Definitions.
Section 84
SEC. 84. Definitions. — When used in this Title — (a) The term "person" means an individual, a trust, estate, corporation, or a duly registered general co-partnership. (b) The term "corporation" includes partnerships, no matter how created or organized, joint-stock companies, joint accounts (cuentas en participacion), association or insurance companies, but does not include duly registered general co-partnerships (companias colectivas). (c) The term "domestic," when applied to a corporation, means created or organized in the Philippines or under its laws. (d) The term "foreign," when applied to a corporation, means a corporation which is not domestic. (e) The term "resident alien" means an individual whose residence is within the Philippines and who is not a citizen thereof. (f) The term "non-resident alien" means an individual whose residence is not within the Philippines and who is not a citizen thereof. (g) The term "resident foreign corporation" applies to a foreign corporation engaged in trade or business within the Philippines or having an office or place of business therein. (h) The term "non-resident foreign corporation" applies to a foreign corporation not engaged in trade or business within the Philippines and not having any office or place of business therein. (i) The term "fiduciary" means a guardian, trustee, executor, administrator, receiver, conservator, or any person acting in any fiduciary capacity for any person. (j) The term "withholding agent" means any person required to deduct and withhold any tax under the provisions of section 53. (k) The term "stock" includes the share in an association, joint-stock company, or insurance company. (l) The term "shareholder" includes a member in an association, joint-stock company, or insurance company. (m) The term "taxpayer" means any person subject to tax imposed by this Title. (n) The terms "including" and "includes" when used in a definition contained in this Title shall not be deemed to exclude other things otherwise within the meaning of the term defined. (o) The term "taxable year" means the calendar year, or the fiscal year ending during such calendar year, upon the basis of which the net income is computed under this Title. "Taxable year' 'includes, in the case of a return made for a fractional part of a year under the provisions of this Title, or under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, the period for which such return is made. (p) The term "fiscal year" means an accounting period of twelve months ending on the last day of any month other than December (q) The terms "paid or incurred" and "paid or accrued" shall be construed according to the method of accounting upon the basis of which the net income is computed under this Title. (r) The term "trade or business" includes the performance of the functions of a public office. (s) The term "securities" means shares of stock in a corporation and rights to subscribe for or to receive such shares. The term includes bonds, debentures, notes, or certificates, or other evidences of indebtedness, issued by any corporation, including those issued by a government or political subdivision thereof, with interest coupons or in registered form. (t) The term "dealer in securities" means a merchant of stocks or securities, whether an individual, partnership, or corporation, with an established place of business, regularly engaged in the purchase of securities and their re-sale to customers; that is, one who as a merchant buys securities and sells them to customers with a view to the gains and profits that may be derived therefrom. (u) The terms "alien" and "foreign government" shall be deemed to include the citizens and Government of the United States, including the political subdivisions thereof; Provided, however, That citizens of the United States residing in the Philippines shall not be subject to taxation under this Title as to their incomes derived from sources within the United States, if it is shown that the tax thereon has been paid in accordance with the laws of that country.