This Act is the Evidence Act 1893.
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In Force
Evidence Act 1893
An Act relating to the law of evidence.
Act Code
EA1893
Edition
2020 Rev Ed
Commencement
30 Jun 1893
Version as at
4 Jul 2026
Enacted by
Parliament
Source
SSO ↗Sections (181)
Marginal notes shown beside each section number. Select a section to read its full text.
(1) Parts 1, 2 and 3 apply to all judicial proceedings in or before any court, but not to affidavits presented to any court or officer nor to proceedings before an arbitrator.(2) All rules of evidence not contained in any written law, so fa
(1) In Parts 1, 2 and 3, unless the context otherwise requires —“child abuse offence” means any offence specified in Part 1 of the First Schedule, and includes attempting to commit, abetting the commission of, or being a party to a criminal
(1) Whenever it is provided by this Act that the court may presume a fact, it may either regard such fact as proved unless and until it is disproved, or may call for proof of it.(2) Whenever it is directed by this Act that the court is to p
Evidence may be given in any suit or proceeding of the existence or non-existence of every fact in issue and of such other facts as are hereinafter declared to be relevant, and of no others. Explanation.—This section does not enable any per
Facts which, though not in issue, are so connected with a fact in issue as to form part of the same transaction are relevant, whether they occurred at the same time and place or at different times and places.Illustrations (a) A is accused o
Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect, immediate or otherwise, of relevant facts or facts in issue, or which constitute the state of things under which they happened or which afforded an opportunity for their occurrence or transacti
(1) Any fact is relevant which shows or constitutes a motive or preparation for any fact in issue or relevant fact.(2) The conduct of any party or of any agent to any party to any suit or proceeding in reference to such suit or proceeding o
Facts necessary to explain or introduce a fact in issue or relevant fact, or which support or rebut an inference suggested by a fact in issue or relevant fact, or which establish the identity of any thing or person whose identity is relevan
Where there is reasonable ground to believe that 2 or more persons have conspired together to commit an offence or an actionable wrong, anything said, done or written by any one of such persons, in reference to their common intention after
Facts not otherwise relevant are relevant —(a) if they are inconsistent with any fact in issue or relevant fact; (b) if by themselves or in connection with other facts they make the existence or non-existence of any fact in issue or relevan
In suits in which damages are claimed, any fact which will enable the court to determine the amount of damages which ought to be awarded is relevant.
Where the question is as to the existence of any right or custom, the following facts are relevant:(a) any transaction by which the right or custom in question was created, claimed, modified, recognised, asserted or denied or which was inco
Facts showing the existence of any state of mind, such as intention, knowledge, good faith, negligence, rashness, ill will or goodwill towards any particular person, or showing the existence of any state of body or bodily feeling, are relev
When there is a question whether an act was accidental or intentional or done with a particular knowledge or intention, the fact that such act formed part of a series of similar occurrences, in each of which the person doing the act was con
When there is a question whether a particular act was done, the existence of any course of business, according to which it naturally would have been done, is a relevant fact.Illustrations (a) The question is whether a particular letter was
(1) An admission is a statement, oral or documentary, which suggests any inference as to any fact in issue or relevant fact, and which is made by any of the persons and under the circumstances hereinafter mentioned.(2) A confession is an ad
(1) Statements made by a party to the proceeding or by an agent to any such party whom the court regards under the circumstances of the case as expressly or impliedly authorised by him or her to make them are admissions.(2) Statements made
Statements made by persons whose position or liability it is necessary to prove as against any party to the suit are admissions if the statements would be relevant as against the persons in relation to the position or liability in a suit br
Statements made by persons to whom a party to the suit has expressly referred for information in reference to a matter in dispute are admissions.Illustration The question is whether a horse sold by A to B is sound. A says to B: “Go and ask
Admissions are relevant and may be proved as against the person who makes them or his or her representative in interest; but they cannot be proved by or on behalf of the person who makes them or by his or her representative in interest exce
Oral admissions as to the contents of a document are not relevant unless the party proposing to prove them shows that he or she is entitled to give secondary evidence of the contents of the document under the rules contained in this Act, or
(1) In civil cases, no admission is relevant if it is made —(a) upon an express condition that evidence of it is not to be given; or (b) upon circumstances from which the court can infer that the parties agreed together that evidence of it
Admissions are not conclusive proof of the matters admitted, but they may operate as estoppels under the provisions in this Act.
