Article 2
1. The direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer to, or for use in, or the benefit of Iran, by nationals of Member States or through the territories of Member States, or using vessels or aircraft under their jurisdiction, of items, materials, equipment, goods and technology, including software, not covered by Article 1, that could contribute to enrichment-related, reprocessing or heavy water-related activities, to the development of nuclear weapon delivery systems or to the pursuit of activities related to other topics about which the IAEA has expressed concerns or identified as outstanding, shall be subject to authorisation on a case-by-case basis by the competent authorities of the exporting Member State. The Union shall take the necessary measures in order to determine the relevant items to be covered by this provision. 2. The provision of: (a) technical assistance or training, investment, or brokering services related to items, materials, equipment, goods and technology set out in paragraph 1 and to the provision, manufacture, maintenance and use of these items, directly or indirectly, to any person, entity or body in, or for use in, Iran; (b) financing or financial assistance related to items and technologies referred to in paragraph 1, including in particular grants, loans and export credit insurance, for any sale, supply, transfer or export of these items, or for the provision of related technical training, services or assistance, directly or indirectly to any person, entity or body in, or for use in, Iran; shall also be subject to an authorisation of the competent authority of the exporting Member State. 3. The competent authorities of the Member States shall not grant any authorisation for any supply, sale or transfer of the items, materials, equipment, goods and technology referred to in paragraph 1 if they determine that the sale, supply, transfer or export concerned or the provision of the service concerned would contribute to the activities referred to in paragraph 1.