for national defence or for the conduct of international relations (as the case may be), stating that in the Minister’s opinion any act done by a specified individual or specified entity on a specified occasion falls within that paragraph is conclusive evidence that the act falls within that paragraph.[17/2019] (9) A document purporting to be a certificate issued pursuant to subsection (8) and to be issued under the hand of the Minister shall be received in evidence and, unless the contrary is proved, be treated as being such a certificate. (10) In this section, “course of conduct” means conduct —(a) on one occasion, if —(i) the conduct is protracted; or (ii) the accused has a previous conviction under this section in respect of the same victim; or (b) on 2 or more occasions in any other case.Illustration Y surreptitiously plants a camera in X’s apartment. Unknown to X, the camera continuously transmits live videos of X in X’s apartment and Y watches the videos continually over several days. Y’s conduct is protracted. [17/2019]