ANNEX IISupplementary provisions
ANNEX II THE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE COPERNICUS ATMOSPHERE MONITORING SERVICE 1. SCOPE The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) shall provide information based on satellite data to facilitate the monitoring of the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. In addition, it shall develop its own capacity to continuously monitor the chemical composition of the Earth's atmosphere at global and regional scales with satellite-enhanced means. This capacity shall encompass the description of the current situation of the atmosphere (analysis), the prediction of the situation a few days ahead (forecast), and the provision of consistent retrospective data records for recent years (re-analysis). The service shall generate geophysical products which can be input to further technical processing, as well as high level information in various forms for further expert assessment to support decision makers. The products shall be subjected to rigorous quality check to ensure the highest level of quality. CAMS shall support many applications developed by stakeholders in a variety of domains including health, environmental monitoring, renewables energies, meteorology, and climatology. It shall provide daily information on the global atmospheric composition based on processed satellite data, and by monitoring and forecasting constituents such as greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide and methane), reactive gases and aerosols, including pollens over Europe. CAMS shall be developed to meet the needs for data and processed information related to environmental concerns. CAMS shall offer emission inventories and estimates net fluxes of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O at the Earth's surface. CAMS aims at promoting the participation in the FAIRMODE community to contribute to the harmonization of regional modelling. 2. USER REQUIREMENTS AND MAIN DOMAINS OF APPLICATION CAMS shall provide services, categorised into the following five topical domains, grouping data and/or information products according to their main application area: (a) air quality and atmospheric composition: these products shall characterise the chemical composition of the atmosphere and provide information on greenhouse gases, reactive gases and aerosols; the products shall be provided at global scale for the entire atmosphere and at refined horizontal resolution over a regional domain covering the Union and neighbouring areas, including the EEA Member States; the products shall include in particular the species relevant for the Union and national legislation as well as international treaties; (b) climate forcing: Specialized products shall be provided to quantify the forcing on the Earth System due to atmospheric composition changes induced by human activities; (c) ozone layer and UV: information on constituents of particular importance for the stratospheric ozone layer shall be provided, as well as on ultraviolet radiation; (d) solar radiation: the domain shall cover radiation products of relevance in the context of solar energy; (e) emissions and surface fluxes: CAMS shall also provide information on surface sources and sinks of the main greenhouse gases. The domains shall not be mutually exclusive and some products may appear in different domains. 3. SERVICE ARCHITECTURE The design of the service architecture shall ensure consistency with the overall vision and development strategy of Copernicus. There shall be four main service elements: (a) acquisition and pre-processing of input data, primarily observations (from both satellite and in-situ instruments) and ancillary data that are needed to estimate emissions of pollutants and to assess concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere; (b) global processing: shall be operated in three modes to deliver the products required by the users: (1) daily production for near-real-time analyses and forecast; (2) daily production for delayed-mode analyses and forecast; (3) re-analyses production stream providing multi-annual consistent datasets with a frozen model/assimilation system; (c) regional processing: shall be covered with a higher spatial resolution and shall support in particular further downstream modelling activities for sub-regions at even finer scale as well as air quality and pollen monitoring and forecasting national activities; (d) supplementary services: shall be relative to applications processing, services and products that are built on top of or integrated into the main global and Union regional processing outputs. The four cross-cutting functions shall deal with the following: (a) quality control and assurance; (b) archiving; (c) product dissemination; (d) user interaction, training and outreach. 