ANNEX IXSupplementary provisions
ANNEX IX Requirements applying to installation of lighting and light signalling devices, including automatic switching of lighting 1. Requirements for the approval of a type of vehicle with regard to installation of lighting 1.1. Vehicles of category L1e shall meet all the relevant requirements of UNECE regulation No 74 ( 1 ) . The requirements of points 1.8 to 1.12 shall also be taken into account. 1.1.1. Vehicles of category L1e-B shall, in the absence of uniform requirements in UNECE regulation No 74, always be fitted with a rear registration plate lamp. 1.1.2. Vehicles of category L1e may, in the absence of specific requirements in UNECE regulation No 74, be fitted with daytime running lamps which are activated instead of automatically switched-on headlamps and which comply with the requirements set out in points 2.3.4 to 2.3.4.7 below. 1.1.3. Vehicles of category L1e-A may alternatively to the requirements laid down in points 1.1 to 1.1.2 be fitted with all the following devices: a headlamp emitting white light towards the front when the vehicle is in motion, a rear position lamp emitting red light towards the rear when the vehicle is in motion, amber side retro-reflectors (one on each side), amber pedal retro-reflectors (towards the front and the rear, both on each side) and a red rear retro-reflector. These lighting devices need not be component type-approved and no other specific fitting, switching and electrical connection requirements apply. In such cases, the manufacturer shall declare that the lighting devices concerned conform to ISO standard 6742-1:1987 and 6742-2:1985. 1.2. Vehicles of category L2e shall meet the requirements of points 1.10 to 2.5. 1.3. Vehicles of category L3e shall meet all the relevant requirements of UNECE regulation No 53. The requirements of points 1.8 to 1.12 shall also be taken into account. 1.4. Vehicles of category L4e shall meet the requirements of points 1.10 to 1.12 and 3 to 3.2.8.1. 1.5. Vehicles of category L5e shall meet the requirements of points 1.10 to 2.5. 1.6. Vehicles of category L6e shall meet the requirements of points 1.10 to 2.5. 1.7. Vehicles of category L7e shall meet the requirements of points 1.10 to 2.5. 1.8. Vehicles of category L1e-A may be fitted with retro-reflective bands on the tyre sidewalls or rims so as to provide a visual impression of circles of white light and making such vehicles easily recognisable. 1.9. Vehicles of categories L1e and L3e may be fitted with additional rear and side retro-reflective devices and materials provided that they do not impair the effectiveness of the mandatory lighting and light-signalling devices. In particular, luggage compartments and saddle bags may be fitted with retro-reflective materials, provided that these have the same colour as the lighting devices at that location. 1.10. No vehicle shall be fitted with auxiliary light sources of which the emitted light can be observed either directly or indirectly under normal driving conditions, other than those for the purpose of illuminating controls, tell-tales and indicators or the occupant compartment. 1.11. No vehicle shall be fitted with lighting devices which, due to a lack of specific wording in the respective component type-approval provisions and unless explicitly allowed by those provisions, display or give the appearance of movement or expansion of its light on the apparent surface or any strobe or flashing effect. Furthermore, if the apparent surface of a lighting function is reduced in size due to the activation of another lighting function with a different colour, the remaining apparent surface of the first named function shall continue to meet the relevant colorimetric and appropriate luminous intensity requirements (e.g. left and right-hand side tail lamp consisting of two rear position lamp rings with LEDs of which the outer ring can become the direction indicator lamp and the inner ring remains a combined rear position and stop lamp). All operation modes shall be duly covered by the lighting device component type-approval. 1.12. Where automatically switched-on headlamp or daytime running lamp activation is linked to the running of an engine, this shall be construed as being linked to the activation of the master control switch. This shall in particular be the case for vehicles with electric or other alternative propulsion systems and vehicles equipped with an automatic engine stop/start system. 2. Requirements concerning vehicles of categories L2e, L5e, L6e and L7e. 2.1. General specifications 2.1.1. All lighting devices shall be type-approved and fitted in accordance with the component manufacturer’s specifications and installed so that, under normal conditions of use and notwithstanding any vibration to which they may be subjected, they retain the characteristics as prescribed and enable the vehicle to comply with the requirements of this Annex. In particular, it shall not be possible for the lighting devices to be inadvertently maladjusted. 2.1.2. The illuminating lamps shall be fitted so that their alignment can easily be set correctly. 2.1.3. The reference axis of the lighting device when fitted to the vehicle shall be perpendicular to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle in the case of side retro-reflectors and parallel to that plane in the case of all other lighting devices, with a permitted tolerance of 3°. 2.1.4. The height and alignment of lighting devices are verified with the vehicle with its mass in running order, plus the mass of any propulsion batteries, placed on a flat horizontal surface, with the steered wheel(s) in the straight ahead position and the tyre pressures adjusted to the manufacturer’s specified values. 2.1.5. In the absence of specific requirements, lighting devices constituting a pair shall: — be installed on the vehicle symmetrically in relation to the longitudinal median plane, — be symmetrical to each other in relation to the longitudinal median plane (which includes being in stacked formation), — have identical colorimetric requirements, and — have identical photometric characteristics. 2.1.6. In the absence of specific instructions, lamps having different functions may be independent or grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated in one device, provided that each lamp complies with the requirement applicable to it. 2.1.7. The maximum height above ground is measured from the highest point, and the minimum height from the lowest point, of the light-emitting surface. 2.1.8. In the absence of specific requirements, no lamps other than direction indicator lamps, the hazard warning signal and the emergency braking signal may emit a flashing light. 2.1.9. No light-emitting surface of any red lamp, with the exception of rearmost side marker lamps, shall be visible towards the front and no light-emitting surface of any white lamp, with the exception of reversing lamps, shall be visible towards the rear. No interior or instrument cluster lighting shall be taken into account and the condition is checked as follows: 2.1.9.1. No red lamp shall be directly visible to an observer moving within Zone 1 in a transverse plane situated 25 m in front of the foremost part of the vehicle (see Figure 9-1). 2.1.9.2. No white lamp shall be directly visible to an observer moving within Zone 2 in a transverse plane situated 25 m behind the rearmost part of the vehicle (see Figure 9-2). 