ANNEX IIIASupplementary provisions
ANNEX IIIA VERIFYING REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS 1. INTRODUCTION, DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1.1. Introduction This Annex describes the procedure to verify the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) performance of light passenger and commercial vehicles. 1.2. Definitions 1.2.1. ‘ Accuracy ’ means the deviation between a measured or calculated value and a traceable reference value. 1.2.2. ‘ Analyser ’ means any measurement device that is not part of the vehicle but installed to determine the concentration or the amount of gaseous or particle pollutants. 1.2.3. ‘ Axis intercept ’ of a linear regression ( a 0 ) means: where: a 1 is the slope of the regression line is the mean value of the reference parameter is the mean value of the parameter to be verified 1.2.4. ‘ Calibration ’ means the process of setting the response of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument, sensor, or signal so that its output agrees with one or multiple reference signals. 1.2.5. ‘ Coefficient of determination ’ ( r 2 ) means: where: a 0 is the axis intercept of the linear regression line a 1 is the slope of the linear regression line x i is the measured reference value y i is the measured value of the parameter to be verified is the mean value of the parameter to be verified n is the number of values 1.2.6. ‘ Cross-correlation coefficient ’ ( r ) means: where: x i is the measured reference value y i is the measured value of the parameter to be verified is the mean reference value is the mean value of the parameter to be verified n is the number of values 1.2.7. ‘ Delay time ’ means the time from the gas flow switching ( t 0 ) until the response reaches 10 per cent ( t 10 ) of the final reading. 1.2.8. ‘ Engine control unit (ECU) signals or data ’ means any vehicle information and signal recorded from the vehicle network using the protocols specified in point 3.4.5.of Appendix 1. 1.2.9. ‘ Engine control unit ’ means the electronic unit that controls various actuators to ensure the optimal performance of the powertrain. 1.2.10. ‘ Emissions ’ also referred to as ‘ components ’, ‘ pollutant components ’ or ‘ pollutant emissions ’ means the regulated gaseous or particle constituents of the exhaust. 1.2.11. ‘ Exhaust ’, also referred to as exhaust gas, means the total of all gaseous and particulate components emitted at the exhaust outlet or tailpipe as the result of fuel combustion within the vehicle’s internal combustion engine. 1.2.12. ‘ Exhaust emissions ’ means the emissions of particles, characterized as particulate matter and particle number, and of gaseous components at the tailpipe of a vehicle. 1.2.13. ‘ Full scale ’ means the full range of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor as specified by the equipment manufacturer. If a sub-range of the analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor is used for measurements, full scale shall be understood as the maximum reading. 1.2.14. ‘ Hydrocarbon response factor ’ of a particular hydrocarbon species means the ratio between the reading of a FID and the concentration of the hydrocarbon species under consideration in the reference gas cylinder, expressed as ppmC 1 . 1.2.15. ‘ Major maintenance ’ means the adjustment, repair or replacement of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor that could affect the accuracy of measurements. 1.2.16. ‘ Noise ’ means two times the root mean square of ten standard deviations, each calculated from the zero responses measured at a constant recording frequency of at least 1.0 Hz during a period of 30 seconds. 1.2.17. ‘ Non-methane hydrocarbons ’ (NMHC) means the total hydrocarbons (THC) excluding methane (CH 4 ). 1.2.18. ‘ Particle number ’ (PN) means as the total number of solid particles emitted from the vehicle exhaust as defined by the measurement procedure provided for by this Regulation for assessing compliance with the respective Euro 6 emission limit defined in Table 2 of Annex I to Regulation 715/2007. 1.2.19. ‘ Precision ’ means 2.5 times the standard deviation of 10 repetitive responses to a given traceable standard value. 1.2.20. ‘ Reading ’ means the numerical value displayed by an analyser, flow-measuring instrument, sensor or any other measurement devise applied in the context of vehicle emission measurements. 1.2.21. ‘ Response time ’ ( t 90 ) means the sum of the delay time and the rise time. 1.2.22. ‘ Rise time ’ means the time between the 10 per cent and 90 per cent response ( t 90 – t 10 ) of the final reading. 