4. TECHNICAL SERVICE PORTFOLIO CAMS products shall be provided free of charge to registered users through an Interactive Catalogue available on the CAMS web portal. The CAMS Product Portfolio shall be organised in four main categories and thirteen products lines. (1) Regional products The regional products shall be provided by an ensemble of air quality models (up to 10 members) for the European domain and for several species, such as: episodes and background concentrations of O 3 , NO 2 , NO, CO, SO 2 , NH 3 , PANs, VOCs, PM2,5, PM10, pollens (main allergens). The services shall consist of the following: (a) daily near real-time analyses and forecasts; (b) daily delayed-mode interim re-analyses based on in-situ observations in an interim stage of validation; (c) annual re-analyses based on fully validated in-situ observations. (2) Global products The global products shall be provided using ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS), which is also used for the Centre's numerical weather prediction activities. The services shall consist of daily near real-time and delayed-mode analyses and forecasts as well as reanalyses, covering the period since 2003. Species shall include aerosol, reactive gases (only a subset is directly constrained by observations), CO 2 and CH 4 . The global products shall cover both the troposphere and stratosphere. (3) Supplementary products The supplementary products shall be built on the top of or integrated into the global and regional ones. Policy support products shall consist of assessment reports commenting upon the regional reanalysis data for technical experts advising policy makers, daily scenario forecasts of pollution episodes to assess the effectiveness of short-term emissions abatement strategies, and source-receptor calculations providing information on the origin of air pollution episodes. (a) interim assessment reports based on the interim European reanalyses; (b) assessment reports based on the European reanalyses performed with validated data; (c) daily ‘green scenarios’ forecasts with reduced level of anthropogenic emissions; (d) on-demand country source-receptor calculations; (e) daily regional source-receptor calculations (apportionment of local vs transported for a large number of European conurbations). Solar radiation products shall include global forecasts of UV radiation supporting the health sector as well as data bases of clear-sky and all-sky solar irradiances to support the solar energy and other sectors (a) global solar UV index forecast; (b) global clear-sky surface solar irradiance; (c) total-sky surface solar irradiance (over areas covered by geostationary satellites). Greenhouse gases flux inversion products shall consist of estimates of surface fluxes for some of the key greenhouse gases obtained by inverse modelling. (a) monthly fluxes of global methane (2000 to 2015); (b) monthly fluxes of global nitrous oxide (1996 to 2015); (c) monthly fluxes of global carbon dioxide (1979 to 2015). Climate forcings service element shall provide estimates of the climate forcing of aerosol based on the latest global re-analysis. (a) forcing due to aerosol-radiation interaction; (b) forcing due to aerosol-cloud interaction; (c) forcing due to CO 2 ; (d) forcing due to CH 4 ; (e) forcing due to stratospheric ozone; (f) forcing due to tropospheric ozone. (4) Emission products The CAMS emission products shall serve as an important input for the global and regional assessment systems. In parallel, they shall be provided as end products for users. The emission products shall be the following: (a) anthropogenic emissions: (1) european anthropogenic emissions; (2) global anthropogenic and natural emissions; (b) fire emissions — biomass burning emissions based on Fire Radiative Power satellite observations. 5. DATA NEEDS The data acquisition and pre-processing shall constitute the direct interface to the in situ and space observational components. CAMS shall have two sets of requirements regarding the timeliness of the observational data feed. (a) CAMS components that shall operate on a routine daily basis need data available in near-real time (NRT), that is within a few hours after observation, so the corresponding requirements on data quality control must be compatible with NRT and automated processing; (b) CAMS components that shall operate in delayed mode (availability within some weeks or a few months). 5.1. Satellites-Based Observation The core of the CAMS production shall consist of data assimilation and forecasting systems. The CAMS data assimilation system shall use the satellite observations to adjust the forecast model to stay as close as possible to the real atmospheric conditions. The models shall be initialised on a daily basis. To do so, forecasts from the day before shall be merged with observations to provide a best estimate of the atmospheric conditions at the start of the new forecast. The CAMS global forecast services shall operate in real-time, delayed-mode and reanalysis configurations and shall use satellite observations data both for meteorological observations and atmospheric composition. The categories of observations to be used shall include: (a) the operational observations are the observations that are currently used in the CAMS data assimilation and forecasting systems; (b) the pre-operational observations are the observations that are currently assessed to show readiness for operational use; (c) planned observations are observations that are being considered to be implemented in the CAMS systems. The CAM Service shall support ‘ad hoc’ near real time processing for some observations that are not routinely processed by the Copernicus space infrastructure or, more generally, by international space agencies concerning satellite data. The data coming from the atmospheric missions Sentinel 5p, 4 and 5 shall be taken into account in the development of the CAM service. 5.2. In-situ Observation CAMS shall not operate in situ observing systems and shall collect observations from a wide range of data providers for data assimilation and validation purposes. It shall utilize existing European and international research infrastructures. CAMS shall not support financially the acquisition of data itself and shall fund dedicated activities for improving their processing in an operational context. Specific contracts shall be established for this purpose with European and international institutions and organizations.