Restoration of terrestrial, coastal and freshwater ecosystems
1. Member States shall put in place the restoration measures that are necessary to improve to good condition areas of habitat types listed in Annex I which are not in good condition. Such restoration measures shall be put in place:
(a)
by 2030 on at least 30 % of the total area of all habitat types listed in Annex I that is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15;
(b)
by 2040 on at least 60 % and by 2050, on at least 90 % of the area of each group of habitat types listed in Annex I that is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15.
For the purpose of this paragraph, Member States shall, as appropriate, until 2030 give priority to restoration measures in areas that are located in Natura 2000 sites.
2. By way of derogation from paragraph 1, first subparagraph, points (a) and (b), Member States may, where duly justified and for the purposes of that paragraph, exclude from the relevant group of habitat types very common and widespread habitat types that cover more than 3 % of their European territory.
Where a Member State applies the derogation referred to in the first subparagraph, the Member State shall put in place restoration measures:
(a)
by 2050 on an area representing at least 80 % of the area that is not in good condition for each of those habitat types;
(b)
by 2030 on at least one third of the percentage referred to in point (a); and
(c)
by 2040 on at least two thirds of the percentage referred to in point (a).
The derogation referred to in the first subparagraph shall only be applied if it is ensured that the percentage referred to in point (a) of the second subparagraph does not prevent the favourable conservation status for each of those habitat types, from being reached or maintained at national biogeographical level.
3. If a Member State applies the derogation pursuant to paragraph 2, the obligation set out in paragraph 1, first subparagraph, point (a), shall apply to the total area of all remaining habitat types listed in Annex I that is not in good condition and the obligation set out in paragraph 1, first subparagraph, point (b), shall apply to the remaining areas of the relevant groups of habitat types listed in Annex I that are not in good condition.
4. Member States shall put in place the restoration measures that are necessary to re-establish the habitat types listed in Annex I in areas where those habitat types do not occur, with the aim of reaching the favourable reference area for those habitat types. Such measures shall be in place on areas representing at least 30 % of the additional surface needed to reach the total favourable reference area for each group of habitat types listed in Annex I, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15, by 2030, on areas representing at least 60 % of that surface by 2040, and on 100 % of that surface by 2050.
5. By way of derogation from paragraph 4 of this Article, if a Member State considers that it is not possible to put in place restoration measures by 2050 that are necessary to reach the favourable reference area for a specific habitat type on 100 % of the surface, the Member State concerned may set a lower percentage at a level between 90 % and 100 % in its national restoration plan as referred to in Article 15 and provide adequate justification. In such a case, the Member State shall gradually put in place restoration measures that are necessary to achieve that lower percentage by 2050. By 2030, those restoration measures shall cover at least 30 % of the additional surface needed to achieve such lower percentage by 2050, and by 2040, they shall cover at least 60 % of the additional surface needed to achieve such lower percentage by 2050.
6. If a Member State applies the derogation pursuant to paragraph 5 to specific habitat types, the obligation set out in paragraph 4 shall apply to the remaining habitat types that are part of the groups of habitat types listed in Annex I to which those specific habitat types belong.
7. Member States shall put in place restoration measures for the terrestrial, coastal and freshwater habitats of the species listed in Annexes II, IV and V to Directive 92/43/EEC and of the terrestrial, coastal and freshwater habitats of wild birds falling within the scope of Directive 2009/147/EC that are, in addition to the restoration measures referred to in paragraphs 1 and 4 of this Article, necessary to improve the quality and quantity of those habitats, including by re-establishing them, and to enhance connectivity, until sufficient quality and quantity of those habitats is achieved.
8. The determination of the most suitable areas for restoration measures in accordance with paragraphs 1, 4 and 7 of this Article shall be based on the best available knowledge and the latest scientific evidence of the condition of the habitat types listed in Annex I to this Regulation, measured by the structure and functions which are necessary for their long-term maintenance, including their typical species, as referred to in Article 1, point (e), of Directive 92/43/EEC, and of the quality and quantity of the habitats of the species referred to in paragraph 7 of this Article, making use of information reported under Article 17 of Directive 92/43/EEC and Article 12 of Directive 2009/147/EC, and where appropriate taking into account the diversity of situations in various regions as referred to in Article 14(16), point (c), of this Regulation.