1.2.23. ‘ Root mean square ’ ( x rms ) means the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of values and defined as: where: x is the measured or calculated value n is the number of values 1.2.24. ‘ Sensor ’ means any measurement device that is not part of the vehicle itself but installed to determine parameters other than the concentration of gaseous and particle pollutants and the exhaust mass flow. 1.2.25. ‘ Span ’ means the calibration of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument, or sensor so that it gives an accurate response to a standard that matches as closely as possible the maximum value expected to occur during the actual emissions test. 1.2.26. ‘ Span response ’ means the mean response to a span signal over a time interval of at least 30 seconds. 1.2.27. ‘ Span response drift ’ means the difference between the mean response to a span signal and the actual span signal that is measured at a defined time period after an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor was accurately spanned. 1.2.28. ‘ Slope ’ of a linear regression ( a 1 ) means: where: is the mean value of the reference parameter is the mean value of the parameter to be verified x i is the actual value of the reference parameter y i is the actual value of the parameter to be verified n is the number of values 1.2.29. ‘ Standard error of estimate ’ ( SEE ) means: where: ý is the estimated value of the parameter to be verified y i is the actual value of the parameter to be verified x max is the maximum actual value of the reference parameter n is the number of values 1.2.30. ‘ Total hydrocarbons ’ (THC) means the sum of all volatile compounds measurable by a flame ionization detector (FID). 1.2.31. ‘ Traceable ’ means the ability to relate a measurement or reading through an unbroken chain of comparisons to a known and commonly agreed standard. 1.2.32. ‘ Transformation time ’ means the time difference between a change of concentration or flow ( t 0 ) at the reference point and a system response of 50 per cent of the final reading ( t 50 ). 1.2.33. ‘ Type of analyser ’, also referred to as ‘ analyser type ’ means a group of analysers produced by the same manufacturer that apply an identical principle to determine the concentration of one specific gaseous component or the number of particles. 1.2.34. ‘ Type of exhaust mass flow meter ’ means a group of exhaust mass flow meters produced by the same manufacturer that share a similar tube inner diameter and function on an identical principle to determine the mass flow rate of the exhaust gas. 1.2.35. ‘ Validation ’ means the process of evaluating the correct installation and functionality of a Portable Emissions Measurement System and the correctness of exhaust mass flow rate measurements as obtained from one or multiple non-traceable exhaust mass flow meters or as calculated from sensors or ECU signals. 1.2.36. ‘ Verification ’ means the process of evaluating whether the measured or calculated output of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument, sensor or signal agrees with a reference signal within one or more predetermined thresholds for acceptance. 1.2.37. ‘ Zero ’ means the calibration of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor so that it gives an accurate response to a zero signal. 1.2.38. ‘ Zero response ’ means the mean response to a zero signal over a time interval of at least 30 seconds. 1.2.39. ‘ Zero response drift ’ means the difference between the mean response to a zero signal and the actual zero signal that is measured over a defined time period after an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor has been accurately zero calibrated. 1.3. Abbreviations Abbreviations refer generically to both the singular and the plural forms of abbreviated terms. CH 4 — Methane CLD — ChemiLuminescence Detector CO — Carbon Monoxide CO 2 — Carbon Dioxide CVS — Constant Volume Sampler DCT — Dual Clutch Transmission ECU — Engine Control Unit EFM — Exhaust mass Flow Meter FID — Flame Ionisation Detector FS — full scale GPS — Global Positioning System H 2 O — Water HC — HydroCarbons HCLD — Heated ChemiLuminescence Detector HEV — Hybrid Electric Vehicle ICE — Internal Combustion Engine ID — identification number or code LPG — Liquid Petroleum Gas MAW — Moving Average Window max — maximum value N 2 — Nitrogen NDIR — Non-Dispersive InfraRead analyser NDUV — Non-Dispersive UltraViolet analyser NEDC — New European Driving Cycle NG — Natural Gas NMC — Non-Methane Cutter NMC-FID — Non-Methane Cutter in combination with a Flame-Ionisation