Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/2031 of 12 November 2019 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for the food, drink and milk industries, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document C(2019) 7989) (Text with EEA relevance)

ANNEXBEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS FOR THE FOOD, DRINK AND MILK INDUSTRIES
ANNEX
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS FOR THE FOOD, DRINK AND MILK INDUSTRIES
SCOPE
These BAT conclusions concern the following activities specified in Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU:
—
6.4 (b)
Treatment and processing, other than exclusively packaging, of the following raw materials, whether previously processed or unprocessed, intended for the production of food or feed from:
(i)
only animal raw materials (other than exclusively milk) with a finished product production capacity greater than 75 tonnes per day;
(ii)
only vegetable raw materials with a finished product production capacity greater than 300 tonnes per day or 600 tonnes per day where the installation operates for a period of no more than 90 consecutive days in any year;
(iii)
animal and vegetable raw materials, both in combined and separate products, with a finished product production capacity in tonnes per day greater than:
—
75 if A is equal to 10 or more; or,
—
[300 – (22,5 × A)] in any other case,
where ‘A’ is the portion of animal material (in percent of weight) of the finished product production capacity.
Packaging shall not be included in the final weight of the product.
This subsection shall not apply where the raw material is milk only.
—
6.4 (c)
Treatment and processing of milk only, the quantity of milk received being greater than 200 tonnes per day (average value on an annual basis).
—
6.11
Independently operated treatment of waste water not covered by Council Directive 91/271/EEC  ( 1 ) provided that the main pollutant load originates from activities specified in points 6.4 (b) or (c) of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU.
These BAT conclusions also cover:
—
the combined treatment of waste water from different origins provided that the main pollutant load originates from the activities specified in point 6.4 (b) or 6.4 (c) of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU and that the waste water treatment is not covered by Council Directive 91/271/EEC;
—
the production of ethanol taking place on an installation covered by the activity description in point 6.4 (b) (ii) of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU or as a directly associated activity to such an installation.
These BAT conclusions do not address the following:
—
On-site combustion plants generating hot gases that are not used for direct contact heating, drying or any other treatment of objects or materials. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for Large Combustion Plants (LCP) or by Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council  ( 2 ) .
—
Production of primary products from animal by-products, such as rendering and fat melting, fish-meal and fish oil production, blood processing and gelatine manufacturing. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries (SA).
—
The making of standard cuts for large animals and cuts for poultry. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries (SA).
Other BAT conclusions and reference documents which could be relevant for the activities covered by these BAT conclusions include the following:
—
Large Combustion Plants (LCP);
—
Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries (SA);
—
Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector (CWW);
—
Large Volume Organic Chemical Industry (LVOC);
—
Waste Treatment (WT);
—
Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide (CLM);
—
Monitoring of Emissions to Air and Water from IED Installations (ROM);
—
Economics and Cross-Media Effects (ECM);
—
Emissions from Storage (EFS);
—
Energy Efficiency (ENE);
—
Industrial Cooling Systems (ICS).
These BAT conclusions apply without prejudice to other relevant legislation, e.g. on hygiene or food/feed safety.
DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following definitions apply:
Term used
Definition
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD n )
Amount of oxygen needed for the biochemical oxidation of the organic matter to carbon dioxide in n days ( n is typically 5 or 7). BOD is an indicator for the mass concentration of biodegradable organic compounds.
Channelled emissions
Emissions of pollutants into the environment through any kind of duct, pipe, stack, etc.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Amount of oxygen needed for the total chemical oxidation of the organic matter to carbon dioxide using dichromate. COD is an indicator for the mass concentration of organic compounds.
Dust
Total particulate matter (in air).
Existing plant
A plant that is not a new plant.
Hexane
Alkane of six carbon atoms, with the chemical formula C 6 H 14 .
hl
Hectolitre (equal to 100 litres).
New plant
A plant first permitted at the site of the installation following the publication of these BAT conclusions or a complete replacement of a plant following the publication of these BAT conclusions.
NO X
The sum of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), expressed as NO 2 .
Residue
Substance or object generated by the activities covered by the scope of this document, as waste or by-product.