2.1.9.3. Zones 1 and 2 are limited in their respective planes as follows (see Figures 9-1 and 9-2): 2.1.9.3.1. Two horizontal planes which are 1,0 m and 2,2 m respectively above the ground; 2.1.9.3.2. Two vertical planes under an angle of 15° towards the front and rear of the vehicle respectively, and outward of the vehicle by reference to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. These planes contain, respectively, the vertical lines of intersection of the vertical planes parallel to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle representing its overall width, and of the transverse vertical planes representing the overall length of the vehicle. Figure 9-1 Direct visibility towards the front of the light-emitting surface of a lamp emitting red light Figure 9-2 Direct visibility towards the rear of the light-emitting surface of a lamp emitting white light 2.1.10. The electrical connections shall be such that front position lamps, rear position lamps and the rear registration plate lamp can be switched on and off only simultaneously. 2.1.11. Vehicles shall be fitted with either: — daytime running lamps, or — passing-beam headlamps which are automatically switched on when the vehicle master control switch has been activated. 2.1.12. In the absence of specific requirements, the electrical connections shall be such that the driving-beam headlamps, the passing-beam headlamps and the front fog lamps cannot be switched on unless the lamps referred to in point 2.1.10 are also switched on. This requirement does not apply in the case of driving-beam and/or passing-beam headlamps when they are used to provide optical warning by means of short and intermittent activation. 2.1.13. Tell tales 2.1.13.1. Provisions concerning specific closed-circuit tell-tales may be fulfilled by the appropriate functions of an operational tell-tale. 2.1.14. The colours emitted by lighting devices shall be as follows: Driving-beam headlamps : white Daytime running lamp : white Passing-beam headlamp : white Direction indicator lamp : amber Stop lamp : red Front position lamp : white Rear position lamp : red Front fog lamp : white or yellow Rear fog lamp : red Reversing lamp : white Hazard warning signal : amber Rear registration plate lamp : white Non-triangular side retro-reflector (front) : amber Non-triangular side retro-reflector (rear) : amber or red Side marker lamp (front) : amber Side marker lamp (rear) : amber or red Non-triangular rear retro-reflector : red 2.1.14.1. Trichromatic coordinates: Red: Limit towards yellow: y ≤ 0,335 Limit towards purple: z ≤ 0,008 White: Limit towards blue: x ≥ 0,310 Limit towards yellow: x ≤ 0,500 Limit towards green: Limit towards green: y ≤ 0,440 Limit towards purple: Limit towards red: y ≥ 0,382 Yellow: Limit towards red: Limit towards green: Limit towards white: and y ≥ 0,440 y ≥ 0,440 Limit towards the spectral value: Amber: Limit towards yellow: y ≤ 0,429 Limit towards red: y ≥ 0,398 Limit towards white: z ≤ 0,007 A source having a colour temperature of 2 856 K is used to check the above limits (International Commission on Illumination (ICI) Standard A). 2.1.14.2. The colour definitions in UNECE regulation No 48 ( 2 ) may be taken as an alternative to the specifications in point 2.1.14.1, in which case the definition for ‘selective-yellow’ shall be taken instead of the above specification for ‘yellow’. 2.2. General requirements 2.2.1. Vehicles of categories L2e and L6e shall be fitted with the following lighting devices: — passing-beam headlamp, — front position lamp, — direction indicators, — rear position lamp, — stop lamp, — rear registration plate lamp, — rear retro-reflector (non-triangular), and — side retro-reflectors (non-triangular). 2.2.2. Vehicles of categories L2e and L6e may be fitted with the following additional lighting devices: — driving-beam headlamp, — daytime running lamp, — front fog lamp, — hazard warning signal, — rear fog lamp, — reversing lamp, and — side marker lamps. 2.2.3. No lighting and light-signalling devices other than those referred to in points 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 shall be installed on vehicles of category L2e or L6e. 2.2.4. Vehicles of categories L5e and L7e shall be fitted with the following lighting devices: — driving-beam headlamp, — passing-beam headlamp, — front position lamp, — direction indicators, — rear position lamp, — stop lamp, — rear registration plate lamp, — rear retro-reflector (non-triangular), and — side retro-reflectors (non-triangular). 2.2.5. Vehicles of categories L5e and L7e may be fitted with the following additional lighting devices: — daytime running lamp, — front fog lamp, — hazard warning signal, — rear fog lamp, — reversing lamp, and — side marker lamps. 2.2.6. No lighting and light-signalling devices other than those referred to in points 2.2.4 and 2.2.5 shall be installed on vehicles of category L5e or L7e. 2.2.7. Only lighting and light-signalling devices which are type-approved for vehicle category L shall be installed on the vehicle. However, lighting and light-signalling devices which are type-approved for installation on vehicles of categories M 1 or N 1 , in accordance with UNECE regulation No 48, may also be installed. 2.2.7.1. Vehicles of categories other than L2e and L6e shall not be fitted with passing-beam headlamps of Class A. 2.3. Specific requirements 2.3.1. Driving-beam headlamp 2.3.1.1. Number: — one or two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width not exceeding 1 300 mm, — two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width exceeding 1 300 mm. 2.3.1.2. Arrangement: — no specific requirements. 2.3.1.3. Position: 2.3.1.3.1. In width: — a single independent driving-beam headlamp may be fitted above, below or to one side of another front lamp. If these lamps are stacked on top of each other, the reference centre of the driving-beam headlamp shall be located within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. If they are side by side, their reference centres shall be symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle; — a single independent driving-beam headlamp which is reciprocally incorporated with another front lamp shall be fitted in such a way that its reference centre lies within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. However, when the vehicle is also fitted with another front lamp alongside the driving-beam headlamp, their reference centres shall be symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle; — two driving-beam headlamps of which either none, one or both are reciprocally incorporated with another front lamp shall be fitted in such a way that their reference centres are symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. 2.3.1.3.2. In height: — no specific requirements. 2.3.1.3.3. In length: — at the front of the vehicle. This requirement is considered to have been met if the light emitted does not disturb the driver either directly or indirectly by means of the rear-view mirrors and/or other reflective surfaces on the vehicle. 2.3.1.3.4. Distance: — in the case of a single independent driving-beam headlamp, the distance between the edge of the light-emitting surface and that of any single independent passing-beam headlamp shall not exceed 200 mm. 2.3.1.4. Geometric visibility: — the visibility of the light-emitting surface, including in areas which do not appear to be illuminated in the direction of observation considered, shall be ensured within a divergent space defined by generating lines based on the perimeter of the light-emitting surface and forming an angle of not less than 5° with the reference axis of the driving-beam headlamp. 