Detector NMHC — Non-Methane HydroCarbons NO — Nitrogen Monoxide No. — number NO 2 — Nitrogen Dioxide NO X — Nitrogen Oxides NTE — Not-to-exceed O 2 — Oxygen OBD — On-Board Diagnostics PEMS — Portable Emissions Measurement System PHEV — Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle PN — particle number RDE — Real Driving Emissions RPA — Relative Positive Acceleration SCR — Selective Catalytic Reduction SEE — Standard Error of Estimate THC — Total HydroCarbons UN/ECE — United Nations Economic Commission for Europe VIN — Vehicle Identification Number WLTC — Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle WWH-OBD — WorldWide Harmonised On-Board Diagnostics 2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 2.1 Not-to-exceed emission limits Throughout the normal life of a vehicle type approved according to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, its emissions determined in accordance with the requirements of this Annex and emitted at any possible RDE test performed in accordance with the requirements of this Annex, shall not be higher than the following pollutant-specific not-to-exceed (NTE) values: where EURO-6 is the applicable Euro 6 emission limit laid down in Table 2 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007. 2.1.1 Final Conformity Factors The conformity factor CF pollutant for the respective pollutant is specified as follows: Pollutant Mass of oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) Number of particles (PN) Mass of carbon monoxide (CO) ( 1 ) Mass of total hydrocarbons (THC) Combined mass of total hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen (THC + NO x ) CF pollutant 1 + margin with margin = 0,5 to be determined — — — 2.1.2 Temporary Conformity Factors By way of exception to the provisions of point 2.1.1, during a period of 5 years and 4 months following the dates specified in Article 10(4) and (5) of Regulation (EC) 715/2007 and upon request of the manufacturer, the following temporary conformity factors may apply: Pollutant Mass of oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) Number of particles (PN) Mass of carbon monoxide (CO) ( 2 ) Mass of total hydrocarbons (THC) Combined mass of total hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen (THC + NO x ) CF pollutant 2,1 to be determined — — — The application of temporary conformity factors shall be recorded in the certificate of conformity of the vehicle. 2.1.3 Transfer functions The transfer function TF(p1, …, pn) referred to in point 2.1 is set to 1 for the entire range of parameters pi (i = 1, …, n) . If the transfer function TF(p 1 , …, p n ) is amended, this shall be done in a manner which is not detrimental to the environmental impact and the effectiveness of the RDE test procedures. In particular the following condition shall hold: Where: — dp represents the integral over the entire space of the parameters p i (i = 1, …, n) — Q(p 1 , …, p n ), is the probability density of an event corresponding to the parameters p i (i= 1, …, n) in real driving The manufacturer shall confirm compliance with point 2.1 by completing the certificate set out in Appendix 9. 2.2. The RDE tests required by this Annex at type approval and during the lifetime of a vehicle provide a presumption of conformity with the requirement set out in point 2.1. The presumed conformity may be reassessed by additional RDE tests. 2.3. Member States shall ensure that vehicles can be tested with PEMS on public roads in accordance with the procedures under their own national law, while respecting local road traffic legislation and safety requirements. 2.4. Manufacturers shall ensure that vehicles can be tested with PEMS by an independent party on public roads, e.g. by making available suitable adapters for exhaust pipes, granting access to ECU signals and making the necessary administrative arrangements. If the respective PEMS test is not required by this Regulation the manufacturer may charge a reasonable fee as set out in Article 7(1) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007. 3. RDE TEST TO BE PERFORMED 3.1. The following requirements apply to PEMS tests referred to in Article 3(10), second sub-paragraph. 3.1.0. The requirements of point 2.1 shall be fulfilled for the urban part and the complete PEMS trip. Upon the choice of the manufacturer the conditions of at least one of the two points below shall be fulfilled: 3.1.0.1. M gas,d,t ≤ NTE pollutant and M gas,d,u ≤ NTE pollutant with the definitions of point 2.1 of this Annex and points 6.1 and 6.3 of Appendix 5 and the setting gas = pollutant . 