9. Member States shall ensure, by 2030 at the latest, that the condition of habitat types is known for at least 90 % of the area distributed over all habitat types listed in Annex I and that by 2040, the condition of all areas of habitat types listed in Annex I is known.
10. The restoration measures referred to in paragraphs 1 and 4 shall consider the need for improved connectivity between the habitat types listed in Annex I and take into account the ecological requirements of the species referred to in paragraph 7 that occur in those habitat types.
11. Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to ensure that the areas that are subject to restoration measures in accordance with paragraphs 1, 4 and 7 show a continuous improvement in the condition of the habitat types listed in Annex I until good condition is reached, and a continuous improvement of the quality of the habitats of the species referred to in paragraph 7, until the sufficient quality of those habitats is reached.
Without prejudice to Directive 92/43/EEC, Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to ensure that areas in which good condition has been reached, and in which the sufficient quality of the habitats of the species has been reached, do not significantly deteriorate.
12. Without prejudice to Directive 92/43/EEC, Member States shall, by the date of publication of their national restoration plans in accordance with Article 17(6) of this Regulation, endeavour to put in place necessary measures with the aim of preventing significant deterioration of areas where the habitat types listed in Annex I to this Regulation occur and which are in good condition or are necessary to meet the restoration targets set out in paragraph 17 of this Article.
13. With regard to paragraphs 11 and 12 of this Article, outside Natura 2000 sites, Member States may, in the absence of alternatives, apply the non-deterioration requirements set out in those paragraphs at the level of each biogeographical region of their territory for each habitat type and each habitat of species, provided that the Member State concerned notifies its intention to apply this paragraph to the Commission by 19 February 2025 and fulfils the obligations set out in Article 15(3), point (g), Article 20(1) point (j), Article 21(1) and Article 21(2), point (b).
14. Outside Natura 2000 sites, the obligation set out in paragraph 11 shall not apply to deterioration caused by:
(a)
force majeure , including natural disasters;
(b)
unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change;
(c)
a plan or project of overriding public interest for which no less damaging alternative solutions are available, to be determined on a case by case basis; or
(d)
action or inaction by third countries for which the Member State concerned is not responsible.
15. Outside Natura 2000 sites, the obligation set out in paragraph 12 shall not apply to deterioration caused by:
(a)
force majeure , including natural disasters;
(b)
unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change;
(c)
a plan or project of overriding public interest for which no less damaging alternative solutions are available; or
(d)
action or inaction by third countries for which the Member State concerned is not responsible.
16. Within Natura 2000 sites, the non-fulfilment of the obligations set out in paragraphs 11 and 12 is justified if it is caused by:
(a)
force majeure , including natural disasters;
(b)
unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change; or
(c)
a plan or project authorised in accordance with Article 6(4) of Directive 92/43/EEC.
17. Member States shall ensure that there is:
(a)
an increase of the area in good condition for habitat types listed in Annex I until at least 90 % is in good condition and until the favourable reference area for each habitat type in each biogeographic region of the Member State concerned is reached;
(b)
an increasing trend towards the sufficient quality and quantity of the terrestrial, coastal and freshwater habitats of the species listed in Annexes II, IV and V to Directive 92/43/EEC and of the species falling within the scope of Directive 2009/147/EC.
Restoration of marine ecosystems
1. Member States shall put in place the restoration measures that are necessary to improve to good condition areas of habitat types listed in Annex II which are not in good condition. Such restoration measures shall be put in place:
(a)
by 2030, on at least 30 % of the total area of groups 1 to 6 of the habitat types listed in Annex II that is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15;
(b)
by 2040, on at least 60 % and, by 2050, on at least 90 % of the area of each of the groups 1 to 6 of the habitat types listed in Annex II that is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15;
(c)
by 2040, on at least two thirds of the percentage referred to in point (d) of this paragraph of the area of group 7 of the habitat types listed in Annex II that is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15; and
(d)
by 2050, on a percentage, identified in accordance with Article 14(3), of the area of group 7 of the habitat types listed in Annex II that is not in good condition, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15.