2.3.1.5. Orientation: — to the front; may move in line with the steering angle of any handlebars. 2.3.1.6. Electrical connections: — all driving-beam headlamps shall light up and extinguish simultaneously, — all driving-beam headlamps shall light up when the forward lighting mode is switched from passing-beam to driving-beam, — all driving-beam headlamps shall be extinguished simultaneously when the forward lighting mode is switched from driving-beam to passing-beam, — the passing-beam headlamps may remain lit at the same time as the driving-beam headlamps. 2.3.1.7. Closed-circuit tell-tale: — mandatory, if the driving beam headlamp is fitted (non-flashing blue tell-tale). 2.3.1.8. Other requirements: — the combined value of the maximum intensity of all driving-beam headlamps which can be activated at the same time shall not exceed 430 000 cd, which corresponds to a reference value of 100. 2.3.2. Passing-beam headlamp 2.3.2.1. Number: — one or two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width not exceeding 1 300 mm, — two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width exceeding 1 300 mm. 2.3.2.2. Arrangement: — no specific requirements. 2.3.2.3. Position: 2.3.2.3.1. In width: — a single independent passing-beam headlamp may be fitted above, below or to one side of another front lamp. If lamps are stacked on top of each other, the reference centre of the passing-beam headlamp shall be located within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. If they are side by side, their reference centres shall be symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — a single independent passing-beam headlamp which is reciprocally incorporated with another front lamp shall be fitted in such a way that its reference centre lies within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. However, when the vehicle is fitted with another front lamp alongside the passing-beam headlamp, their reference centres shall be symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — two passing-beam headlamps of which either none, one or both are reciprocally incorporated with another front lamp shall be fitted in such a way that their reference centres are symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — where there are two passing-beam headlamps, the lateral distance between the outward edges of the light-emitting surfaces and the outermost edges of the vehicle shall not exceed 400 mm. 2.3.2.3.2. In height: — a minimum of 500 mm and a maximum of 1 200 mm above the ground. 2.3.2.3.3. In length: — at the front of the vehicle. This requirement is considered to have been met if the light emitted disturbs the driver neither directly nor indirectly by reflection off the rear-view mirrors and/or other reflective surfaces on the vehicle. 2.3.2.3.4. Distance: — the distance between the edge of the light-emitting surface of a single independent passing-beam headlamp and that of any single independent driving-beam headlamp shall not exceed 200 mm. 2.3.2.4. Geometric visibility: — α = 15° upwards and 10° downwards, — β = 45° to the left and to the right if there is only one passing-beam headlamp, — β = 45° outwards and 10° inwards if there are two passing-beam headlamps. 2.3.2.5. Orientation: — to the front; may move in line with the steering angle of any handlebars. 2.3.2.6. Electrical connections: — all passing-beam headlamps shall light up and extinguish simultaneously, — all passing-beam headlamps shall light up when the forward lighting mode is switched from driving-beam to passing-beam, — all passing-beam headlamps shall be extinguished simultaneously when the forward lighting mode is switched from passing-beam to driving-beam; however, the passing-beam headlamps may remain lit at the same time as the driving-beam headlamps. 2.3.2.7. Closed-circuit tell-tale: — optional (non-flashing green tell-tale). 2.3.2.8. Other requirements: — passing-beam headlamps of which the lowest point of the light-emitting surface is 0,8 m or less above the ground shall be adjusted to an initial aiming inclination of between – 1,0 % and – 1,5 %. The precise value may be declared by the manufacturer, — passing-beam headlamps of which the lowest point of the light-emitting surface is between 0,8 m and 1,0 m above the ground shall be adjusted to an initial aiming of inclination between – 1,0 % and – 2,0 %. The precise value may be declared by the manufacturer, — passing-beam headlamps of which the lowest point of the light-emitting surface is 1,0 m or more above the ground shall be adjusted to an initial aiming inclination of between – 1,5 % and – 2,0 %. The precise value may be declared by the manufacturer, — for passing-beam headlamps with a light source with an objective luminous flux not exceeding 2 000 lumen and an initial inclination of between – 1,0 % and – 1,5 %, the vertical inclination shall remain between – 0,5 % and – 2,5 % under all loading conditions. The vertical inclination shall remain between – 1,0 % and – 3,0 % if the initial inclination is set between – 1,5 % and – 2,0 %. An external adjusting device may be used to satisfy the requirements, provided that no tools other than those provided with the vehicle are needed, — for passing-beam headlamps with a light source with an objective luminous flux exceeding 2 000 lumen and an initial inclination of between – 1,0 % and – 1,5 %, the vertical inclination shall remain between – 0,5 % and – 2,5 % under all loading conditions. The vertical inclination shall remain between – 1,0 % and – 3,0 % if the initial inclination is set between – 1,5 % and – 2,0 %. A headlamp levelling device may be used to satisfy the requirements of this point, provided that its operation is fully automatic and the response time is less than 30 seconds. 2.3.2.8.1. Testing conditions: — the inclination requirements in point 2.3.2.8 shall be verified as follows: — vehicle with its mass in running order, plus the mass of any propulsion batteries, and a mass of 75 kg simulating the driver, — vehicle laden to its technically permissible maximum mass with the mass distributed so as to attain the maximum axle loads as declared by the manufacturer for this loading condition, — vehicle with a mass of 75 kg simulating the driver and additionally laden so as to attain the maximum permissible rear axle load as declared by the manufacturer; however, the front axle load shall be as low as possible in this case, — before any measurement is made, the vehicle shall be rocked three times and then moved backwards and forwards for at least a complete wheel revolution. 2.3.3. Front position lamp 2.3.3.1. Number: — one or two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width not exceeding 1 300 mm, — two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width exceeding 1 300 mm. 2.3.3.2. Arrangement: — no specific requirements. 