(1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), statements of relevant facts made by a person (whether orally, in a document or otherwise), are themselves relevant facts in the following cases:when it relates to cause of death; (a) when the stateme
For the purposes of section 32(1), a protest, greeting or other verbal utterance may be treated as stating any fact that the utterance implies.[4/2012]
(1) Subject to this section, section 32 applies to statements of opinion as they apply to statements of fact.[4/2012] (2) A statement of opinion is only admissible under section 32(1) if that statement would be admissible in those proceedin
(1) Where in any proceedings a statement made by a person who is not called as a witness in those proceedings is given in evidence by virtue of section 32(1) —(a) any evidence which, if that person had been so called, would be admissible fo
Evidence given by a witness in a judicial proceeding, or before any person authorised by law to take it, is relevant for the purpose of proving in a subsequent judicial proceeding, or in a later stage of the same judicial proceeding, the tr
Entries in books of accounts regularly kept in the course of business are relevant whenever they refer to a matter into which the court has to inquire, but such statements are not alone sufficient evidence to charge any person with liabilit
(1) The Rules Committee constituted under the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1969, and the Family Justice Rules Committee constituted under the Family Justice Act 2014, may make rules to provide for the filing, receiving and recording of e
An entry in any public or other official book, register or record, stating a fact in issue or relevant fact and made by a public officer in the discharge of his or her official duty or by any other person in performance of a duty specially
Statements of facts in issue or relevant facts made in published maps or charts generally offered for public sale, or in maps or plans made under the authority of Government as to matters usually represented or stated in such maps, charts o
When the court has to form an opinion as to the existence of any fact of a public nature, any statement of it made in a recital contained in —(a) any Act or Ordinance; (b) any legislation enacted by the Parliament of Malaysia or by the legi
When the court has to form an opinion as to a law of any country, any statement of the law contained in a book purporting to be printed or published under the authority of the government of the country, and to contain any such law, and any
When any statement of which evidence is given forms part of a longer statement or of a conversation, or part of an isolated document or is contained in a document which forms part of a book or of a connected series of letters or papers, evi
The existence of any judgment, order or decree which by law prevents any court from taking cognizance of a suit or holding a trial is a relevant fact when the question is whether the court ought to take cognizance of the suit or to hold the
(1) A final judgment, order or decree of a competent court, in the exercise of probate, matrimonial, admiralty or bankruptcy jurisdiction, which confers upon or takes away from any person any legal character, or which declares any person to
Judgments, orders or decrees other than those mentioned in section 43 are relevant if they relate to matters of a public nature relevant to the inquiry; but such judgments, orders or decrees are not conclusive proof of that which they state
Judgments, orders or decrees other than those mentioned in sections 42, 43 and 44 are irrelevant unless the existence of such judgment, order or decree is a fact in issue or is relevant under some other provision of this Act.Illustrations (
(1) Without affecting sections 42, 43, 44 and 45, the fact that a person has been convicted or acquitted of an offence by or before any court in Singapore is admissible in evidence for the purpose of proving, where relevant to any issue in
Any party to a suit or other proceeding may show that any judgment, order or decree which is relevant under section 42, 43 or 44, and which has been proved by the adverse party, was delivered by a court not competent to deliver it or was ob
(1) Subject to subsection (4), when the court is likely to derive assistance from an opinion upon a point of scientific, technical or other specialised knowledge, the opinions of experts upon that point are relevant facts.[4/2012] (2) An ex
Facts not otherwise relevant are relevant if they support or are inconsistent with the opinions of experts when such opinions are relevant.Illustrations (a) The question is whether A was poisoned by a certain poison. The fact that other per
When the court has to form an opinion as to the person by whom any document was written or signed, the opinion of any person acquainted with the handwriting of the person by whom it is supposed to be written or signed, that it was or was no
When the court has to form an opinion as to the existence of any general custom or right, the opinions as to the existence of such custom or right of persons who would be likely to know of its existence, if it existed, are relevant. Explana
When the court has to form an opinion as to —(a) the usages and tenets of any body of men or family; (b) the constitution and government of any religious or charitable foundation; or (c) the meaning of words or terms used in particular dist
(1) When the court has to form an opinion as to the relationship of one person to another, the opinion expressed by conduct as to the existence of such relationship of any person who as a member of the family or otherwise has special means
Whenever the opinion of any living person is relevant, the grounds on which such opinion is based are also relevant.Illustration An expert may give an account of experiments performed by him or her for the purpose of forming his or her opin
In civil cases the fact that the character of any person concerned is such as to render probable or improbable any conduct imputed to him or her is irrelevant, except insofar as such character appears from facts otherwise relevant.