3.1.0.2. M w,gas,d ≤ NTE pollutant and M w,gas,d,u ≤ NTE pollutant with the definitions of point 2.1 of this Annex and point 3.9 of Appendix 6 and the setting gas = pollutant . 3.1.1. For type approval, the exhaust mass flow shall be determined by measurement equipment functioning independently from the vehicle and no vehicle ECU data shall be used in this respect. Outside the type approval context, alternative methods to determine the exhaust mass flow can be used according to Appendix 2, Section 7.2. 3.1.2. If the approval authority is not satisfied with the data quality check and validation results of a PEMS test conducted according to Appendices 1 and 4, the approval authority may consider the test to be void. In such case, the test data and the reasons for voiding the test shall be recorded by the approval authority. 3.1.3. Reporting and dissemination of RDE test information 3.1.3.1. A technical report prepared by the manufacturer in accordance with Appendix 8 shall be made available to the approval authority. 3.1.3.2. The manufacturer shall ensure that the following information is made available on a publicly accessible website without costs: 3.1.3.2.1. By entering the vehicle type approval number and the information on type, variant and version as defined in sections 0.10 and 0.2 of the vehicle's EC certificate of conformity provided by Annex IX of Directive (EC) 2007/46, the unique identification number of a PEMS test family to which a given vehicle emission type belongs, as set out in point 5.2 of Appendix 7. 3.1.3.2.2. By entering the unique identification number of a PEMS test family: — the full information as required by point 5.1 of Appendix 7, — the lists described in points 5.3 and 5.4 of Appendix 7; — the results of the PEMS tests as set out in points 6.3 of Appendix 5 and 3.9 of Appendix 6 for all vehicle emission types in the list described in point 5.4 of Appendix 7. 3.1.3.3. Upon request, without costs and within 30 days, the manufacturer shall make available the technical report referred to in point 3.1.3.1 to any interested party. 3.1.3.4. Upon request, the type approval authority shall make available the information listed under points 3.1.3.1 and 3.1.3.2 within 30 days of receiving the request. The type approval authority may charge a reasonable and proportionate fee, which does not discourage an inquirer with a justified interest from requesting the respective information or exceed the internal costs of the authority for making the requested information available. 4. GENERAL REQUIRMENTS 4.1. The RDE performance shall be demonstrated by testing vehicles on the road operated over their normal driving patterns, conditions and payloads. The RDE test shall be representative for vehicles operated on their real driving routes, with their normal load. 4.2. The manufacturer shall demonstrate to the approval authority that the chosen vehicle, driving patterns, conditions and payloads are representative for the vehicle family. The payload and altitude requirements, as specified in points 5.1 and 5.2, shall be used ex-ante to determine whether the conditions are acceptable for RDE testing. 4.3. The approval authority shall propose a test trip in urban, rural and motorway environments meeting the requirements of point 6. For the purpose of trip selection, the definition of urban, rural and motorway operation shall be based on a topographic map. 4.4. If for a vehicle the collection of ECU data influences the vehicle's emissions or performance the entire PEMS test family to which the vehicle belongs as defined in Appendix 7 shall be considered as non-compliant. Such functionality shall be considered as a ‘defeat device’ as defined in Article 3(10) of Regulation (EC) 715/2007. 5. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 5.1. Vehicle payload and test mass 5.1.1. The vehicle's basic payload shall comprise the driver, a witness of the test (if applicable) and the test equipment, including the mounting and the power supply devices. 5.1.2. For the purpose of testing some artificial payload may be added as long as the total mass of the basic and artificial payload does not exceed 90% of the sum of the ‘mass of the passengers’ and the ‘pay-mass’ defined in points 19 and 21 of Article 2 of Commission Regulation (EU) No 1230/2012 ( *1 ) . 5.2. Ambient conditions 5.2.1. The test shall be conducted under ambient conditions laid down in this section. The ambient conditions become ‘extended’ when at least one of the temperature and altitude conditions is extended. 5.2.2. Moderate altitude conditions: Altitude lower or equal to 700 meters above sea level. 