2.3.3.3. Position: 2.3.3.3.1. In width: — a single independent front position lamp may be fitted above, below or to one side of another front lamp. If lamps are stacked on top of each other, the reference centre of the front position lamp shall be located within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. If they are side by side, their reference centres shall be symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — a single independent front position lamp which is reciprocally incorporated with another front lamp shall be fitted so that its reference centre lies within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. However, when the vehicle is fitted with another front lamp alongside the front position lamp, their reference centres shall be symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — two front position lamps of which either none, one or both are reciprocally incorporated with another front lamp shall be fitted so that their reference centres are symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — where there are two front position lamps, the lateral distance between the outward edges of the light-emitting surfaces and the outermost edges of the vehicle shall not exceed 400 mm. 2.3.3.3.2. In height: — a minimum of 350 mm and a maximum of 1 200 mm above the ground. 2.3.3.3.3. In length: — at the front of the vehicle. 2.3.3.4. Geometric visibility: — α = 15° upwards and 15° downwards; however, the downward angle may be reduced to 5° if the front position lamp is located less than 750 mm above the ground; — β = 80° to the left and to the right if there is only one front position lamp; — β = 80° outwards and 45° inwards if there are two front position lamps. 2.3.3.5. Orientation: — to the front; may move in line with the steering angle of any handlebars. 2.3.3.6. Electrical connections: — shall light up in compliance with point 2.1.10. 2.3.3.7. Closed-circuit tell-tale: — mandatory (a non-flashing green tell-tale or the vehicle’s instrument cluster illumination may be used to indicate the activation of the lamps as described in point 2.1.10). 2.3.4. Daytime running lamp 2.3.4.1. Number: — one or two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width not exceeding 1 300 mm, — two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width exceeding 1 300 mm. 2.3.4.2. Arrangement: — no specific requirements. 2.3.4.3. Position: 2.3.4.3.1. In width: — a single independent daytime running lamp may be fitted above, below or to one side of another front lamp. If lamps are stacked on top of each other, the reference centre of the daytime running lamp shall be located within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. If they are side by side, their reference centres shall be symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — a single independent daytime running lamp which is reciprocally incorporated with another front lamp shall be fitted so that its reference centre lies within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. However, when the vehicle is fitted with another front lamp alongside the daytime running lamp, their reference centres shall be symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — two daytime running lamps of which either none, one or both are reciprocally incorporated with another front lamp shall be fitted so that their reference centres are symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — the inward edges of the light-emitting surfaces shall be at least 500 mm apart in the case of vehicles with an overall width exceeding 1 300 mm. 2.3.4.3.2. In height: — a minimum of 250 mm and a maximum of 1 500 mm above the ground. 2.3.4.3.3. In length: — at the front of the vehicle. This requirement is considered to have been met if the light emitted disturbs the driver neither directly nor indirectly by reflection off the rear-view mirrors and/or other reflective surfaces on the vehicle. 2.3.4.3.4. Distance: — if the distance between the front direction indicator lamp and the daytime running lamp is 40 mm or less, the electrical connections of the daytime running lamp on the relevant side of the vehicle shall be such that either: — it is switched off, or — its luminous intensity is reduced to a level not exceeding 140 cd; during the entire period (both on and off cycle) of activation of the relevant front direction indicator lamp. 2.3.4.4. Geometric visibility: — α = 10° upwards and 10° downwards, — β = 20° to the left and to the right if there is only one daytime running lamp, — β = 20° outwards and 20° inwards if there are two daytime running lamps. 2.3.4.5. Orientation: — to the front; may move in line with the steering angle of any handlebars. 2.3.4.6. Electrical connections: — all daytime running lamps shall light up when the master control switch is activated; however, they may remain off under the following conditions: — the automatic transmission control is in the park position, — the parking brake is activated, or — during the time prior to the vehicle being set in motion for the first time after each manual activation of the master control switch and the vehicle’s propulsion system, — daytime running lamps may be manually deactivated; however, this shall be possible only at a vehicle speed not exceeding 10 km/h. The lamps shall be automatically reactivated when the vehicle speed exceeds 10 km/h or when the vehicle has travelled more than 100 m, — daytime running lamps shall in each case be deactivated automatically when: — the vehicle is shut down by means of the master control switch, — the front fog lamps are activated, — the headlamps are activated, except when they are used to give intermittent luminous warnings at short intervals, and — in ambient lighting conditions of less than 1 000 lux where the indicated speed on the vehicle’s speedometer is still clearly legible (e.g. when speedometer illumination is always on) and the vehicle is not fitted with a non-flashing green tell-tale in compliance with point 2.3.3.7 or a dedicated green closed-circuit tell-tale for the daytime running lamp identified by the appropriate symbol. In such a case, the passing-beam headlamps and the lighting devices required in point 2.1.12 shall be automatically activated simultaneously within 2 seconds of the ambient lighting level dropping below 1 000 lux. If the ambient lighting conditions subsequently reach a level of at least 7 000 lux, the daytime running lamps shall be automatically reactivated, while the passing-beam headlamps and the lighting devices required in point 2.1.12 shall be deactivated simultaneously within five to 300 seconds (i.e. fully automatic light switching is required if the driver has no visible indication and stimulus to activate normal lighting when it is dark). 2.3.4.7. Closed-circuit tell-tale: — optional. 2.3.5. Front fog lamp 2.3.5.1. Number: — one or two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width not exceeding 1 300 mm, — two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width exceeding 1 300 mm. 2.3.5.2. Arrangement: — no specific requirements. 2.3.5.3. Position: 2.3.5.3.1. In width: — a single independent front fog lamp may be fitted above, below or to one side of another front lamp. If lamps are stacked on top of each other, the reference centre of the front fog lamp shall be located within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. If they are side by side, their reference centres shall be symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — a single independent front fog lamp which is reciprocally incorporated with another front lamp shall be fitted so that its reference centre lies within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. However, when the vehicle is fitted with another front lamp alongside the front fog lamp, their reference centres shall be symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — two front fog lamps of which either none, one or both are reciprocally incorporated with another front lamp, shall be fitted so that their reference centres are symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — where there are two front fog lamps, the lateral distance between the outward edges of the light-emitting surfaces and the outermost edges of the vehicle shall not exceed 400 mm. 2.3.5.3.2. In height: — a minimum of 250 mm and a maximum of 800 mm above the ground, — no part of the light-emitting surface shall be higher than the top of the light-emitting surface of the highest placed passing-beam headlamp. 