SO X
The sum of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), sulphur trioxide (SO 3 ), and sulphuric acid aerosols, expressed as SO 2 .
Sensitive receptor
Areas which need special protection, such as:
—
residential areas;
—
areas where human activities are carried out (e.g. neighbouring workplaces, schools, day-care centres, recreational areas, hospitals or nursing homes).
Total nitrogen (TN)
Total nitrogen, expressed as N, includes free ammonia and ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 -N), nitrite nitrogen (NO 2 -N), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 -N) and organically bound nitrogen.
Total organic carbon (TOC)
Total organic carbon, expressed as C (in water), includes all organic compounds.
Total phosphorus (TP)
Total phosphorus, expressed as P, includes all inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds, dissolved or bound to particles.
Total suspended solids (TSS)
Mass concentration of all suspended solids (in water), measured via filtration through glass fibre filters and gravimetry.
Total volatile organic carbon (TVOC)
Total volatile organic carbon, expressed as C (in air).
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Best Available Techniques
The techniques listed and described in these BAT conclusions are neither prescriptive nor exhaustive. Other techniques may be used that ensure at least an equivalent level of environmental protection.
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions are generally applicable.
Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to air
Unless otherwise stated, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to air given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations, expressed as mass of emitted substances per volume of waste gas under the following standard conditions: dry gas at a temperature of 273,15 K and a pressure of 101,3 kPa, without correction for oxygen content, and expressed in mg/Nm 3 .
The equation for calculating the emission concentration at the reference oxygen level is:
where:
E R
:
emission concentration at the reference oxygen level O R ;
O R
:
reference oxygen level in vol-%;
E M
:
measured emission concentration;
O M
:
measured oxygen level in vol-%.
For averaging periods of BAT-AELs for emissions to air, the following definition applies.
Averaging period
Definition
Average over the sampling period
Average value of three consecutive measurements of at least 30 minutes each  ( 3 ) .
When the waste gases of two or more sources (e.g. dryers or kilns) are discharged through a common stack, the BAT-AEL applies to the combined discharge from the stack.
Specific hexane losses
The emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) related to specific hexane losses refer to yearly averages and are calculated using the following equation:
where:
hexane losses is the total amount of hexane consumed by the installation for each type of seeds or beans, expressed in kg/year;
raw materials is the total amount of each type of cleaned seeds or beans processed, expressed in tonnes/year.
Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water
Unless otherwise stated, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations (mass of emitted substances per volume of water), expressed in mg/l.
The BAT-AELs expressed as concentrations refer to daily average values, i.e. 24-hour flow-proportional composite samples. Time-proportional composite samples can be used provided that sufficient flow stability is demonstrated. Alternatively, spot samples may be taken, provided that the effluent is appropriately mixed and homogeneous.
In the case of total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), the calculation of the average abatement efficiency referred to in these BAT conclusions (see Table 1) is based on the influent and effluent load of the waste water treatment plant.
Other environmental performance levels
Specific waste water discharge
The indicative environmental performance levels related to specific waste water discharge refer to yearly averages and are calculated using the following equation:
where:
Waste water discharge is the total amount of waste water discharged (as direct discharge, indirect discharge and/or land spreading) by the specific processes concerned during the production period, expressed in m 3 /year, excluding any cooling water and run-off water that is discharged separately.
Activity rate is the total amount of products or raw materials processed, depending on the specific sector, expressed in tonnes/year or hl/year. Packaging is not included in the weight of the product. Raw material is any material entering the plant, treated or processed for the production of food or feed.
Specific energy consumption
The indicative environmental performance levels related to specific energy consumption refer to yearly averages and are calculated using the following equation:
where:
Final energy consumption is the total amount of energy consumed by the specific processes concerned during the production period (in the form of heat and electricity), expressed in MWh/year.
Activity rate is the total amount of products or raw materials processed, depending on the specific sector, expressed in tonnes/year or hl/year. Packaging is not included in the weight of the product. Raw material is any material entering the plant, treated or processed for the production of food or feed.
