Article 4
The enterprises that are members of the shipowners' committees infringed Article 86 of the EEC Treaty by abusing their collective dominant position in the following manner: - by participating in the application of a system of penalties to shipowner members of the shipowners' committees in breach of the cargo-sharing rules established by the committees, or shipowners who, without the authorization of the committees, nevertheless attempted to provide liner services on the bilateral shipping routes on which the committees operate, - by applying a co-option mechanism which in practice amounted to excluding certain shipowners from the trade or reducing their involvement to an extent bearing no relation to their competitive strength.