2.3.5.3.3. In length: — at the front of the vehicle. This requirement is considered to have been met if the light emitted disturbs the driver neither directly nor indirectly by reflection off the rear-view mirrors and/or other reflective surfaces on the vehicle. 2.3.5.4. Geometric visibility: — α = 5° upwards and 5° downwards, — β = 45° to the left and to the right if there is only one front fog lamp, — β = 45° outwards and 10° inwards if there are two front fog lamps. 2.3.5.5. Orientation: — to the front; may move in line with the steering angle of any handlebars. 2.3.5.6. Electrical connections: — all front fog lamps shall light up and extinguish simultaneously, — it shall be possible to switch the front fog lamp on and off independently of the driving-beam headlamp, the passing-beam headlamp or any combination of these headlamps. 2.3.5.7. Closed-circuit tell-tale: — mandatory (non-flashing green tell-tale). 2.3.6. Direction indicator lamps 2.3.6.1. Number: — four, — six, if two side direction indicator lamps are fitted additionally and in compliance with all relevant requirements of UNECE regulation No 48 as prescribed for vehicle category M 1 . 2.3.6.2. Arrangement: — two front direction indicator lamps of categories 11, 1, 1a or 1b and two rear direction indicator lamps of categories 12, 2a or 2b (i.e. two indicators on each side), — two side direction indicator lamps of categories 5 or 6 (i.e. one additional side direction indicator on each side) may be fitted in addition to the mandatory direction indicator lamps, provided that their installation meets all relevant requirements of UNECE regulation No 48 as prescribed for vehicle category M 1 . 2.3.6.3. Position: 2.3.6.3.1. In width: — the lateral distance between the outward edges of the light-emitting surfaces and the outermost edges of the vehicle shall not exceed 400 mm, — the inward edges of the light-emitting surfaces of the front direction indicators shall be at least 240 mm apart in the case of vehicles with a single front wheel or in case the vehicle width does not exceed 1 000 mm, — the inward edges of the light-emitting surfaces of the front direction indicators shall be at least 500 mm apart in the case of vehicles with more than one front wheel and with a vehicle width exceeding 1 000 mm, — the inward edges of the light-emitting surfaces of the rear direction indicators shall be at least 180 mm apart in the case of vehicles with a single rear wheel or in case the vehicle width does not exceed 1 000 mm, — the inward edges of the light-emitting surfaces of the rear direction indicators shall be at least 500 mm apart in the case of vehicles with more than one rear wheel and with a vehicle width exceeding 1 000 mm, — there shall be a minimum distance between the light-emitting surface of a front direction indicator lamp and the nearest passing-beam headlamps of: — 75 mm in the case of a minimum indicator intensity of 90 cd, — 40 mm in the case of a minimum indicator intensity of 175 cd, — 20 mm in the case of a minimum indicator intensity of 250 cd, — ≤ 20 mm in the case of a minimum indicator intensity of 400 cd. 2.3.6.3.2. In height: — a minimum of 500 mm and a maximum of 1 500 mm above the ground. 2.3.6.3.3. In length: — no specific requirements. 2.3.6.4. Geometric visibility: — α = 15° upwards and 15° downwards; however, the downward angle may be reduced to 5° if the direction indicator lamps are located less than 750 mm above the ground; — β = 80° outwards and 45° inwards (see Figure 9-3). Figure 9-3 Geometric visibility of the right-hand side front and rear direction indicators 2.3.6.5. Orientation: — to the front; may move in line with the steering angle of any handlebars, as well as to the rear. 2.3.6.6. Electrical connections: — direction indicator lamps shall switch on independently of the other lamps. All direction indicator lamps on one side of a vehicle shall be switched on and off by means of one control. 2.3.6.7. Operational tell-tale: — mandatory, this may be optical, auditory or both, — if it is optical, the tell-tale shall be green and of the flashing type, which in the event of defective operation of any single front or rear direction indicator lamp shall be extinguished, remain alight without flashing or show a marked change of frequency, — if it is entirely auditory, it shall be clearly audible and display equivalent operating conditions as the optical tell-tale. 2.3.6.8. Other requirements: — the following characteristics shall be checked with no load on the electrical system other than that needed for the operation of the engine (if any), following the activation of the master control switch and the activation of lighting devices which are switched on as a result of it. 2.3.6.8.1. Characteristics: — the light flashing frequency shall be 90 ± 30 times per minute, — the direction indicator lamps on the same side of the vehicle shall flash at the same frequency, in phase and may occur either synchronously or alternately, — the first flash of the lamps shall start within one second and end within one-and-a-half seconds of the control being actuated, — in the event of a malfunction, other than a short circuit, of a front or rear direction indicator lamp the other lamp(s) indicating the same direction shall remain lit or continue to flash; however, in such a case the flashing frequency does not have to correspond to the prescribed value in this point. 2.3.7. Hazard warning signal 2.3.7.1. Number: — in accordance with the requirements of point 2.3.6.1. 2.3.7.2. Arrangement: — in accordance with the requirements of point 2.3.6.2. 2.3.7.3. Position: 2.3.7.3.1. In width: — in accordance with the requirements of point 2.3.6.3.1. 2.3.7.3.2. In height: — in accordance with the requirements of point 2.3.6.3.2. 2.3.7.3.3. In length: — in accordance with the requirements of point 2.3.6.3.3. 2.3.7.4. Geometric visibility: — in accordance with the requirements of point 2.3.6.4. 2.3.7.5. Orientation: — in accordance with the requirements of point 2.3.6.5. 2.3.7.6. Electrical connections: — the hazard warning signal shall be activated by means of a separate control and shall be given by simultaneous operation of all direction indicator lamps. It shall be possible for the hazard warning signal to operate even when the master control switch has been deactivated and the vehicle’s on-board electronics system is switched off. 2.3.7.7. Closed-circuit tell-tale: — mandatory, if the hazard warning signal is provided (flashing red tell-tale), — if two separate green tell-tales have been provided for the left-hand side and right-hand side direction indicators, these tell-tales may flash simultaneously instead of the single red tell-tale. 2.3.7.8. Other requirements: — the requirements of point 2.3.6.8 shall apply. 