1.   GENERAL BAT CONCLUSIONS
1.1.    Environmental management systems
BAT 1. In order to improve the overall environmental performance, BAT is to elaborate and implement an environmental management system (EMS) that incorporates all of the following features:
(i)
commitment, leadership, and accountability of the management, including senior management, for the implementation of an effective EMS;
(ii)
an analysis that includes the determination of the organisation’s context, the identification of the needs and expectations of interested parties, the identification of characteristics of the installation that are associated with possible risks for the environment (or human health) as well as of the applicable legal requirements relating to the environment;
(iii)
development of an environmental policy that includes the continuous improvement of the environmental performance of the installation;
(iv)
establishing objectives and performance indicators in relation to significant environmental aspects, including safeguarding compliance with applicable legal requirements;
(v)
planning and implementing the necessary procedures and actions (including corrective and preventive actions where needed), to achieve the environmental objectives and avoid environmental risks;
(vi)
determination of structures, roles and responsibilities in relation to environmental aspects and objectives and provision of the financial and human resources needed;
(vii)
ensuring the necessary competence and awareness of staff whose work may affect the environmental performance of the installation (e.g. by providing information and training);
(viii)
internal and external communication;
(ix)
fostering employee involvement in good environmental management practices;
(x)
Establishing and maintaining a management manual and written procedures to control activities with significant environmental impact as well as relevant records;
(xi)
effective operational planning and process control;
(xii)
implementation of appropriate maintenance programmes;
(xiii)
emergency preparedness and response protocols, including the prevention and/or mitigation of the adverse (environmental) impacts of emergency situations;
(xiv)
when (re)designing a (new) installation or a part thereof, consideration of its environmental impacts throughout its life, which includes construction, maintenance, operation and decommissioning;
(xv)
implementation of a monitoring and measurement programme, if necessary, information can be found in the Reference Report on Monitoring of Emissions to Air and Water from IED Installations;
(xvi)
application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis;
(xvii)
periodic independent (as far as practicable) internal auditing and periodic independent external auditing in order to assess the environmental performance and to determine whether or not the EMS conforms to planned arrangements and has been properly implemented and maintained;
(xviii)
evaluation of causes of nonconformities, implementation of corrective actions in response to nonconformities, review of the effectiveness of corrective actions, and determination of whether similar nonconformities exist or could potentially occur;
(xix)
periodic review, by senior management, of the EMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness;
(xx)
following and taking into account the development of cleaner techniques.
Specifically for the food, drink and milk sector, BAT is to also incorporate the following features in the EMS:
(i)
noise management plan (see BAT 13);
(ii)
odour management plan (see BAT 15);
(iii)
inventory of water, energy and raw materials consumption as well as of waste water and waste gas streams (see BAT 2);
(iv)
energy efficiency plan (see BAT 6a).
Note
Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council  ( 4 ) establishes the Union eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS), which is an example of an EMS consistent with this BAT.
Applicability
The level of detail and the degree of formalisation of the EMS will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.
BAT 2. In order to increase resource efficiency and to reduce emissions, BAT is to establish, maintain and regularly review (including when a significant change occurs) an inventory of water, energy and raw materials consumption as well as of waste water and waste gas streams, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), that incorporates all of the following features:
I.
Information about the food, drink and milk production processes, including:
(a)
simplified process flow sheets that show the origin of the emissions;
(b)
descriptions of process-integrated techniques and waste water/waste gas treatment techniques to prevent or reduce emissions, including their performance.
II.
Information about water consumption and usage (e.g. flow diagrams and water mass balances), and identification of actions to reduce water consumption and waste water volume (see BAT 7).
III.
Information about the quantity and characteristics of the waste water streams, such as:
(a)
average values and variability of flow, pH and temperature;
(b)
average concentration and load values of relevant pollutants/parameters (e.g. TOC or COD, nitrogen species, phosphorus, chloride, conductivity) and their variability.
IV.
Information about the characteristics of the waste gas streams, such as:
(a)
average values and variability of flow and temperature;
(b)
average concentration and load values of relevant pollutants/parameters (e.g. dust, TVOC, CO, NO X , SO X ) and their variability;
(c)
presence of other substances that may affect the waste gas treatment system or plant safety (e.g. oxygen, water vapour, dust).