In criminal proceedings, the fact that the person accused is of a good character is relevant.
(1) In any criminal proceedings, the accused may —(a) personally or by his or her advocate ask questions of any witness with a view to establishing directly or by implication that he or she is generally or in a particular respect a person o
In civil cases, the fact that the character of any person is such as to affect the amount of damages which the person ought to receive is relevant. Explanation.—In sections 54, 55, 56 and 57, the word “character” includes both reputation an
No fact of which the court will take judicial notice need be proved.
(1) The court is to take judicial notice of the following facts:(a) all laws or rules having the force of law now or heretofore in force or hereafter to be in force in Singapore, including all Acts passed or hereafter to be passed by Parlia
(1) No fact need be proved in any proceeding which the parties to the proceeding or their agents agree to admit at the hearing or which before the hearing they agree to admit by any writing under their hands, or which by any rule of pleadin
All facts, except the contents of documents, may be proved by oral evidence.
(1) Oral evidence must in all cases be direct —(a) if it refers to a fact which could be seen, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he or she saw that fact; (b) if it refers to a fact which could be heard, it must be the evidence o
(1) Despite any other provision of this Act, a person may, with permission of the court, give evidence through a live video or live television link in any proceedings, other than proceedings in a criminal matter or proceedings for contempt
The contents of documents may be proved by primary or by secondary evidence.
Primary evidence means the document itself produced for the inspection of the court. Explanation 1.—Where a document is executed in several parts, each part is primary evidence of the document. Where a document is executed in counterpart, e
Secondary evidence means and includes —(a) certified copies given under the provisions hereinafter contained; (b) except for copies referred to in Explanation 3 to section 64, copies made from the original by electronic, electrochemical, ch
Documents must be proved by primary evidence except in the cases mentioned in section 67.
(1) Secondary evidence may be given of the existence, condition or contents of a document admissible in evidence in the following cases:(a) when the original is shown or appears to be in the possession or power of —(i) the person against wh
Where in any proceedings a statement in a document is admissible in evidence by virtue of section 32(1), it may be proved by the production of that document or (whether or not that document is still in existence) by the production of a copy
(1) Secondary evidence of the contents of the documents referred to in section 67(1)(a) shall not be given unless the party proposing to give such secondary evidence has previously given to the party in whose possession or power the documen
(1) Evidence may be given in the form of charts, summaries or other explanatory material, in electronic or other medium, if it appears to the court that —(a) the materials would be likely to aid the court’s comprehension of other evidence w
(1) If a document is alleged to be signed or to have been written wholly or in part by any person, the signature or the handwriting of so much of the document as is alleged to be in that person’s handwriting must be proved to be in that per
If a document is required by law to be attested, it shall not be used as evidence until one attesting witness at least has been called for the purpose of proving its execution, if there is an attesting witness alive and subject to the proce
If no such attesting witness can be found, or if the document purports to have been executed in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, it must be proved that the attestation of one attesting witness at least is in his or
The admission of a party to an attested document of its execution by himself or herself is sufficient proof of its execution as against him or her, though it is a document required by law to be attested.
If the attesting witness denies or does not recollect the execution of the document, its execution may be proved by other evidence.
An attested document not required by law to be attested may be proved as if it was unattested.
(1) In order to ascertain whether a signature, writing or seal is that of the person by whom it purports to have been written or made, any signature, writing or seal, admitted or proved to the satisfaction of the court to have been written
The following documents are public documents:(a) documents forming the acts or records of the acts of —(i) the sovereign authority; (ii) official bodies and tribunals; and (iii) public officers, legislative, judicial and executive, whether
All other documents are private.
(1) Every public officer having the custody of a public document which any person has a right to inspect must give that person on demand a copy of it on payment of the legal fees therefor, together with a certificate, written at the foot of
Such certified copies may be produced in proof of the contents of the public documents or parts of the public documents of which they purport to be copies.