2.3.7.8.1. Characteristics: — the light flashing frequency shall be 90 ± 30 times per minute, — all direction indicator lamps shall flash at the same frequency and in phase. Those on opposite sides of the vehicle shall flash synchronously while those on the same side of the vehicle may flash alternately, — the first flash shall start within one second and end within one-and-a-half seconds of the control being actuated, — the hazard warning signal may be automatically activated by vehicle systems such as the emergency braking signal or after a collision, and subsequently manually deactivated. 2.3.8. Rear position lamp 2.3.8.1. Number: — one or two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width not exceeding 1 300 mm, — two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width exceeding 1 300 mm. 2.3.8.2. Arrangement: — no specific requirements. 2.3.8.3. Position: 2.3.8.3.1. In width: — a single rear position lamp shall be installed on the vehicle so that the reference centre of the rear position lamp shall be located within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — two rear position lamps shall be installed on the vehicle so that the reference centres of the rear position lamps are symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — in the case of vehicles with two rear wheels and an overall width exceeding 1 300 mm, the lateral distance between the outward edges of the light-emitting surfaces and the outermost edges of the vehicle shall not exceed 400 mm. 2.3.8.3.2. In height: — a minimum of 250 mm and a maximum of 1 500 mm above the ground. 2.3.8.3.3. In length: — at the rear of the vehicle. 2.3.8.4. Geometric visibility: — α = 15° upwards and 15° downwards, however, the downward angle may be reduced to 5° if the rear position lamp is located less than 750 mm above the ground, — β = 80° to the left and to the right if there is only one rear position lamp, — β = 80° outwards and 45° inwards if there are two rear position lamps. 2.3.8.5. Orientation: — to the rear. 2.3.8.6. Electrical connections: — shall light up in compliance with point 2.1.10. 2.3.8.7. Closed-circuit tell-tale: — in accordance with the requirements of point 2.3.3.7. 2.3.9. Stop lamp 2.3.9.1. Number: — one or two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width not exceeding 1 300 mm, — two, in the case of vehicles with an overall width exceeding 1 300 mm, — an additional stop lamp of category S3 or S4 (i.e. central high mounted stop lamp) may be fitted, provided that all relevant requirements of UNECE regulation No 48 applying to the installation of such stop lamps on vehicles of category M 1 are met. 2.3.9.2. Arrangement: — no specific requirements. 2.3.9.3. Position: 2.3.9.3.1. In width: — a single stop lamp shall be installed on the vehicle so that the reference centre of the stop lamp is located within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — two stop lamps shall be installed on the vehicle so that the reference centres of the stop lamps are symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, — the inward edges of the light-emitting surfaces shall be at least 600 mm apart in the case of vehicles with two rear wheels and an overall width exceeding 1 300 mm, — the inward edges of the light-emitting surfaces shall be at least 400 mm apart in the case of vehicles with two rear wheels, an overall width not exceeding 1 300 mm and two stop lamps. 2.3.9.3.2. In height: — a minimum of 250 mm and a maximum of 1 500 mm above the ground. 2.3.9.3.3. In length: — at the rear of the vehicle. 2.3.9.4. Geometric visibility: — α = 15° upwards and 15° downwards; however, the downward angle may be reduced to 5° if the stop lamp is located less than 750 mm above the ground, — β = 45° to the left and to the right if there is only one stop lamp, — β = 45° outwards and 10° inwards if there are two stop lamps. 2.3.9.5. Orientation: — to the rear. 2.3.9.6. Electrical connections: — shall light up at any service brake application. 2.3.9.7. Closed-circuit tell-tale: — prohibited. 2.3.9.8. Other requirements: — vehicles may be fitted with an emergency stop signal as defined in point 2.28 of UNECE regulation No 48, provided that all relevant requirements of that regulation applying to such signals are met and the signal is activated and deactivated during conditions and/or decelerations as prescribed for vehicles of category M 1 , — vehicles may be fitted with a rear-end collision alert signal (RECAS) as defined in point 2.33 of UNECE regulation No 48, provided that all relevant requirements of that regulation applying to RECAS are met. 2.3.10. Rear fog lamp 2.3.10.1. Number: — one or two. 2.3.10.2. Arrangement: — no specific requirements. 2.3.10.3. Position: 2.3.10.3.1. In width: — in the case of vehicles intended and equipped for right-hand traffic, a single rear fog lamp shall be fitted so that its reference centre lies within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle or to the left side thereof, — in the case of vehicles intended and equipped for left-hand traffic, a single rear fog lamp shall be fitted so that its reference centre lies within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle or to the right side thereof, — in the case of vehicles intended and equipped for both left-hand and right-hand traffic, a single rear fog lamp shall be fitted so that its reference centre lies within the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle; — in the case of vehicles intended and equipped for left-hand and/or right-hand traffic, two rear fog lamps shall be installed on the vehicle so that the reference centres of the rear fog lamps are symmetrical in relation to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. 2.3.10.3.2. In height: — a minimum of 250 mm and a maximum of 1 000 mm above the ground; however, the latter value may be raised to 1 200 mm if the rear fog lamp is grouped with another lighting device. 2.3.10.3.3. In length: — at the rear of the vehicle. 2.3.10.3.4. Distance: — the distance between the edge of the light-emitting surface of the rear fog lamp and that of any stop lamp shall exceed 100 mm. 2.3.10.4. Geometric visibility: — α = 5° upwards and 5° downwards, — β = 25° to the left and to the right. 2.3.10.5. Orientation: — to the rear. 2.3.10.6. Electrical connections: — all rear fog lamps shall light up and extinguish simultaneously, — it shall be possible to activate the rear fog lamp only when the driving-beam headlamp, the passing-beam headlamp or the front fog lamp is activated, — it shall be possible to switch off the rear fog lamp independently of any other lamp, — the rear fog lamp shall be automatically deactivated when: — the front position lamp is switched off, and — the vehicle is shut down by means of the master control switch, — once the rear fog lamp has been switched off or deactivated, it shall not be automatically or independently reactivated unless the control for switching it on has been manually operated. 2.3.10.7. Closed-circuit tell-tale: — mandatory (non-flashing yellow tell-tale). 2.3.11. Reversing lamp 2.3.11.1. Number: — one or two. 2.3.11.2. Arrangement: — no specific requirements. 2.3.11.3. Position: 2.3.11.3.1. In width: — if there is a single reversing lamp: no specific requirements, — if there are two reversing lamps, these shall be installed on the vehicle so that the reference centres of the reversing lamps are symmetrical in relation to its longitudinal median plane. 2.3.11.3.2. In height: — a minimum of 250 mm and a maximum of 1 200 mm above the ground. 2.3.11.3.3. In length: — at the rear of the vehicle. 