V.
Information about energy consumption and usage, the quantity of raw materials used, as well as the quantity and characteristics of residues generated, and identification of actions for continuous improvement of resource efficiency (see for example BAT 6 and BAT 10).
VI.
Identification and implementation of an appropriate monitoring strategy with the aim of increasing resource efficiency, taking into account energy, water and raw materials consumption. Monitoring can include direct measurements, calculations or recording with an appropriate frequency. The monitoring is broken down at the most appropriate level (e.g. at process or plant/installation level).
Applicability
The level of detail of the inventory will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.
1.2.    Monitoring
BAT 3. For relevant emissions to water as identified by the inventory of waste water streams (see BAT 2), BAT is to monitor key process parameters (e.g. continuous monitoring of waste water flow, pH and temperature) at key locations (e.g. at the inlet and/or outlet of the pre-treatment, at the inlet to the final treatment, at the point where the emission leaves the installation).
BAT 4. BAT is to monitor emissions to water with at least the frequency given below and in accordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.
Substance/parameter
Standard(s)
Minimum monitoring frequency  ( 5 )
Monitoring associated with
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)  ( 6 )
( 7 )
No EN standard available
Once every day  ( 8 )
BAT 12
Total nitrogen (TN)  ( 6 )
Various EN standards available (e.g. EN 12260, EN ISO 11905-1)
Total organic carbon (TOC)  ( 6 )
( 7 )
EN 1484
Total phosphorus (TP)  ( 6 )
Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 6878, EN ISO 15681-1 and -2, EN ISO 11885)
Total suspended solids (TSS)  ( 6 )
EN 872
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD n )  ( 6 )
EN 1899-1
Once every month
Chloride (Cl - )
Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 10304-1, EN ISO 15682)
Once every month
—
BAT 5. BAT is to monitor channelled emissions to air with at least the frequency given below and in accordance with EN standards.
Substance/Parameter
Sector
Specific process
Standard(s)
Minimum monitoring frequency  ( 9 )
Monitoring associated with
Dust
Animal feed
Drying of green fodder
EN 13284-1
Once every three months  ( 10 )
BAT 17
Grinding and pellet cooling in compound feed manufacture
Once every year
BAT 17
Extrusion of dry pet food
Once every year
BAT 17
Brewing
Handling and processing of malt and adjuncts
Once every year
BAT 20
Dairies
Drying processes
Once every year
BAT 23
Grain milling
Grain cleaning and milling
Once every year
BAT 28
Oilseed processing and vegetable oil refining
Handling and preparation of seeds, drying and cooling of meal
Once every year
BAT 31
Starch production
Drying of starch, protein and fibre
BAT 34
Sugar manufacturing
Drying of beet pulp
Once every month  ( 10 )
BAT 36
PM 2.5 and PM 10
Sugar manufacturing
Drying of beet pulp
EN ISO 23210
Once every year
BAT 36
TVOC
Fish and shellfish processing
Smoke chambers
EN 12619
Once every year
BAT 26
Meat processing
Smoke chambers
BAT 29
Oilseed processing and vegetable oil refining  ( 11 )
—
—
Sugar manufacturing
High-temperature drying of beet pulp
Once every year
—
NO X
Meat processing  ( 12 )
Smoke chambers
EN 14792
Once every year
—
Sugar manufacturing
High-temperature drying of beet pulp
CO
Meat processing  ( 12 )
Smoke chambers
EN 15058
Sugar manufacturing
High-temperature drying of beet pulp
SO X
Sugar manufacturing
Drying of beet pulp when natural gas is not used
EN 14791
Twice every year  ( 10 )
BAT 37
1.3.    Energy efficiency
BAT 6. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use BAT 6a and an appropriate combination of the common techniques listed in technique b below.
Technique
Description
(a)
Energy efficiency plan
An energy efficiency plan, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), entails defining and calculating the specific energy consumption of the activity (or activities), setting key performance indicators on an annual basis (for example for the specific energy consumption) and planning periodic improvement targets and related actions. The plan is adapted to the specificities of the installation.
