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RA 9851 Section 12

RA 9851 Section 12

Orders from a Superior.

Section 12

SECTION 12. Orders from a Superior. — The fact that a crime defined and penalized under this Act has been committed by a person pursuant to an order of a government or a superior, whether military or civilian, shall not relieve that person of criminal responsibility unless all of the following elements occur: The person was under a legal obligation to obey orders of the government or the superior in question; The person did not know that the order was unlawful; and The order was not manifestly unlawful. For the purposes of this section, orders to commit genocide or other crimes against humanity are manifestly unlawful.

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Other provisions in CHAPTER V

Compiled from an official source version. Later amendments or repeals may not be reflected; the official text prevails. · Read the official text ↗ · Data as of July 4, 2026

CitationRA 9851 Section 12 (LawPlayer, data as of July 4, 2026)

Source: Supreme Court E-Library, Republic of the Philippines. Philippine laws are public documents (works of the government).

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