5.2.3. Extended altitude conditions: Altitude higher than 700 meters above sea level and lower or equal to 1300 meters above sea level. 5.2.4. Moderate temperature conditions: Greater than or equal to 273 K (0 °C) and lower than or equal to 303 K (30 °C) 5.2.5. Extended temperature conditions: Greater than or equal to 266 K (– 7 °C) and lower than 273 K (0 °C) or greater than 303 K (30 °C) and lower than or equal to 308 K (35 °C) 5.2.6. By way of derogation from the provisions of points 5.2.4 and 5.2.5 the lower temperature for moderate conditions shall be greater or equal to 276 K (3 °C) and the lower temperature for extended conditions shall be greater or equal to 271K (– 2 °C) between the start of the application of binding NTE emission limits as defined in section 2.1 and until five years after the dates given in paragraphs 4 and 5 of Article 10 of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007. 5.3. Not applicable. 5.4. Dynamic conditions The dynamic conditions encompass the effect of road grade, head wind and driving dynamics (accelerations, decelerations) and auxiliary systems upon energy consumption and emissions of the test vehicle. The verification of the normality of dynamic conditions shall be done after the test is completed, using the recorded PEMS data. This verification shall be conducted in 2 steps: 5.4.1. The overall excess or insufficiency of driving dynamics during the trip shall be checked using the methods described in Appendix 7a to this Annex. 5.4.2. If the trip results as valid following the verifications according to point 5.4.1, the methods for verifying the normality of the test conditions as laid down in Appendices 5 and 6 to this Annex must be applied. Each method includes a reference for test conditions, ranges around the reference and the minimum coverage requirements to achieve a valid test. 5.5. Vehicle condition and operation 5.5.1. Auxiliary systems The air conditioning system or other auxiliary devices shall be operated in a way which corresponds to their possible use by a consumer at real driving on the road. 5.5.2. Vehicles equipped with periodically regenerating systems 5.5.2.1. ‘Periodically regenerating systems’ shall be understood according to the definition in Article 2(6). 5.5.2.2. If periodic regeneration occurs during a test, the test may be voided and repeated once at the request of the manufacturer. 5.5.2.3. The manufacturer may ensure the completion of the regeneration and precondition the vehicle appropriately prior to the second test. 5.5.2.4. If regeneration occurs during the repetition of the RDE test, pollutants emitted during the repeated test shall be included in the emissions evaluation. 6. TRIP REQUIREMENTS 6.1. The shares of urban, rural and motorway driving, classified by instantaneous speed as described in points 6.3 to 6.5, shall be expressed as a percentage of the total trip distance. 6.2. The trip sequence shall consist of urban driving followed by rural and motorway driving according to the shares specified in point 6.6. The urban, rural and motorway operation shall be run continuously. Rural operation may be interrupted by short periods of urban operation when driving through urban areas. Motorway operation may be interrupted by short periods of urban or rural operation, e.g., when passing toll stations or sections of road work. If another testing order is justified for practical reasons, the order of urban, rural and motorway operation may be altered, after obtaining approval from the approval authority. 6.3. Urban operation is characterised by vehicle speeds lower than or equal to 60 km/h. 6.4. Rural operation is characterised by vehicle speeds higher than 60 and lower than or equal to 90 km/h. 6.5. Motorway operation is characterised by speeds above 90 km/h. 6.6. The trip shall consist of approximately 34 % per cent urban, 33 % per cent rural and 33 % per cent motorway driving classified by speed as described in points 6.3 to 6.5 above. ‘Approximately’ shall mean the interval of ±10 per cent points around the stated percentages. The urban driving shall however never be less than 29% of the total trip distance. 6.7. The vehicle velocity shall normally not exceed 145 km/h. This maximum speed may be exceeded by a tolerance of 15 km/h for not more than 3 % of the time duration of the motorway driving. Local speed limits remain in force during a PEMS test, notwithstanding other legal consequences. Violations of local speed limits per se do not invalidate the results of a PEMS test. 6.8. The average speed (including stops) of the urban driving part of the trip should be between 15 and 40 km/h. Stop periods, defined as vehicle speed of less than 1 km/h, shall account for 6 to 30 % of the time duration of urban operation. Urban operation shall contain several stop periods of 10s or longer. If a stop period lasts more the 180 s, the emission events during the 180 s following such an excessively long stop period shall be excluded from the emissions evaluation. 