(1) The following public documents may be proved as follows:(a) the Acts, orders or notifications of the Government in any of its departments — by the records of the departments certified by the heads of those departments or by a Minister o
(1) A print, whether enlarged or not, purporting to be made from a film of any document in the possession of the Government or any specified statutory body may be produced in proof of the contents of the document or such part of the documen
To avoid doubt, sections 76 to 80A do not affect the operation of Part 2 of the Apostille Act 2020.[38/2020]
(1) The court is to presume to be genuine every document purporting to be a certificate, certified copy or other document which is by law declared to be admissible as evidence of any particular fact, and which purports to be duly certified
Whenever any document is produced before any court purporting to be a record or memorandum of the evidence or of any part of the evidence given by a witness in a judicial proceeding or before any officer authorised by law to take such evide
The court is to presume the genuineness of every document purporting to be the Government Gazette of Singapore or the Government Gazette of Malaysia or of any part of the Commonwealth, or to be the Gazette issued by the local government of
When any document is produced before any court purporting to be a document which by the law in force for the time being in England or Northern Ireland would be admissible in proof of any particular in any court of justice in England or Nort
(1) The court is to presume that maps or plans purporting to be made by the authority of the Government were so made and are accurate.(2) Maps or plans made for the purposes of any cause or other proceeding, civil or criminal, must be prove
The court is to presume the genuineness of every publication purporting —(a) to be printed or published under the authority of the government of any country and to contain any law of that country; or (b) to contain any official or authorita
The court is to presume that every document purporting to be a power of attorney, and to have been executed before and authenticated by a notary public or any court, Judge, Magistrate or consular officer of Singapore, was so executed and au
The court may presume that any document purporting to be a certified copy of any judicial record of any country not forming part of the Commonwealth is genuine and accurate if the document purports to be certified in any manner which is cer
The court may presume that any book to which it may refer for information on matters of public or general interest, and that any published map or chart the statements of which are relevant facts and which is produced for its inspection, was
The court may presume that a message forwarded from a telegraph office to the person to whom such message purports to be addressed corresponds with a message delivered for transmission at the office from which the message purports to be sen
The court is to presume that every document called for and not produced, after notice to produce given under section 68, was attested, stamped and executed in the manner required by law.
Where any document purporting or proved to be 30 years old is produced from any custody which the court in the particular case considers proper, the court may presume that the signature and every other part of such document which purports t
When the terms of a contract or of a grant or of any other disposition of property have been reduced by or by consent of the parties to the form of a document, and in all cases in which any matter is required by law to be reduced to the for
When the terms of any such contract, grant or other disposition of property, or any matter required by law to be reduced to the form of a document, have been proved according to section 93, no evidence of any oral agreement or statement is
When the language used in a document is on its face ambiguous or defective, evidence may not be given of facts which would show its meaning or supply its defects.Illustrations (a) A agrees in writing to sell a horse to B for $500 or $600. E
When language used in a document is plain in itself and when it applies accurately to existing facts, evidence may not be given to show that it was not meant to apply to such facts.Illustration A conveys to B by deed “my estate at Kranji co
When language used in a document is plain in itself, but is meaningless in reference to existing facts, evidence may be given to show that it was used in a peculiar sense.Illustration A conveys to B by deed “my plantation in Penang”. A had
When the facts are such that the language used might have been meant to apply to any one, and could not have been meant to apply to more than one of several persons or things, evidence may be given of facts which show to which of those pers
When the language used applies partly to one set of existing facts and partly to another set of existing facts, but the whole of it does not apply correctly to either, evidence may be given to show to which of the 2 it was meant to apply.Il
Evidence may be given to show the meaning of illegible or not commonly intelligible characters, of foreign, obsolete, technical, local and provincial expressions, of abbreviations and of words used in a peculiar sense.Illustration A, a scul
Persons who are not parties to a document or their representatives in interest may give evidence of any fact tending to show a contemporaneous agreement varying the terms of the document.Illustration A and B make a contract in writing that
Nothing in sections 93 to 101 affects the construction of wills.