(b)
Use of common techniques
Common techniques include techniques such as:
—
burner regulation and control;
—
cogeneration;
—
energy-efficient motors;
—
heat recovery with heat exchangers and/or heat pumps (including mechanical vapour recompression);
—
lighting;
—
minimising blowdown from the boiler;
—
optimising steam distribution systems;
—
preheating feed water (including the use of economisers);
—
process control systems;
—
reducing compressed air system leaks;
—
reducing heat losses by insulation;
—
variable speed drives;
—
multiple-effect evaporation;
—
use of solar energy.
Further sector-specific techniques to increase energy efficiency are given in Sections 2 to 13 of these BAT conclusions.
1.4.    Water consumption and waste water discharge
BAT 7. In order to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged, BAT is to use BAT 7a and one or a combination of the techniques b to k given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
Common techniques
(a)
Water recycling and/or reuse
Recycling and/or reuse of water streams (preceded or not by water treatment), e.g. for cleaning, washing, cooling or for the process itself.
May not be applicable due to hygiene and food safety requirements.
(b)
Optimisation of water flow
Use of control devices, e.g. photocells, flow valves, thermostatic valves, to automatically adjust the water flow.
(c)
Optimisation of water nozzles and hoses
Use of correct number and position of nozzles; adjustment of water pressure.
(d)
Segregation of water streams
Water streams that do not need treatment (e.g. uncontaminated cooling water or uncontaminated run-off water) are segregated from waste water that has to undergo treatment, thus enabling uncontaminated water recycling.
The segregation of uncontaminated rainwater may not be applicable in the case of existing waste water collection systems.
Techniques related to cleaning operations
(e)
Dry cleaning
Removal of as much residual material as possible from raw materials and equipment before they are cleaned with liquids, e.g. by using compressed air, vacuum systems or catchpots with a mesh cover.
Generally applicable.
(f)
Pigging system for pipes
Use of a system made of launchers, catchers, compressed air equipment, and a projectile (also referred to as a ‘pig’, e.g. made of plastic or ice slurry) to clean out pipes. In-line valves are in place to allow the pig to pass through the pipeline system and to separate the product and the rinsing water.
(g)
High-pressure cleaning
Spraying of water onto the surface to be cleaned at pressures ranging from 15 bar to 150 bar.
May not be applicable due to health and safety requirements.
(h)
Optimisation of chemical dosing and water use in cleaning-in-place (CIP)
Optimising the design of CIP and measuring turbidity, conductivity, temperature and/or pH to dose hot water and chemicals in optimised quantities.
Generally applicable.
(i)
Low-pressure foam and/or gel cleaning
Use of low-pressure foam and/or gel to clean walls, floors and/or equipment surfaces.
(j)
Optimised design and construction of equipment and process areas
The equipment and process areas are designed and constructed in a way that facilitates cleaning. When optimising the design and construction, hygiene requirements are taken into account.
(k)
Cleaning of equipment as soon as possible
Cleaning is applied as soon as possible after use of equipment to prevent wastes hardening.
Further sector-specific techniques to reduce water consumption are given in Section 6.1 of these BAT conclusions.
1.5.    Harmful substances
BAT 8. In order to prevent or reduce the use of harmful substances, e.g. in cleaning and disinfection, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
(a)
Proper selection of cleaning chemicals and/or disinfectants
Avoidance or minimisation of the use of cleaning chemicals and/or disinfectants that are harmful to the aquatic environment, in particular priority substances considered under the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council  ( 13 )
When selecting the substances, hygiene and food safety requirements are taken into account.
(b)
Reuse of cleaning chemicals in cleaning-in-place (CIP)
Collection and reuse of cleaning chemicals in CIP. When reusing cleaning chemicals, hygiene and food safety requirements are taken into account.
(c)
Dry cleaning
See BAT 7e.
(d)
Optimised design and construction of equipment and process areas
See BAT 7j.
BAT 9. In order to prevent emissions of ozone-depleting substances and of substances with a high global warming potential from cooling and freezing, BAT is to use refrigerants without ozone depletion potential and with a low global warming potential.