2.3.11.4. Geometric visibility: — α = 15° upwards and 5° downwards, — β = 45° to the left and to the right if there is only one reversing lamp, — β = 45° outwards and 30° inwards if there are two reversing lamps. 2.3.11.5. Orientation: — to the rear. 2.3.11.6. Electrical connections: — the reversing lamp shall emit light when the reversing device is engaged and the master control switch has been activated, — the reversing lamp shall not emit any light unless both conditions mentioned above satisfied. 2.3.11.7. Closed-circuit tell-tale: — optional. 2.3.11.8. Other requirements: — in the absence of prescriptions for reversing lamp lighting devices which can be type-approved for vehicles of category L, the reversing lamp shall be type-approved according to UNECE regulation No 23. 2.3.12. Rear registration plate lamp 2.3.12.1. Number: — one or more. 2.3.12.2. Arrangement and position: — such that the rear registration lamp illuminates the intended space for the rear registration plate. 2.3.12.3. Electrical connections: — shall light up in compliance with point 2.1.10. 2.3.12.4. Closed-circuit tell-tale: — the requirements of point 2.3.3.7 shall apply. 2.3.13. Rear retro-reflector (non-triangular) 2.3.13.1. Number: — one or two, — two in the case of vehicles with an overall width exceeding 1 000 mm, — additional rear retro-reflecting devices and materials are permitted provided that they do not impair the effectiveness of the mandatory lighting and light-signalling devices. 2.3.13.2. Arrangement: — one or two rear retro-reflectors of Class IA or IB. 2.3.13.3. Position: 2.3.13.3.1. In width: — if there is a single rear retro-reflector, this shall be installed on the vehicle so that the reference centre of the rear retro-reflector is located within its longitudinal median plane, — if there are two rear retro-reflectors, these shall be installed on the vehicle so that the reference centres of the rear retro-reflectors are symmetrical in relation to its longitudinal median plane, — if there are two rear retro-reflectors, the lateral distance between the outward edges of the light-emitting surfaces and the outermost edges of the vehicle shall not exceed 400 mm. 2.3.13.3.2. In height: — a minimum of 250 mm and a maximum of 900 mm above the ground. 2.3.13.3.3. In length: — at the rear of the vehicle. 2.3.13.4. Geometric visibility: — α = 10° upwards and 10° downwards; however, the downward angle may be reduced to 5° if the rear retro-reflector is located less than 750 mm above the ground, — β = 30° to the left and to the right if there is only one rear retro-reflector, — β = 30° outwards and 30° inwards if there are two rear retro-reflectors. 2.3.13.5. Orientation: — to the rear. 2.3.13.6. Other requirements: — the light-emitting surface of a retro-reflector may have parts in common with any other red lamp installed at the rear of the vehicle. 2.3.14. Side retro-reflectors (non-triangular) 2.3.14.1. Number: — one or two on each side. 2.3.14.2. Arrangement: — a side retro-reflector of Class IA or IB shall be fitted within the first third and/or the last third of the vehicle’s overall length, — additional side retro-reflective devices and materials are permitted, provided that they do not impair the effectiveness of the mandatory lighting and light-signalling devices. 2.3.14.3. Position: 2.3.14.3.1. In width: — no specific requirements. 2.3.14.3.2. In height: — a minimum of 250 mm and a maximum of 900 mm above the ground; however, the latter value may be raised to 1 200 mm if the side retro-reflector is grouped with another lighting device. 2.3.14.3.3. In length: — no specific requirements. 2.3.14.4. Geometric visibility: — α = 10° upwards and 10° downwards; however, the downward angle may be reduced to 5° if the side retro-reflector is located less than 750 mm above the ground, — β = 45° to the front and to the rear. 2.3.14.5. Orientation: — to the side. 2.3.15. Side marker lamp 2.3.15.1. Number: — one or two on each side. 2.3.15.2. Arrangement: — a side marker lamp of Class SM1 or SM2 may be fitted within the first third and/or the last third of the vehicle’s overall length. 2.3.15.3. Position: 2.3.15.3.1. In width: — no specific requirements. 2.3.15.3.2. In height: — a minimum of 250 mm and a maximum of 1 500 mm above the ground. 2.3.15.3.3. In length: — no specific requirements. 2.3.15.4. Geometric visibility: — α = 10° upwards and 10° downwards; however, the downward angle may be reduced to 5° if the side retro-reflector is located less than 750 mm above the ground; — β = 30° to the front and to the rear. 2.3.15.5. Orientation: — to the side. 2.3.15.6. Electrical connections: — shall light up together with the lighting devices referred to in point 2.1.10, — may be such that the side marker lamps flash at the same frequency, in phase and either synchronously or alternately with the direction indicator lamps installed on the same side of the vehicle. 2.3.15.7. Closed-circuit tell-tale: — in accordance with the requirements of point 2.3.3.7. 2.3.15.8. Other requirements: — in the absence of prescriptions for side marker lamp lighting devices which can be type-approved for vehicles of category L, the lamps shall be type-approved according to UNECE regulation No 91. 2.4. As an alternative to the requirements in points 2 to 2.3.15.8, vehicles of categories L2e, L5e, L6e and L7e may comply with all relevant requirements of UNECE regulation No 48 as prescribed for vehicle category M 1 . In this case, specific requirements of UNECE regulation No 48 shall not be substituted or waived on the basis of differences in, or an absence of, specific provisions in this Annex (e.g. installation of headlamp cleaning devices, manual headlamp levelling device). 2.5. Bearing in mind the variety of forms of construction of categories L2e, L5e, L6e and L7e vehicles, the vehicle manufacturer may in agreement with the technical service and approval authority choose to apply all relevant requirements of UNECE regulation No 53, as prescribed for vehicles of category L3e, as an alternative to the requirements as laid down in points 2 to 2.3.15.8. In this case, specific requirements of UNECE regulation No 53 shall not be substituted or waived on the basis of differences in, or an absence of, specific provisions in this Annex and it shall be accepted only in case of vehicles with an overall width not exceeding 1 300 mm which tend to lean while cornering (e.g. for a type of vehicle which has the overall appearance of a motorcycle, but which is equipped with three wheels classifying it as an L5e category vehicle). 3. Requirements concerning vehicles of category L4e. 3.1. If the side-car can be detached from the motorcycle so that the motorcycle can be used without it, the motorcycle shall fulfil the requirements for solo motorcycles in point 1.3 in addition to those in points 3.2 to 3.2.8.1 below. The requirements of point 1.9 may also be taken into account. 3.1.1. In this case, it shall be possible to electrically disconnect the direction indicator lamps mounted on the motorcycle and placed between the motorcycle and the side-car. 3.2. When the side-car is connected to the motorcycle, either permanently or in a detachable way, the motorcycle with side-car shall fulfil all the relevant requirements of UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L3e and the additional provisions below. 