The percentage referred to in the first subparagraph, point (d), of this Article shall be set so as not to prevent good environmental status, as determined pursuant to Article 9(1) of Directive 2008/56/EC, from being achieved or maintained.
2. Member States shall put in place the restoration measures that are necessary to re-establish the habitat types in groups 1 to 6 listed in Annex II in areas where those habitat types do not occur, with the aim of reaching the favourable reference area for those habitat types. Such measures shall be in place on areas representing at least 30 % of the additional surface needed to reach the favourable reference area for each group of habitat types, as quantified in the national restoration plan referred to in Article 15, by 2030, on areas representing at least 60 % of that surface by 2040, and on 100 % of that surface by 2050.
3. By way of derogation from paragraph 2 of this Article, if a Member State considers that it is not possible to put in place restoration measures by 2050 that are necessary to reach the favourable reference area for a specific habitat type on 100 % of the surface, the Member State concerned may set a lower percentage at a level between 90 % and 100 % in its national restoration plan as referred to in Article 15 and provide adequate justification. In such a case, the Member State shall gradually put in place restoration measures that are necessary to achieve that lower percentage by 2050. By 2030, those restoration measures shall cover at least 30 % of the additional surface needed to achieve such lower percentage by 2050, and by 2040, they shall cover at least 60 % of the additional surface needed to achieve such lower percentage by 2050.
4. If a Member State applies the derogation pursuant to paragraph 3 to specific habitat types, the obligation set out in paragraph 2 shall apply to the remaining additional surface needed to reach the favourable reference area of each group of habitat types listed in Annex II to which those specific habitat types belong.
5. Member States shall put in place restoration measures for the marine habitats of species listed in Annex III to this Regulation and in Annexes II, IV and V to Directive 92/43/EEC and for the marine habitats of wild birds falling within the scope of Directive 2009/147/EC that are, in addition to the restoration measures referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article, necessary to improve the quality and quantity of those habitats, including by re-establishing them, and to enhance connectivity, until sufficient quality and quantity of those habitats is achieved.
6. The determination of the most suitable areas for restoration measures in accordance with paragraphs 1, 2 and 5 of this Article shall be based on the best available knowledge and the latest technical and scientific progress in determining the condition of the habitat types listed in Annex II to this Regulation and the quality and quantity of the habitats of the species referred to in paragraph 5 of this Article, making use of information reported under Article 17 of Directive 92/43/EEC, Article 12 of Directive 2009/147/EC and Article 17 of Directive 2008/56/EC.
7. Member States shall ensure that the condition is known of the following areas:
(a)
by 2030, for at least 50 % of the area distributed over all habitat types in groups 1 to 6 listed in Annex II;
(b)
by 2040, for all areas of the habitat types in groups 1 to 6 listed in Annex II;
(c)
by 2040, for at least 50 % of the area distributed over all habitat types in group 7 listed in Annex II;
(d)
by 2050, for all areas of the habitat types in group 7 listed in Annex II.
8. The restoration measures referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall consider the need for improved ecological coherence and connectivity between the habitat types listed in Annex II and take into account the ecological requirements of the species referred to in paragraph 5 that occur in those habitat types.
9. Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to ensure that the areas that are subject to restoration measures in accordance with paragraphs 1, 2 and 5 show a continuous improvement in the condition of the habitat types listed in Annex II until good condition is reached, and a continuous improvement of the quality of the habitats of the species referred to in paragraph 5, until the sufficient quality of those habitats is reached.
Without prejudice to Directive 92/43/EEC, Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to ensure that areas in which good condition has been reached, and in which the sufficient quality of the habitats of the species has been reached, do not significantly deteriorate.
10. Without prejudice to Directive 92/43/EEC, Member States shall, by the date of publication of their national restoration plans in accordance with Article 17(6) of this Regulation, endeavour to put in place necessary measures with the aim of preventing significant deterioration of areas where the habitat types listed in Annex II to this Regulation occur and which are in good condition or are necessary to meet the restoration targets set out in paragraph 14 of this Article.