(1) Whoever desires any court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability, dependent on the existence of facts which the person asserts, must prove that those facts exist.(2) When a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact
The burden of proof in a suit or proceeding lies on that person who would fail if no evidence at all were given on either side.Illustrations (a) A sues B for land of which B is in possession, and which, as A asserts, was left to A by the wi
The burden of proof as to any particular fact lies on that person who wishes the court to believe in its existence, unless it is provided by any law that the proof of that fact is to lie on any particular person.Illustrations (a) A prosecut
The burden of proving any fact necessary to be proved in order to enable any person to give evidence of any other fact is on the person who wishes to give such evidence.Illustrations (a) A wishes to prove a dying declaration by B. A must pr
When a person is accused of any offence, the burden of proving the existence of circumstances bringing the case within any of the general exceptions in the Penal Code 1871, or within any special exception or proviso contained in any other p
When any fact is especially within the knowledge of any person, the burden of proving that fact is upon that person.Illustrations (a) When a person does an act with some intention other than that which the character and circumstances of the
When the question is whether a person is alive or dead, and it is shown that the person was alive within 30 years, the burden of proving that the person is dead is on the person who affirms it.
When the question is whether a person is alive or dead, and it is proved that the person has not been heard of for 7 years by those who would naturally have heard of the person if the person had been alive, the burden of proving that the pe
When the question is whether persons are partners, landlord and tenant, or principal and agent, and it has been shown that they have been acting as such, the burden of proving that they do not stand, or have ceased to stand to each other in
When the question is whether any person is owner of anything of which the person is shown to be in possession, the burden of proving that the person is not the owner is on the person who affirms that the firstmentioned person is not the own
Where there is a question as to the good faith of a transaction between parties, one of whom stands to the other in a position of active confidence, the burden of proving the good faith of the transaction is on the party who is in a positio
(1) Where any person was born —(a) during the continuance of a valid marriage between his or her mother and any man; or (b) within 280 days after the dissolution of the marriage, the mother remaining unmarried, it is presumed that the perso
The court may presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened, regard being had to the common course of natural events, human conduct, and public and private business, in their relation to the facts of the particul
(1) Unless evidence sufficient to raise doubt about the presumption is adduced, where a device or process is one that, or is of a kind that, if properly used, ordinarily produces or accurately communicates an electronic record, the court is
When one person (A) has by A’s declaration, act or omission intentionally caused or permitted another person (B) to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, otherwise than but for that belief B would have acted, neither A or
(1) No tenant of immovable property, or person claiming through such tenant, is during the continuance of the tenancy permitted to deny that the landlord of the tenant had at the beginning of the tenancy a title to the immovable property.(2
(1) No bailee, agent or licensee is permitted to deny that the bailor, principal or licensor, by whom any goods were entrusted to any of them respectively, was entitled to those goods at the time when they were so entrusted.(2) Any such bai
All persons are competent to testify unless the court considers that they are prevented from understanding the questions put to them or from giving rational answers to those questions by tender years, extreme old age, disease, whether of bo
(1) A witness who is unable to speak may give his or her evidence in any other manner in which he or she can make it intelligible, as, for example, by writing or by signs; but such writing must be written and the signs made in open court.(2
(1) In all civil proceedings, the parties to the suit, and the husband or wife of any party to the suit, are competent witnesses.(2) In criminal proceedings against any person, the husband or wife of such person respectively is a competent
No Judge and, except upon the special order of the General Division of the High Court, no Magistrate may be compelled to answer any question as to his or her own conduct in court as such Judge or Magistrate or as to anything which came to h
(1) No person who is or has been married may be compelled to disclose any communication made to him or her during marriage by any person to whom he or she is or has been married; nor may he or she be permitted to disclose any such communica
No one is permitted to produce any unpublished official records relating to affairs of State, or to give any evidence derived therefrom, except with the permission of the officer at the head of the Department concerned, who may give or with
(1) No public officer may be compelled to disclose communications made to him or her in official confidence when he or she considers that the public interest would suffer by the disclosure.[17/2003] (2) No person who is a member, an officer
(1) No Magistrate or police officer may be compelled to say from where he or she got any information as to the commission of any offence.(2) No revenue officer may be compelled to say from where he or she got any information as to the commi
(1) No advocate or solicitor is at any time permitted, unless with his or her client’s express consent, to disclose any communication made to him or her in the course and for the purpose of his or her employment as such advocate or solicito
(1) A legal counsel in an entity is not at any time permitted, except with the entity’s express consent, to disclose any communication made to him or her in the course and for the purpose of his or her employment as such legal counsel, or t
Sections 128 and 128A apply to interpreters and other persons who work under the supervision of legal professional advisers.[4/2012]
(1) If any party to a suit gives evidence therein at his or her own instance or otherwise, that party is not deemed to have consented thereby to such disclosure as is mentioned in section 128 or 128A.[4/2012] (2) If any party to a suit or p
(1) No one may be compelled to disclose to the court any confidential communication which has taken place between him or her and his or her legal professional adviser unless he or she offers himself or herself as a witness, in which case he
(1) No witness who is not a party to the suit may be compelled to produce his or her title deeds to any property, or any document by virtue of which he or she holds any property as pledgee or mortgagee, or any document the production of whi
No one may be compelled to produce documents in his or her possession which any other person would be entitled to refuse to produce if they were in his or her possession, except for the purpose of identification, unless such last mentioned
(1) A witness is not excused from answering any question as to any matter relevant to the matter in issue in any suit, or in any civil or criminal proceeding, upon the ground that the answer to such question will criminate, or may tend, dir
(1) An accomplice is a competent witness against an accused person.(2) Any rule of law or practice whereby at a trial it is obligatory for the court to warn itself about convicting the accused on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplic
No particular number of witnesses is in any case required for the proof of any fact.