3.2.1. Front position lamps 3.2.1.1. Number: — two or three; — the side-car shall be equipped with one front position lamp; — the motorcycle shall be equipped with one front position lamp; however, it may be equipped with two front position lamps, provided that these are fitted in accordance with the relevant provisions of UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L 3 e (solo motorcycle). 3.2.1.2. Position: — the position shall be as specified in UNECE regulation No 53 for vehicle category L3e, except as follows: 3.2.1.2.1. In width: — the lateral distance between the outward edges of the light-emitting surfaces and the outermost edges of the vehicle shall not exceed 400 mm (this limit value does not apply to a second front position lamp fitted to the motorcycle). 3.2.1.3. Geometric visibility: — the front position lamps on the side-car and motorcycle may be considered as a pair. 3.2.1.4. In all remaining respects, front position lamps shall comply with the requirements of UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L3e. 3.2.2. Daytime running lamps 3.2.2.1. Number: — two or three, — the side-car may be equipped with one daytime running lamp, — the motorcycle may be equipped with one daytime running lamp; however, it may be equipped with two daytime running lamps, provided that these are fitted in accordance with the relevant provisions of UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L3e (solo motorcycle). 3.2.2.2. Position: — the position shall be as specified in UNECE regulation No 53 for vehicle category L3e, except as follows: 3.2.2.2.1. In width: — the lateral distance between the outward edges of the light-emitting surfaces and the outermost edges of the vehicle shall not exceed 400 mm (this limit value does not apply to a second daytime running lamp fitted to the motorcycle). 3.2.2.3. Geometric visibility: — the daytime running lamps on the side-car and motorcycle may be considered as a pair. 3.2.2.4. In all remaining respects, daytime running lamps shall comply with the requirements of UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L3e. 3.2.3. Direction indicator lamps 3.2.3.1. Position: — the position shall be as specified in UNECE regulation No 53 for vehicle category L3e, except as follows: 3.2.3.1.1. In width (concerning all electrically connected direction indicator lamps): — the lateral distance between the outward edges of the light-emitting surfaces and the outermost edges of the vehicle shall not exceed 400 mm, — the inward edges of the light-emitting surfaces shall be at least 600 mm apart, — there shall be a minimum distance between the light-emitting surface of a front direction indicator lamp and the nearest passing-beam headlamps of: — 75 mm in the case of a minimum indicator intensity of 90 cd, — 40 mm in the case of a minimum indicator intensity of 175 cd, — 20 mm in the case of a minimum indicator intensity of 250 cd, — ≤ 20 mm in the case of a minimum indicator intensity of 400 cd, — both front direction indicator lamps shall have a comparable level of photometric performance, as shall both rear direction indicator lamps. 3.2.3.1.2. In length (this point applies only to the side of the side-car): — the front direction indicator lamp shall be located on the front half of the side-car and the rear direction indicator lamp shall be located on the rear half. 3.2.3.2. Geometric visibility: — the horizontal angles are clarified as follows: see Figure 9-4. Figure 9-4 Direction indicator lamp arrangement 3.2.3.3. In all remaining respects, direction indicator lamps shall comply with the requirements of UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L3e. 3.2.4. Hazard warning signal 3.2.4.1. The hazard warning signal shall be given by simultaneous operation of all direction indicator lamps, as referred to in points 3.1 to 3.2 and 3.2.3 to 3.2.3.3. 3.2.5. Rear position lamps 3.2.5.1. Number: — two or three, — the side-car shall be equipped with one rear position lamp, — the motorcycle shall be equipped with one rear position lamp; however, it may be equipped with two rear position lamps provided that these are fitted in accordance with the relevant provisions of UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L3e (solo motorcycle). 3.2.5.2. Position: — the position shall be as specified in UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L3e, except as follows: 3.2.5.2.1. In width: — the lateral distance between the outward edges of the light-emitting surfaces and the outermost edges of the vehicle shall not exceed 400 mm (this limit value does not apply to a second rear position lamp fitted to the motorcycle). 3.2.5.3. Geometric visibility: — the rear position lamps on the side-car and motorcycle may be considered as a pair. 3.2.5.4. In all remaining respects, rear position lamps shall comply with the requirements of UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L3e. 3.2.6. Stop lamps 3.2.6.1. Number: — two or three; — the side-car shall be equipped with one stop lamp; — the motorcycle shall be equipped with one stop lamp; however, it may be equipped with two stop lamps provided that these are fitted in accordance with the relevant provisions of UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L3e (solo motorcycle). 3.2.6.2. Position: — the position shall be as specified in UNECE regulation No 53 for vehicle category L3e, except as follows: 3.2.6.2.1. In width: — the lateral distance between the outward edges of the light-emitting surfaces and the outermost edges of the vehicle shall not exceed 400 mm (this limit value does not apply to a second stop lamp fitted to the motorcycle). 3.2.6.3. Geometric visibility: — the stop lamps on the side-car and motorcycle may be considered as a pair. 3.2.6.4. In all remaining respects, stop lamps shall comply with the requirements of UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L3e. 3.2.7. Rear retro-reflector (non-triangular) 3.2.7.1. Number: — two or three; — the side-car shall be equipped with one rear retro-reflector; — the motorcycle shall be equipped with one rear retro-reflector, or two, provided that these are fitted in accordance with the relevant provisions of UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L3e (solo motorcycle); — additional rear retro-reflecting devices and materials are permitted provided that they do not impair the effectiveness of the mandatory lighting and light-signalling devices. 3.2.7.2. Position: — the position shall be as specified in UNECE regulation No 53 for vehicle category L3e, except as follows: 3.2.7.2.1. In width: — the lateral distance between the outward edges of the light-emitting surfaces and the outermost edges of the vehicle shall not exceed 400 mm (this limit value does not apply to a second rear retro-reflector fitted to the motorcycle or any additional rear retro-reflecting devices and materials fitted to the vehicle). 3.2.7.3. Geometric visibility: — the rear retro-reflectors on the side-car and motorcycle may be considered as a pair. 3.2.7.4. In all remaining respects, rear retro-reflectors shall comply with the requirements of UNECE regulation No 53 as prescribed for vehicle category L3e. 3.2.8. Visibility of a red light towards the rear and a white light towards the front. 3.2.8.1. Zone 1 and Zone 2, as referred to in UNECE regulation No 53, are applied as follows: see Figures 9-5 and 9-6. Figure 9-5 Direct visibility towards the front of the light-emitting surface of a lamp emitting red light Figure 9-6 Direct visibility towards the rear of the light-emitting surface of a lamp emitting white light ( 1 ) OJ L 166, 18.6.2013, p. 88 . ( 2 ) OJ L 323, 6.12.2011, p. 46 .