Description
Suitable refrigerants include water, carbon dioxide or ammonia.
1.6.    Resource efficiency
BAT 10. In order to increase resource efficiency, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
(a)
Anaerobic digestion
Treatment of biodegradable residues by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, resulting in biogas and digestate. The biogas is used as a fuel, e.g. in a gas engine or in a boiler. The digestate may be used, e.g. as a soil improver.
May not be applicable due to the quantity and/or nature of the residues.
(b)
Use of residues
Residues are used, e.g. as animal feed.
May not be applicable due to legal requirements.
(c)
Separation of residues
Separation of residues, e.g. using accurately positioned splash protectors, screens, flaps, catchpots, drip trays and troughs.
Generally applicable.
(d)
Recovery and reuse of residues from the pasteuriser
Residues from the pasteuriser are fed back to the blending unit and are thereby reused as raw materials.
Only applicable to liquid food products.
(e)
Phosphorus recovery as struvite
See BAT 12g.
Only applicable to waste water streams with a high total phosphorus content (e.g. above 50 mg/l) and a significant flow.
(f)
Use of waste water for land spreading
After appropriate treatment, waste water is used for land spreading in order to take advantage of the nutrient content and/or to use the water.
Only applicable in the case of a proven agronomic benefit, a proven low level of contamination and no negative impact on the environment (e.g. on the soil, the groundwater and surface water).
The applicability may be restricted due to the limited availability of suitable land adjacent to the installation.
The applicability may be restricted by the soil and local climatic conditions (e.g. in the case of wet or frozen fields) or by legislation.
Further sector-specific techniques to reduce waste sent for disposal are given in Sections 3.3, 4.3 and 5.1 of these BAT conclusions.
1.7.    Emissions to water
BAT 11. In order to prevent uncontrolled emissions to water, BAT is to provide an appropriate buffer storage capacity for waste water.
Description
The appropriate buffer storage capacity is determined by a risk assessment (taking into account the nature of the pollutant(s), the effects of these pollutants on further waste water treatment, the receiving environment, etc.).
The waste water from this buffer storage is discharged after appropriate measures are taken (e.g. monitoring, treatment, reuse).
Applicability
For existing plants, the technique may not be applicable due to lack of space and/or due to the layout of the waste water collection system.
BAT 12. In order to reduce emissions to water, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below.
Technique  ( 14 )
Typical pollutants targeted
Applicability
Preliminary, primary and general treatment
(a)
Equalisation
All pollutants
Generally applicable.
(b)
Neutralisation
Acids, alkalis
(c)
Physical separation, e.g. screens, sieves, grit separators, oil/fat separators, or primary settlement tanks
Gross solids, suspended solids, oil/grease
Aerobic and/or anaerobic treatment (secondary treatment)
(d)
Aerobic and/or anaerobic treatment (secondary treatment), e.g. activated sludge process, aerobic lagoon, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process, anaerobic contact process, membrane bioreactor
Biodegradable organic compounds
Generally applicable.
Nitrogen removal
(e)
Nitrification and/or denitrification
Total nitrogen, ammonium/ammonia
Nitrification may not be applicable in the case of high chloride concentrations (e.g. above 10 g/l).
Nitrification may not be applicable when the temperature of the waste water is low (e.g. below 12 °C).
(f)
Partial nitritation — Anaerobic ammonium oxidation
May not be applicable when the temperature of the waste water is low.
Phosphorus recovery and/or removal
(g)
Phosphorus recovery as struvite
Total phosphorus
Only applicable to waste water streams with a high total phosphorus content (e.g. above 50 mg/l) and a significant flow.
(h)
Precipitation
Generally applicable.
(i)
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal
Final solids removal
(j)
Coagulation and flocculation
Suspended solids
Generally applicable.
(k)
Sedimentation
(l)
Filtration (e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration)
(m)
Flotation
The BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water given in Table 1 apply to direct emissions to a receiving water body.
The BAT-AELs apply at the point where the emission leaves the installation.
