Article 5
This Decision is addressed to: (a) Britannia Alloys & Chemicals Limited Botany Road Northfleet Gravesend, Kent DA11 9BG United Kingdom; (b) Dr Hans Heubach GmbH & Co. KG Heubachstraße 7 D - 38685 Langelsheim Germany; (c) James M. Brown Limited Napier Street Fenton Stoke-on-Trent Staffordshire ST4 4NX United Kingdom; (d) Société Nouvelle des Couleurs Zinciques SA F - 59111 Bouchain France; (e) Trident Alloys Limited Alloys House Willenhall Lane Bloxwich Walsall West Midlands WS3 2XW United Kingdom; (f) Waardals Kjemiske Fabrikker A/S Strandgaten 223 N - 5004 Bergen Norway. This Decision shall be enforceable pursuant to Article 256 of the Treaty. Done at Brussels, 11 December 2001. For the Commission Mario Monti Member of the Commission (1) OJ L 13, 21.2.1962, p. 204/62. (2) OJ L 148, 15.6.1999, p. 5. (3) OJ L 354, 30.12.1998, p. 18. (4) OJ C 144, 20.6.2003. (5) Dun & Bradstreet Comprehensive Report on the company. (6) See letter from Trident of 3.8.1999 (5769). (7) This product is quoted daily on the London Metal Exchange (LME). (8) To 31.3.2000 (exchange rate calculated on the average monthly exchange rate from April 1999 until March 2000). (9) For instance in 1992, Colores Hispanias (Spain) and ICS (Italy) were reported to have sold a few hundred tonnes in their respective domestic markets. Inspection13.5.1998 (SNCZ), document CRO22A (1801 and 1802). (10) CEFIC, created in 1972, presents its mission as follows: "to provide forum for structured discussion of supra-national issues affecting chemical companies operating in Europe and represent the chemical industry's position on such issues". ZIPHO meeting 12.12.1995, insp. 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document JR1 [1062]. CEFIC sector groups are specialised, product-oriented forums. As presented by CEFIC, the mission of ZOPA is to "represent, promote and defend the zinc oxide and zinc dust industries at national and international levels, and to ensure that industry has the opportunity to give its opinion and input to the competent bodies on all regulatory matters pertaining to health, safety, environment and trade issues concerning zinc oxide and zind dust". (11) Respectively on 12.12.1995, 13.2.1996 and 11.3.1996. (12) Draft statutes of EMZP, enclosed with VdMI's letter of 6.7.1998 to Trident: document 13, Annex IB to Trident reply of 15.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999 (2981 to 2992). (13) E.g, inter alia: zinc chromates, polyphosphates, borates, silicates. (14) See Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4977). (15) i.e. their chemical formula is modified in order to improve some properties of the product. (16) See for instance: Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4976); Waardals reply of 22.10.1999 to the request for information of 8.10.1999 (5892); documents on prices collected at SNCZ, inter alia document collected at the inspection of 13.5.1998 (Inspection 13.5.1998 document) CRO13 A (1706) and CRO19A (1745 and 1746); Heubach reply of 29.10.1999 to the request for information of 8.10.1999 (5928). (17) Estimates calculated from the figures supplied by Heubach, James Brown, SNCZ, Trident Alloys and Waardals. (18) All tonnage figures hereafter are given in metric tonnes. (19) As will be seen below, 1998 is considered to be the last year of the infringement subject to the present Decision, with the exception of the case of Britannia, which ceased the infringement in March 1997. As far as Britannia is concerned, 1996 is the last year for which figures are available on an full annual basis. (20) Replies to the requests for information of 12 October 2001: (7994), (8019 and 8020), (8029 and 8030), (8128), (8211), (8229 to 8232). (21) Including anti-corrosion and decorative paint. (22) European Chemical News, 5 to 11 April 99 issue, p. 22. (Statistical source: European Council of Printing Ink and Artist's Colour Industry). (23) OJ C 207, 18.7.1996, p. 4. (24) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4984). (25) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4983). Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998 (see minutes of meeting, points 63 and 67 (5993)). (26) Trident reply of 15.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999 (2870 to 2872); Heubach reply of 13.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999 (2765 to 2767); James Brown reply of 26.3.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999 (2703); SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999 (5036 to 5037); Waardals statement of 30.10.1998 (2620). (27) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, point 67 (5993). (28) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals): in 1996 the biggest deviation was 0,5 % (document BB2f (45)); in 1997 James Brown undersold by 1,3 % (document BB2e (44)). (29) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, point 39 to 42 (5989). (30) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4978). (31) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4979). (32) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB49 (762 and 763) (translated from Norwegian). (33) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document W7 (1395 to 1397) and BB49 (738 to 740) (translated from Norwegian). (34) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4979). (35) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, point 44 (5990). (36) The Commission has collected evidence, as is shown below, that detailed sales figures were also exchanged at these occasion. (37) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4985). (38) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4982). Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, point 55 (5991). (39) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4984). (40) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, points 73 and 74 (5994 and 5995). (41) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meetings, point 74 (5995). (42) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4983). (43) Waardals' reply to the Statement of Objections (7878). (44) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, point 69 (5994), and Waardals' reply to the Statement of Objections (7878). (45) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4983). (46) See above footnote 26. (47) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, points 50 and 51 (5991). (48) See for instance Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB2a (38 and 39), BB13 (592), BB2f (45) and BB32 (677). (49) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, point 51 (5991). (50) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB 49 (751 and 752) R.W. are the initials of the Purchase Director of International Paint (translated from Norwegian). (51) Trident reply of 15.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annex 6, Part I-B, No 152 (4131 and 4132). (52) SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annex to Question 8 (5304). (53) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB 50 (842). (54) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB 50 (857). Also SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999, annex to Question 8 (5293). (55) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB 50 (785). (56) See footnote 26. (57) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4981). (58) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4982). (59) See footnote 26. (60) Waardals reply to the Statement of Objections (7880). (61) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB31 (670). (62) Trident reply of 15.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999 (2870 to 2872), Heubach reply of 13.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999 (2775 to 2777) and Waardals letter of 30.10.1998 (2620). (63) James Brown reply of 26.3.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999 (2703). (64) Inspection 13.5.1998 (SNCZ), document CRO6B (1833). (65) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB50 (874). (66) Idem. (67) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB31 (670): Waardals employee's diary on 27.3.1995. (68) Idem: "1 to 5 not communicated" (translated from Norwegian). (69) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, point 63 (5993). (70) [...]*. (71) Translated from Norwegian. (72) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB50 (786): fax of 24.4.1995. (73) SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annexes to question 8, monthly meclarations (5282). (74) SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annexes to question 8, monthly declarations (5279). (75) SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annexes to question 8, monthly declarations (5258 to 5276). (76) Trident reply of 15.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999 (2870). (77) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting point 66 (5993). Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB31 (671) (translated from Norwegian.), document RA3 (918) and document RA4 (929). (78) Waardals's reply to the Statement of Objections (7881). (79) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB7 (518). (80) Waardals's reply to the Statement of Objections, (7881). (81) See above footnote 26. A representative of Waardals was in London Heathrow, Novotel. Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document RA3 (915) (travel expenses mentioning: Hotel Novotel Heathrow ). His diary on 15.9.1995 indicates "Meeting Novotel". Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB31 (672). (82) Waardals employees' travel expenses forms indicate that they were in Hotel Mercure on 21 to 22 January. Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document RA3 (919-920). The travel expenses form regarding a representative of Heubach indicate that the latter was in Paris on 22 January, Inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document EF18 (2538). (83) The diary of the representative of Waardals indicates on 20.5.1996 "Departure for London Heathrow Hotel" and on 21.5.1996: "Meeting London". Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB30 (661). On day 10.9.1996, The diary of the representative of Heubach indicates "London!": Inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document EF6 (2239). Also the travel expenses form confirms that this person was in London. Inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document EF18 (2544). (84) The diary of a representative of Waardals indicates on 9.9.1996 "Departure for London, Novotel" and on 10.9.1996: "London Meeting". Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB30 (662). The travel expenses forms of the two representatives of Waardals indicate that they were in Hotel Novotel, United Kingdom on 9 to 10.9.1996; document RA4 (927 and 928) The diary of the representative of Heubach reads on 10.9.1996: "London!". Also, travel expenses form indicates his presence in London on 10.9.1996. Inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document EF6 (2239) and document EF18 (2550). (85) See footnote 26. (86) See Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4981 to 4987) and Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, points 73 to 76 (5994 and 5995). (87) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB32 (676 and 677). (88) SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999, Annexes to question 8 (5270 to 5276); Trident reply of 15.4.1999, Annex 6, file 3, part 3, document 5 and 6 (4464 to 4476). (89) Words in square brackets translated from Norwegian. (90) Trident statement of 23.4.1999 (4986). Letters from CEFIC: of 27.2.1996, Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB7 (567); of 2.7.1996, Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB7 (547); of 5.12.1996, Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB7 (535). Fax of 9.7.1996 from Heubach to CEFIC: SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annexes to question 2 (5393); Trident reply of 15.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annex 6, file 2, document No 166 (4172). (91) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document DBW6 (985) and DBW7 (986). (92) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB43 (702). (93) See footnote 26. Travel expenses: the representative of Heubach was in London on 4.2.1997: inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document EF17 (2526). (94) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB2f (45). (95) SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annexes to question 8 (5258 to 5269); Trident reply of 15.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annex 6, file 3, part 3, document 12 (4511 to 4523). (96) Words in square brackets translated from Norwegian. (97) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Trident), document FWP11 (1520). (98) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB2f (45). (99) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB2c (42). (100) Words in square brackets translated from Norwegian. (101) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB7 (532). (102) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, point 78 (5995). (103) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document JR1 (1033). (104) Trident reply of 15.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annex 6, file 2, document No 172 (4182). (105) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB9 (585). (106) See the standard form used by VdMI for the collection of sales data. (107) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB9 (588). (108) Inspection 13.5.1998 (SNCZ), document FPFA2 (1838) and document FPFC5 (2068). (109) See footnote 26. (110) A reimbursement claim mentions: "5 representasjon: Alloys; 5 representasjon: (name of an employee of Heubach). Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB2h (49), document DBW1 (942 and 943); document DBW2 (954), document DBW4 (971). The travel expenses forms of the two representatives of Heubach for April 1997 indicate" Paris » on 22.4.1997 (departure 5.30 am, return same day). Inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document EF17 (2532) and document EF18 (2554). (111) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB2h (50). Same information also in document BB2a (38). (112) SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annexes to question 9 (5943). Heubach reply of 13.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annex 11 (2858). Trident reply of 15.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, annex 7 part B, document 2 (4619). (113) Inspection 13.5.1998 (SNCZ), document CRO 1A (1629). (114) Waardals says the Hotel name was "Scandinavia", whereas Trident says it was "Scandic". (115) See footnote 26. Travel expense forms: a representative of Waardals was in Copenhagen on 16 to 20.7.1997: Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document DBW1 (946). The representative of Trident was in Denmark on 16-17 July 1997: Inspection 13.5.1998 (Trident), document FWP3 (1480 to 1484). The representative of Heubach was in Copenhagen on 17.7.1997: Inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document EF18 (2565). A representative of SNCZ was in Copenhagen on 17.7.1997: Inspection 13.5.1998 (SNCZ), document FPFC7 (2070 to 2073). Apparently (diary: Inspection 13.5.1998 (Trident), document FWP5 (1489)) there was a CEFIC meeting on 17.7.1997 in Copenhagen, Hotel Dan Kastrup. (116) Translated, original in Norwegian. Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB29 (654). (117) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB2a (38 and 39). An employee of Waardals stated at the investigation that he had written these notes at around the end of July 1997, after having received the "statistics". (118) Heubach reply of 13.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annex 11 (2858 and 2859). Trident reply of 15.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annex 7, part B, document 2 (4619 and 4620). SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annexes to question 9 (5492 and 5493). (119) Words in square brackets translated from Norwegian. (120) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Trident), document FWP11 (1514). (121) See footnote 26. Travel expense form: a representative of Waardals was in Hamburg, Hotel Reichshof on 15 to 19.10.1997: Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document DBW1 (947-bis). (122) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB51 (875). (123) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB10 (589). (124) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Trident), document FWP8 (1500 and 1501); Heubach reply of 13.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annex 11 (2860). SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annexes to question 9 (5491). (125) Words in square brackets translated from Norwegian. (126) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Trident), document FWP12 (1526). (127) See footnote 26. Travel documents: a representative of Waardals was in London on 18.1.1998 and 19.1.1998: inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document MH2 (889). Also document JR25 (1289) and JR26 (1290). Also another representative of Waardals was in London on 18.1.1998: inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document DBW4 (974). A representative if Trident was in London on 19.1.1998: inspection 13.5.1998 (Trident), document FWP12 (1521). A representative of Heubach was on the same date on a one-day mission starting at 7.00 and ending at 22.30: inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document EF18 (2577). (128) Translated, original in Norwegian. Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB29 (655). (129) Translated, original in Norwegian. Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB12 (591), document JR27 (1291). (130) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB51 (875). (131) Inspection 13.5.1998 (SNCZ), document CRO1B (1817). (132) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document EF4 (2223). (133) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document EF5 (2227). (134) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB2e (44). (135) Heubach reply of 13.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annex 11 (2861). Trident reply of 15.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annex 7, part B, document 2 (4622). SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annexes to question 9 (5490). (136) Words in square brackets translated from Norwegian. (137) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB2d (43). An employee of Waardals stated at the investigation that he had written this document in the beginning of January 1998. (138) Words in brackets translated from Norwegian. (139) See recitals 112 to 115. (140) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB13 (592). (141) Words in square brackets translated from Norwegian. (142) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Trident) document FWP11 (1507). (143) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB2e (44). (144) Words in brackets translated from Norwegian. (145) See footnote 26. Travel expense forms: a representative of Waardals was in Denmark, France and the Netherlands between 17.4.1998 and 21.4.1998, invoice from Hotel Novotel dated 20.4.1998, flight ticket and hotel invoice proves that he arrived in Paris CDG on 19.4.1998 and left on 20.4.1998. Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document MH3 (890 to 894). A representative of Heubach was on 20.4.1998 on a one day-mission starting at 5.30 am and ending at 22.30: Inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document EF18 (2580). A representative Trident was in France and Holland between 19 and 22.4.1998: Inspection 13.5.1998 (Trident), document FWP2 (1474 to 1479). (146) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB51 (875). (147) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document EF4 (2225). (148) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Heubach), document IK2 (2163). (149) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document BB2b (410). (150) Trident reply of 15.