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Directive (EU) 2023/2225 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 October 2023 on credit agreements for consumers and repealing Directive 2008/48/EC CHAPTER IX — ANNUAL PERCENTAGE RATE OF CHARGE AND MEASURES TO LIMIT RATES AND COSTS

Article 30–Article 312 provisions

Calculation of the annual percentage rate of charge

Article 30

1.   The annual percentage rate of charge shall be calculated in accordance with the mathematical formula set out in Part I of Annex III. It shall equate, on an annual basis, to the present value of all commitments (drawdowns, repayments and charges), future or existing, agreed by the creditor and the consumer. 2.   For the purpose of calculating the annual percentage rate of charge, the total cost of the credit to the consumer shall be determined, with the exception of any charges payable by the consumer for non-compliance with any of his or her commitments laid down in the credit agreement and charges other than the purchase price which, for purchases of goods or services, he or she is obliged to pay whether the transaction is effected in cash or on credit. The costs of maintaining an account recording both payment transactions and drawdowns, the costs of using a means of payment for both payment transactions and drawdowns, and other costs relating to payment transactions shall be included in the total cost of the credit to the consumer unless the opening of the account is optional and the costs of the account have been clearly and separately identified in the credit agreement, or in any other agreement concluded with the consumer. 3.   The calculation of the annual percentage rate of charge shall be based on the assumption that the credit agreement is to remain valid for the period agreed and that the creditor and the consumer will fulfil their obligations under the terms and by the dates specified in the credit agreement. 4.   In the case of credit agreements containing clauses that allow variations in the borrowing rate or variations in certain charges contained in the annual percentage rate of charge which make them unquantifiable at the time of calculation, the annual percentage rate of charge shall be calculated on the assumption that the borrowing rate and other charges will remain fixed in relation to the initial level and will remain applicable until the end of the credit agreement. 5.   Where necessary, the additional assumptions set out in Part II of Annex III shall be used in calculating the annual percentage rate of charge. Where the assumptions set out in this Article and in Part II of Annex III do not suffice to calculate the annual percentage rate of charge in a uniform manner or are no longer adapted to the commercial situations in the market, the Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 45 in order to amend this Article and Part II of Annex III to add the necessary additional assumptions for the calculation of the annual percentage rate of charge or to modify the existing ones.

Measures to limit borrowing rates, annual percentage rates of charge or total costs of credit to the consumer

Article 31

1.   Member States shall introduce measures to effectively prevent abuse and to ensure that consumers cannot be charged with excessively high borrowing rates, annual percentage rates of charge or total costs of credit to the consumer, such as caps. 2.   Member States may adopt prohibitions or limitations regarding specific charges or fees applied by creditors on their territory. 3.   By 20 November 2027, the Commission shall make the measures introduced by Member States in accordance with paragraph 1 publicly available. Member States shall report to the Commission on those measures by 20 November 2026. 4.   By 20 November 2029 the European Banking Authority shall publish a report on the implementation of the measures referred to in paragraph 1. That report shall include an assessment of the measures put in place in Member States, including methodologies to establish caps where relevant, and of their effectiveness in limiting the excessively high borrowing rates, annual percentage rates of charge or total costs of credit to the consumer, and shall include a best practice approach for establishing such measures.

Source: EUR-Lex (Publications Office of the EU), © European Union, reuse permitted under Commission Decision 2011/833/EU.