Table 1
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for direct emissions to a receiving water body
Parameter
BAT-AEL  ( 15 )
( 16 ) (daily average)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)  ( 17 )
( 18 )
25-100 mg/l  ( 19 )
Total suspended solids (TSS)
4-50 mg/l  ( 20 )
Total nitrogen (TN)
2-20 mg/l  ( 21 )
( 22 )
Total phosphorus (TP)
0,2-2 mg/l  ( 23 )
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 4.
1.8.    Noise
BAT 13. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce noise emissions, BAT is to set up, implement and regularly review a noise management plan, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), that includes all of the following elements:
—
a protocol containing actions and timelines;
—
a protocol for conducting noise emissions monitoring;
—
a protocol for response to identified noise events, e.g. complaints;
—
a noise reduction programme designed to identify the source(s), to measure/estimate noise and vibration exposure, to characterise the contributions of the sources and to implement prevention and/or reduction measures.
Applicability
BAT 13 is only applicable to cases where a noise nuisance at sensitive receptors is expected and/or has been substantiated.
BAT 14. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce noise emissions, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
(a)
Appropriate location of equipment and buildings
Noise levels can be reduced by increasing the distance between the emitter and the receiver, by using buildings as noise screens and by relocating buildings’ exits or entrances.
For existing plants, the relocation of equipment and buildings’ exits or entrances may not be applicable due to lack of space and/or excessive costs.
(b)
Operational measures
These include:
(i)
improved inspection and maintenance of equipment;
(ii)
closing of doors and windows of enclosed areas, if possible;
(iii)
equipment operation by experienced staff;
(iv)
avoidance of noisy activities at night, if possible;
(v)
provisions for noise control, e.g. during maintenance activities.
Generally applicable.
(c)
Low-noise equipment
This includes low-noise compressors, pumps and fans.
(d)
Noise control equipment
This includes:
(i)
noise reducers;
(ii)
insulation of equipment;
(iii)
enclosure of noisy equipment;
(iv)
soundproofing of buildings.
May not be applicable to existing plants due to lack of space.
(e)
Noise abatement
Inserting obstacles between emitters and receivers (e.g. protection walls, embankments and buildings).
Applicable only to existing plants, as the design of new plants should make this technique unnecessary. For existing plants, the insertion of obstacles may not be applicable due to lack of space.
1.9.    Odour
BAT 15. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce odour emissions, BAT is to set up, implement and regularly review an odour management plan, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), that includes all of the following elements:
—
A protocol containing actions and timelines.
—
A protocol for conducting odour monitoring. It may be complemented by measurement/estimation of odour exposure or estimation of odour impact.
—
A protocol for response to identified odour incidents, e.g. complaints.
—
An odour prevention and reduction programme designed to identify the source(s); to measure/estimate odour exposure; to characterise the contributions of the sources; and to implement prevention and/or reduction measures.
Applicability
BAT 15 is only applicable to cases where an odour nuisance at sensitive receptors is expected and/or has been substantiated.
2.   BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR ANIMAL FEED
The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to animal feed. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
2.1.    Energy efficiency
2.1.1.    Compound feed/Pet food
General techniques to increase energy efficiency are given in Section 1.3 of these BAT conclusions. Indicative environmental performance levels are presented in the table below.
Table 2
Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption
Product
Unit
Specific energy consumption
(yearly average)
Compound feed
MWh/tonne of products
0,01-0,10  ( 24 )
( 25 )
( 26 )
Dry pet food
0,39-0,50
Wet pet food
0,33-0,85
2.1.2.    Green fodder
BAT 16. In order to increase energy efficiency in green fodder processing, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
(a)
Use of predried fodder
Use of fodder that has been predried (e.g. by flat pre-wilting).
Not applicable in the case of the wet process.
(b)
Recycling of waste gas from the dryer
Injection of the waste gas from the cyclone into the burner of the dryer.
Generally applicable.
(c)
Use of waste heat for predrying
The heat of the outlet steam from the high-temperature dryers is used for predrying part or all of the green fodder.
2.2.    Water consumption and waste water discharge
General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. The indicative environmental performance level is presented in the table below.