11. Outside Natura 2000 sites, the obligation set out in paragraph 9 shall not apply to deterioration caused by:
(a)
force majeure , including natural disasters;
(b)
unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change;
(c)
a plan or project of overriding public interest for which no less damaging alternative solutions are available, to be determined on a case by case basis; or
(d)
action or inaction by third countries for which the Member State concerned is not responsible.
12. Outside Natura 2000 sites, the obligation set out in paragraph 10 shall not apply to deterioration caused by:
(a)
force majeure , including natural disasters;
(b)
unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change;
(c)
a plan or project of overriding public interest, for which no less damaging alternative solutions are available; or
(d)
action or inaction by third countries for which the Member State concerned is not responsible.
13. Within Natura 2000 sites, the non-fulfilment of the obligations set out in paragraphs 9 and 10 is justified if it is caused by:
(a)
force majeure , including natural disasters;
(b)
unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change; or
(c)
a plan or project authorised in accordance with Article 6(4) of Directive 92/43/EEC.
14. Member States shall ensure that there is:
(a)
an increase of the area in good condition for habitat types of groups 1 to 6 of the habitat types listed in Annex II until at least 90 % is in good condition and until the favourable reference area for each habitat type in each biogeographic region of the Member State concerned is reached;
(b)
an increase of the area in good condition for habitat types of group 7 of the habitat types listed in Annex II until at least the percentage, referred to in paragraph 1, first subparagraph, point (d), is in good condition and until the favourable reference area for each habitat type in each biogeographical region of the Member State concerned is reached;
(c)
an increasing trend towards the sufficient quality and quantity of the marine habitats of the species listed in Annex III to this Regulation and in Annexes II, IV and V to Directive 92/43/EEC and of the species falling within the scope of Directive 2009/147/EC.
Energy from renewable sources
1. For the purposes of Article 4(14) and (15) and Article 5(11) and (12), the planning, construction and operation of plants for the production of energy from renewable sources, their connection to the grid and the related grid itself, and storage assets shall be presumed to be in the overriding public interest. Member States may exempt them from the requirement that no less damaging alternative solutions are available under Article 4(14) and (15) and Article 5(11) and (12), provided that:
(a)
a strategic environmental assessment has been carried out in accordance with the conditions set out in Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 44 ) ; or
(b)
they have been subject to an environmental impact assessment in accordance with the conditions set out in Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 45 ) .
2. Member States may restrict in duly justified and specific circumstances the application of paragraph 1 to certain parts of their territory as well as to certain types of technologies or to projects with certain technical characteristics in accordance with the priorities set in their integrated national energy and climate plans pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999.
If Member States apply restrictions pursuant to the first subparagraph, they shall inform the Commission about those restrictions and justify them.
National defence
1. When putting in place restoration measures for the purposes of Article 4(1), (4) or (7) or Article 5(1), (2) or (5), Member States may exempt areas used for activities the sole purpose of which is national defence if those measures are deemed to be incompatible with the continued military use of the areas in question.
2. For the purposes of Article 4(14) and (15) and Article 5(11) and (12), Member States may provide that plans and projects the sole purpose of which is national defence are presumed to be in the overriding public interest.
For the purposes of Article 4(14) and (15) and Article 5(11) and (12), Member States may exempt plans and projects the sole purpose of which is national defence from the requirement that no less damaging alternative solutions are available. However, where a Member State applies that exemption, the Member State shall put in place measures, as far as reasonable and practicable, with the aim to mitigate the impact of those plans and projects on habitat types.
Restoration of urban ecosystems
1. By 31 December 2030, Member States shall ensure that there is no net loss in the total national area of urban green space and of urban tree canopy cover in urban ecosystem areas, determined in accordance with Article 14(4), compared to 2024. For the purposes of this paragraph, Member States may exclude from those total national areas the urban ecosystem areas in which the share of urban green space in the urban centres and urban clusters exceeds 45 % and the share of urban tree canopy cover exceeds 10 %.
2. From 1 January 2031, Member States shall achieve an increasing trend in the total national area of urban green space, including through the integration of urban green space into buildings and infrastructure, in urban ecosystem areas, determined in accordance with Article 14(4), measured every six years from 1 January 2031, until a satisfactory level as set in accordance with Article 14(5) is reached.