The order in which witnesses are produced and examined is to be regulated by the law and practice for the time being relating to civil and criminal procedure respectively, and in the absence of any such law by the discretion of the court.
(1) When either party proposes to give evidence of any fact, the court may ask the party proposing to give the evidence in what manner the alleged fact, if proved, would be relevant; and the court shall admit the evidence if it thinks that
(1) The examination of a witness by the party who calls him or her is called his or her examination‑in‑chief.(2) The examination of a witness by the adverse party is called his or her cross‑examination. (3) Where a witness has been cross-ex
(1) Witnesses are to be first examined‑in‑chief, then, if the adverse party so desires, cross‑examined, then, if the party calling them so desires, re‑examined.(2) The examination and cross-examination must relate to relevant facts, but the
A person summoned to produce a document does not become a witness by the mere fact that he or she produces it, and cannot be cross‑examined unless he or she is called as a witness.
Witnesses to character may be cross-examined and re‑examined.
Any question suggesting the answer which the person putting it wishes or expects to receive or suggesting disputed facts as to which the witness is to testify, is called a leading question.
(1) Leading questions must not, if objected to by the adverse party, be asked in an examination-in-chief or in a re‑examination, except with the permission of the court.(2) The court shall permit leading questions as to matters which are in
(1) Leading questions may be asked in cross‑examination, subject to the following qualifications:(a) the question must not put into the mouth of the witness the very words which he or she is to echo back again; and (b) the question must not
Any witness may be asked while under examination whether any contract, grant or other disposition of property as to which the witness is giving evidence was not contained in a document, and if the witness says that it was, or if the witness
(1) A witness may be cross-examined as to previous statements made by him or her in writing or reduced into writing, and relevant to matters in question in the suit or proceeding in which he or she is cross‑examined, without such writing be
Subject to section 154A, when a witness may be cross‑examined, the witness may, in addition to the questions hereinbefore referred to, be asked any questions which tend —(a) to test his or her accuracy, veracity or credibility; (b) to disco
If any such question relates to a matter relevant to the suit or proceeding, section 134 applies thereto.
(1) If any question relates to a matter not relevant to the suit or proceeding, except insofar as it affects the credit of the witness by injuring his or her character, the court is to decide whether or not the witness is to be compelled to
No such question as is referred to in section 150 ought to be asked unless the person asking it has reasonable grounds for thinking that the imputation which it conveys is well founded.Illustrations (a) An advocate is instructed by a solici
If the court is of the opinion that any such question was asked without reasonable grounds, the court may, if it was asked by any advocate or solicitor, report the circumstances of the case to the Supreme Court in order that the Judges may,
The court may forbid any questions or inquiries which it regards as indecent or scandalous, although such questions or inquiries may have some bearing on the questions before the court, unless they relate to facts in issue or to matters nec
The court is to forbid any question which appears to it to be intended to insult or annoy, or which though proper in itself, appears to the court needlessly offensive in form.
(1) In criminal proceedings where the accused is charged with committing a sexual offence or child abuse offence, the following are subject to such restrictions as may be provided for in rules made under subsection (2):(a) the questions tha
When a witness has been asked and has answered any question which is relevant to the inquiry only insofar as it tends to shake the witness’s credit by injuring his or her character, no evidence may be given to contradict him or her; but if
The court may, in its discretion, permit the person who calls a witness to put any questions to him or her which might be put in cross‑examination by the adverse party.