6.9. The speed range of the motorway driving shall properly cover a range between 90 and at least 110 km/h. The vehicle's velocity shall be above 100 km/h for at least 5 minutes. 6.10. The trip duration shall be between 90 and 120 minutes. 6.11. The start and the end point shall not differ in their elevation above sea level by more than 100 m. In addition, the proportional cumulative positive altitude gain shall be less than 1 200 m/100km) and be determined according to Appendix 7b. 6.12. The minimum distance of each, the urban, rural and motorway operation shall be 16 km. 7. OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 7.1. The trip shall be selected in such a way that the testing is uninterrupted and the data continuously recorded to reach the minimum test duration defined in point 6.10. 7.2. Electrical power shall be supplied to the PEMS by an external power supply unit and not from a source that draws its energy either directly or indirectly from the engine of the test vehicle. 7.3. The installation of the PEMS equipment shall be done in a way to influence the vehicle emissions or performance or both to the minimum extent possible. Care should be exercised to minimize the mass of the installed equipment and potential aerodynamic modifications of the test vehicle. The vehicle payload shall be in accordance with point 5.1. 7.4. RDE tests shall be conducted on working days as defined for the Union in Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 1182/71 ( *2 ) 7.5. RDE tests shall be conducted on paved roads and streets (e.g. off road operation is not permitted). 7.6. Prolonged idling shall be avoided after the first ignition of the combustion engine at the beginning of the emissions test. If the engine stalls during the test, it may be restarted, but the sampling shall not be interrupted. 8. LUBRICATING OIL, FUEL AND REAGENT 8.1. The fuel, lubricant and reagent (if applicable) used for RDE testing shall be within the specifications issued by the manufacturer for vehicle operation by the customer. 8.2. Samples of fuel, lubricant and reagent (if applicable) shall be taken and kept for at least 1 year. 9. EMISSIONS AND TRIP EVALUATION 9.1. The test shall be conducted in accordance with Appendix 1 of this Annex. 9.2. The trip shall fulfil the requirements set out in points 4 to 8. 9.3. It shall not be permitted to combine data of different trips or to modify or remove data from a trip with exception of provisions for long stops as described in 6.8. 9.4. After establishing the validity of a trip according to Point 9.2 emission results shall be calculated using the methods laid down in Appendices 5 and 6 of this Annex. 9.5. If during a particular time interval the ambient conditions are extended in accordance with point 5.2, the pollutant emissions during this particular time interval, calculated according to Appendix 4, shall be divided by a value of 1,6 before being evaluated for compliance with the requirements of this Annex. This provision does not apply to carbon dioxide emissions. 9.6. The cold start is defined in accordance with point 4 of Appendix 4 of this Annex. Until specific requirements for emissions at cold start are applied, the latter shall be recorded but excluded from the emissions evaluation. ( 1 ) CO emissions shall be measured and recorded at RDE tests. margin is a parameter taking into account the additional measurement uncertainties introduced by the PEMS equipment, which are subject to an annual review and shall be revised as a result of the improved quality of the PEMS procedure or technical progress. ( 2 ) CO emissions shall be measured and recorded at RDE tests. ( *1 ) Commission Regulation (EU) No 1230/2012 of 12 December 2012 implementing Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to type-approval requirements for masses and dimensions of motor vehicles and their trailers and amending Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council ( OJ L 353, 21.12.2012, p. 31 ). ( *2 ) Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 1182/71 of the Council of 3 June 1971 determining the rules applicable to periods, dates and time limits ( OJ L 124, 8.6.1971, p. 1 ).