3. Member States shall achieve, in each urban ecosystem area, determined in accordance with Article 14(4), an increasing trend of urban tree canopy cover, measured every six years from 1 January 2031, until the satisfactory level identified as set in accordance with Article 14(5) is reached.
Restoration of the natural connectivity of rivers and natural functions of the related floodplains
1. Member States shall make an inventory of artificial barriers to the connectivity of surface waters and, taking into account the socio-economic functions of the artificial barriers, identify the barriers that need to be removed to contribute to meeting the restoration targets set out in Article 4 of this Regulation and fulfilling the objective of restoring at least 25 000 km of rivers into free-flowing rivers in the Union by 2030, without prejudice to Directive 2000/60/EC, in particular Article 4(3), (5) and (7) thereof, and Regulation (EU) No 1315/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 46 ) , in particular Article 15 thereof.
2. Member States shall remove the artificial barriers to the connectivity of surface waters identified in the inventory made pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article, in accordance with the plan for their removal referred to in Article 15(3), points (i) and (n). When removing artificial barriers, Member States shall primarily address obsolete barriers, namely those that are no longer needed for renewable energy generation, inland navigation, water supply, flood protection or other uses.
3. Member States shall complement the removal of artificial barriers in accordance with paragraph 2 by the measures necessary to improve the natural functions of the related floodplains.
4. Member States shall ensure that the natural connectivity of rivers and natural functions of the related floodplains restored in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 3 are maintained.
Restoration of pollinator populations
1. Member States shall, by putting in place in a timely manner appropriate and effective measures, improve pollinator diversity and reverse the decline of pollinator populations at the latest by 2030 and thereafter achieve an increasing trend of pollinator populations, measured at least every six years from 2030, until satisfactory levels are achieved, as set in accordance with Article 14(5).
2. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 23 to supplement this Regulation by establishing and updating a science-based method for monitoring pollinator diversity and pollinator populations. The Commission shall adopt the first of those delegated acts establishing such method by 19 August 2025.
3. The method referred to in paragraph 2 shall provide a standardised approach for collecting annual data on the abundance and diversity of pollinator species across ecosystems, for assessing pollinator population trends and the effectiveness of restoration measures adopted by Member States in accordance with paragraph 1.
4. When using the method referred to in paragraph 2, Member States shall ensure that monitoring data comes from an adequate number of sites to ensure representativeness across their territories. Member States shall promote citizen science in the collection of monitoring data where suitable and provide adequate resources for the performance of those tasks.
5. The Commission and the relevant Union agencies, in particular the EEA, the European Food Safety Authority and the European Chemicals Agency, shall, in accordance with their respective mandates, coordinate their activities concerning pollinators and provide information to support Member States, upon their request, in the fulfilment of their obligations under this Article. To that end the Commission shall, inter alia, set up a dedicated task force and disseminate relevant information and expertise to Member States in a coordinated manner.
Restoration of agricultural ecosystems
1. Member States shall put in place the restoration measures necessary to enhance biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems, in addition to the areas that are subject to restoration measures under Article 4(1), (4) and (7), taking into account climate change, the social and economic needs of rural areas and the need to ensure sustainable agricultural production in the Union.
2. Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to achieve an increasing trend at national level of at least two out of the three following indicators for agricultural ecosystems, as further specified in Annex IV, measured in the period from 18 August 2024 until 31 December 2030, and every six years thereafter, until the satisfactory levels as set in accordance with Article 14(5) are reached:
(a)
grassland butterfly index;
(b)
stock of organic carbon in cropland mineral soils;
(c)
share of agricultural land with high-diversity landscape features.
3. Member States shall put in place restoration measures which shall aim to ensure that the common farmland bird index at national level based on the species specified in Annex V, indexed on 1 September 2025 = 100, reaches the following levels:
(a)
for Member States listed in Annex V with historically more depleted populations of farmland birds: 110 by 2030, 120 by 2040 and 130 by 2050;
(b)
for Member States listed in Annex V with historically less depleted populations of farmland birds: 105 by 2030, 110 by 2040 and 115 by 2050.