The credit of a witness may be impeached in the following ways by the adverse party or, with the consent of the court, by the party who calls him or her:(a) by the evidence of persons who testify that they from their knowledge of the witnes
(1) When a witness whom it is intended to corroborate gives evidence of any relevant fact, the witness may be questioned as to any other circumstances which he or she observed at or near to the time or place at which such relevant fact occu
In order to corroborate the testimony of a witness, any former statement made by such witness, whether written or verbal, on oath, or in ordinary conversation, relating to the same fact at or about the time when the fact took place, or befo
Whenever any statement relevant under section 32 or 33 is proved, all matters may be proved either in order to contradict or to corroborate it, or in order to impeach or confirm the credit of the person by whom it was made, which might have
For the purpose of any rule of law or practice that requires evidence to be corroborated or that regulates the manner in which uncorroborated evidence is to be treated —(a) a statement that is admissible in evidence by virtue of section 32(
(1) A witness may while under examination refresh his or her memory by referring to any writing made by himself or herself at the time of the transaction concerning which he or she is questioned, or so soon afterwards that the court conside
A witness may also testify to facts mentioned in any such document as is mentioned in section 161 although the witness has no specific recollection of the facts themselves, if the witness is sure that the facts were correctly recorded in th
Any writing referred to under section 161 or 162 must be produced and shown to the adverse party if he or she requires it; such party may cross‑examine the witness thereupon.
(1) A witness summoned to produce a document must, if it is in the witness’s possession or power, bring it to court despite any objection which there may be to its production or to its admissibility.(2) The validity of any such objection is
When a party (A) calls for a document which A has given the other party notice to produce, and such document is produced and inspected by A, A is bound to give it as evidence if the party producing it requires A to do so and if it is releva
When a party refuses to produce a document which that party has had notice to produce, that party cannot afterwards use the document as evidence without the consent of the other party or the order of the court.Illustration A sues B on an ag
(1) The Judge may, in order to discover or to obtain proper proof of relevant facts, ask any question he or she pleases, in any form at any time, of any witness or of the parties, about any fact relevant or irrelevant; and may order the pro
In cases tried with assessors, the assessors may put any questions to the witnesses through or by permission of the Judge, which the Judge himself or herself might put and which he or she considers proper.[Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022]
The improper admission or rejection of evidence is not ground of itself for a new trial or reversal of any decision in any case if it appears to the court before which such objection is raised that, independently of the evidence objected to
In this Part —“bank” and “banker” mean any company carrying on the business of bankers in Singapore under a licence granted under any law relating to banking; “bankers’ books” includes ledgers, day books, cash books, account books and all o
Subject to this Part, a copy of any entry in a banker’s book is in all legal proceedings to be received as prima facie evidence of such entry and of the matters, transactions and accounts therein recorded.
(1) A copy of an entry in a banker’s book is not to be received in evidence under this Part unless it is first proved that —(a) the book was, at the time of the making of the entry, one of the ordinary books of the bank; (b) the entry was m
(1) A copy of an entry in a banker’s book is not to be received in evidence under this Part unless it is further proved that the copy has been examined with the original entry and is correct.(2) Such proof is to be given by some person who
An officer of a bank is not, in any legal proceedings to which the bank is not a party, compellable to produce any banker’s book the contents of which can be proved under this Part, or to appear as a witness to prove the matters, transactio
(1) On the application of any party to a legal proceeding, the court or a Judge may order that such party be at liberty to inspect and take copies of any entries in a banker’s book for any of the purposes of such proceedings.(2) An order un
(1) The costs of any application to the court or a Judge under this Part, and the costs of anything done or to be done under an order of the court or a Judge made under this Part, shall be in the discretion of the court or Judge, who may or
The Minister may, by order in the Gazette, amend the First and Second Schedules.[20/2018]
181 sections · 2020 Rev Ed
Data from Singapore Statutes Online (sso.agc.gov.sg). Not affiliated with any government agency.
Cite this Act
Evidence Act 1893 (2020 Rev Ed) (Singapore Statutes Online). Retrieved via LawPlayer, https://lawplayer.com/sg/act/EA1893 (accessed 2026-07-04)
Source: Singapore Statutes Online (sso.agc.gov.sg), © Singapore Government
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