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annex 7, part B, document 7 (4643). SNCZ reply of 19.4.1999 to the request for information of 5.3.1999, Annexes to question 9 (5489). (151) Words in brackets translated from Norwegian. (152) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Trident), document FWP11 (1504). (153) Inspection 13.5.1998 (Waardals), document JR42 (1325) and document BB 46 (718) (identical). This document is a reservation for a meeting room in Hilton Schiphol on 22.7.1998, for 10 persons. Reserved under the name of Waardals. (154) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, point 80 (5995). (155) See forms sent to CEFIC for the collection of sales data. (156) See Final Act of the Agreement on the European Economic Area, OJ L 1, 3.1.1994, p. 3. (157) Pursuant to Article 56(1)(b) of the EEA Agreement, and without prejudice to the competence of the EC Commission where trade between EC Member States is affected, the ESA is also competent on cases where the turnover of the undertakings concerned in the territory of the EFTA States equals 33 % or more of their turnover in the territory of the EEA. (158) See below under "Effect on trade Member States and between EEA contracting Parties". (159) The case-law of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance in relation to the interpretation of Article 81 of the Treaty applies equally to Article 53 of the EEA Agreement. (160) Joined Cases T-305/94 etc. Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij NV and others v Commission, 20.4. 1999 (1999) ECR II-9831, at paragraph 715. (161) Case 48/69, Imperial Chemical Industries v Commission (1972) ECR 619. (162) Joined Cases 40 to 48/73, etc. Suiker Unie and others v Commission (1975) ECR 1663. (163) See judgment in Case C-49/92 P Commission v Anic Partecipazioni SpA (1999) ECR I-4125. (164) Judgment in case C-199/92 P Hüls AC v Commission, (1999) ECR I-4287, paragraphs 158 to 166. (165) See judgment in Case T-7/89 Hercules v Commission, (1991) ECR II-1711, paragraph 264. (166) Case T-141/89 Tréfileurope v Commission, (1995) ECR II-791, paragraph 85. See also, inter alia, case T-334/94 Sarrió v Commission, ECR II-1439, paragraph 118. Judgment upheld by the ECJ in Case C-291/98 P Sarrió v Commission of 16.11.2000, (2000) ECR I-9991, at paragraph 50. (167) The majority of which is exported in countries of the EEA. (168) See for instance reply of Waardals of 22.10.99 to the request for information of 8.10.99 (5892 to 5897). (169) Waardals's reply to the Statement of Objections (7881). (170) Waardals' reply to the Statement of Objections (7881). (171) Waardals's reply to the Statement of Objections (7881). (172) Case 48/69 Imperial Chemical Industries (1972) ECR 619, paragraphs 132 and 133. (173) Case T-80/89 BASF and others v Commission (polypropylene), (1995) ECR II 729. Judgment upheld by the ECJ in case C-49/92 P Commission v Anic Partecipazioni SpA, ECR I-4125. See also case T-327/94 SCA Holding v Commission of 14.5.1998 (1998) ECR II-1373. Judgment upheld by the ECJ in Case C-297/98 P SCA Holding v Commission of 16.11.2000 (not yet reported). (174) Commission Decision PVC case of 21 December 1988 in Case IV.31.865, OJ L 74, 17.3.1989, p. 1 at paragraph 43. (175) Trident's reply to the Statement of Objections (6814). (176) OJ L 13, 21.2.1962, p. 204. Under Article 5 of Council Regulation (EC) No 2894/94 concerning arrangements of implementing the Agreement on the European Economic Area, "the Community rules giving effect to the principles set out in Articles 85 and 86 (now Articles 81 and 82) of the EC Treaty [...] shall apply mutatis mutandis" (OJ L 305, 30.11.1994 p. 6). (177) Idem. (178) OJ C 207, 18.7.1996, p. 4. (179) See Joined Cases T-305/94 etc LVM v Commission, (1999) ECR II-931, at paragraphs 1111 and 1112; Case T-143/89, Ferriere Nord v Commission, (1995) ECR II-917, paragraph 41; Case 19/77, Miller, (1978) ECR 131, paragraphs 17 and 18; Case 246/86, Belasco (1989) ECR 2117, paragraph 41. (180) Britannia's reply to the Statement of Objections (7033). (181) Trident's reply to the Statement of Objections (6083). (182) Trident's reply to the Statement of Objections (6084). (183) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, paragraph 51 (5991). (184) Trident Statement of 23.4.1999, p. 19 (4984). (185) SNCZ's reply to the Statement of Objections (7630). Translated from French. (186) Inspection 13.5.98, Waardals, document BB49 (762 and 763). (187) Idem. (188) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, point 44 (5990). (189) Letter of James Brown of 22 November 2000 (6794). (190) SNCZ's reply to the Statement of Objections (7627). Translated from French. (191) Case T-308/94 Cascades SA v Commission (1998) ECR II-925, at paragraph 230. (192) Heubach's reply to the Statement of Objections (7686). Translated from German. (193) Central east European Countries. (194) OJ L 100, 1.4.98, p. 55. (195) Waardals oral statement of 2.9.1998: see minutes of meeting, point 33 (5988). (196) For the purpose of calculating the upper limit applicable to the fine of Britannia, the Commission took into account its global tunover for the business year ending 30 June 1996, which is the last available figure reflecting an entire year of normal economic activity. (197) (5011). (198) Britannia's reply to the Statement of Objections (7045 to 7047). (199) Trident's reply to the Statement of Objections (6816). (200) [...]*.