4. Member States shall put in place measures which shall aim to restore organic soils in agricultural use constituting drained peatlands. Those measures shall be in place on at least:
(a)
30 % of such areas by 2030, of which at least a quarter shall be rewetted;
(b)
40 % of such areas by 2040, of which at least a third shall be rewetted;
(c)
50 % of such areas by 2050, of which at least a third shall be rewetted.
Member States may put in place restoration measures, including rewetting, in areas of peat extraction sites and count those areas as contributing to meeting the respective targets referred to in the first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c).
In addition, Member States may put in place restoration measures to rewet organic soils that constitute drained peatlands under land uses other than agricultural use and peat extraction and count those rewetted areas as contributing, up to a maximum of 40 %, to meeting the targets referred to in the first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c).
Restoration measures that consist in rewetting peatland, including the water levels to be achieved, shall contribute to reducing greenhouse gas net emissions and increasing biodiversity, while taking national and local circumstances into account.
Where duly justified, the extent of the rewetting of peatland under agricultural use may be reduced to less than required under the first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c), of this paragraph by a Member State if such rewetting is likely to have significant negative impacts on infrastructure, buildings, climate adaptation or other public interests and if such rewetting cannot take place on land other than agricultural land. Any such reduction shall be determined in accordance with Article 14(8).
The obligation for Member States to meet the rewetting targets set out in the first subparagraph, points (a), (b) and (c), does not imply an obligation for farmers and private landowners to rewet their land, for whom rewetting on agricultural land remains voluntary, without prejudice to obligations stemming from national law.
Member States shall, as appropriate, incentivise rewetting to make it an attractive option for farmers and private landowners and foster access to training and advice to farmers and other stakeholders on the benefits of rewetting peatland and on the options of subsequent land management and related opportunities.
Restoration of forest ecosystems
1. Member States shall put in place the restoration measures necessary to enhance biodiversity of forest ecosystems, in addition to the areas that are subject to restoration measures pursuant to Article 4(1), (4) and (7), while taking into account the risks of forest fires.
2. Member States shall achieve an increasing trend at national level of the common forest bird index, as further specified in Annex VI, measured in the period from 18 August 2024 until 31 December 2030, and every six years thereafter, until the satisfactory levels as set in accordance with Article 14(5) are reached.
3. Member States shall achieve an increasing trend at national level of at least six out of seven of the following indicators for forest ecosystems, as further specified in Annex VI, chosen on the basis of their ability to demonstrate the enhancement of biodiversity of forest ecosystems within the Member State concerned. The trend shall be measured in the period from 18 August 2024 until 31 December 2030, and every six years thereafter, until the satisfactory levels as set in accordance with Article 14(5) are reached:
(a)
standing deadwood;
(b)
lying deadwood;
(c)
share of forests with uneven-aged structure;
(d)
forest connectivity;
(e)
stock of organic carbon;
(f)
share of forests dominated by native tree species;
(g)
tree species diversity.
4. The non-fulfilment of the obligations set out in paragraphs 2 and 3 is justified if caused by:
(a)
large-scale force majeure , including natural disasters, in particular unplanned and uncontrolled wildfire; or
(b)
unavoidable habitat transformations which are directly caused by climate change.
Planting three billion additional trees
1. When identifying and implementing the restoration measures to fulfil the objectives and obligations set out in Articles 4 and 8 to 12, Member States shall aim to contribute to the commitment of planting at least three billion additional trees by 2030 at Union level.
2. Member States shall ensure that their contribution to fulfilling the commitment set out in paragraph 1 is achieved in full respect of ecological principles, including by ensuring species diversity and age-structure diversity, prioritising native tree species except for, in very specific cases and conditions, non-native species adapted to the local soil, climatic and ecological context and habitat conditions that play a role in fostering increased resilience to climate change. The measures to achieve that commitment shall aim to increase ecological connectivity and be based on sustainable afforestation, reforestation and tree planting and the increase of urban green space.
Source: EUR-Lex (Publications Office of the EU), © European Union, reuse permitted under Commission Decision 2011/833/EU.