Table 3
Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge
Product
Unit
Specific waste water discharge
(yearly average)
Wet pet food
m 3 /tonne of products
1.3-2.4
2.3.    Emissions to air
BAT 17. In order to reduce channelled dust emissions to air, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
a
Bag filter
See Section 14.2.
May not be applicable to the abatement of sticky dust.
b
Cyclone
Generally applicable.
Table 4
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from grinding and pellet cooling in compound feed manufacture
Parameter
Specific process
Unit
BAT-AEL
(average over the sampling period)
New plants
Existing plants
Dust
Grinding
mg/Nm 3
< 2-5
< 2-10
Pellet cooling
< 2-20
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.
3.   BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR BREWING
The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to brewing. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
3.1.    Energy efficiency
BAT 18. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
(a)
Mashing-in at higher temperatures
The mashing-in of the grain is carried out at temperatures of approximately 60 °C, which reduces the use of cold water.
May not be applicable due to the product specifications.
(b)
Decrease of the evaporation rate during wort boiling
The evaporation rate can be reduced from 10 % down to approximately 4 % per hour (e.g. by two-phase boiling systems, dynamic low-pressure boiling).
(c)
Increase of the degree of high-gravity brewing
Production of concentrated wort, which reduces its volume and thereby saves energy.
Table 5
Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption
Unit
Specific energy consumption
(yearly average)
MWh/hl of products
0,02-0,05
3.2.    Water consumption and waste water discharge
General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. The indicative environmental performance level is presented in the table below.
Table 6
Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge
Unit
Specific waste water discharge
(yearly average)
m 3 /hl of products
0,15-0,50
3.3.    Waste
BAT 19. In order to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
(a)
Recovery and (re)use of yeast after fermentation
After fermentation, yeast is collected and can be partially reused in the fermentation process and/or may be further used for multiple purposes, e.g. as animal feed, in the pharmaceutical industry, as a food ingredient, in an anaerobic waste water treatment plant for biogas production.
(b)
Recovery and (re)use of natural filter material
After chemical, enzymatic or thermal treatment, natural filter material (e.g. diatomaceous earth) may be partially reused in the filtration process. Natural filter material can also be used, e.g. as a soil improver.
3.4.    Emissions to air
BAT 20. In order to reduce channelled dust emissions to air, BAT is to use a bag filter or both a cyclone and a bag filter.
Description
See Section 14.2.
Table 7
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from handling and processing of malt and adjuncts
Parameter
Unit
BAT-AEL
(average over the sampling period)
New plants
Existing plants
Dust
mg/Nm 3
< 2-5
< 2-10
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.
4.   BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR DAIRIES
The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to dairies. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
4.1.    Energy efficiency
BAT 21. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
(a)
Partial milk homogenisation
The cream is homogenised together with a small proportion of skimmed milk. The size of the homogeniser can be significantly reduced, leading to energy savings.
(b)
Energy-efficient homogeniser
The homogeniser’s working pressure is reduced through optimised design and thus the associated electrical energy needed to drive the system is also reduced.
(c)
Use of continuous pasteurisers
Flow-through heat exchangers are used (e.g. tubular, plate and frame). The pasteurisation time is much shorter than that of batch systems.
(d)
Regenerative heat exchange in pasteurisation
The incoming milk is preheated by the hot milk leaving the pasteurisation section.
(e)
Ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processing of milk without intermediate pasteurisation
UHT milk is produced in one step from raw milk, thus avoiding the energy needed for pasteurisation.
(f)
Multi-stage drying in powder production
A spray-drying process is used in combination with a downstream dryer, e.g. fluidised bed dryer.
(g)
Precooling of ice-water
When ice-water is used, the returning ice-water is precooled (e.g. with a plate heat exchanger), prior to final cooling in an accumulating ice-water tank with a coil evaporator.
Table 8
Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption
Main product (at least 80 % of the production)
Unit
Specific energy consumption (yearly average)
Market milk
MWh/tonne of raw materials
0,1-0,6
Cheese
0,10-0,22  ( 27 )
Powder
0,2-0,5
Fermented milk
0,2-1,6
4.2.    Water consumption and waste water discharge
General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. Indicative environmental performance levels are presented in the table below.
Table 9
Indicative environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge
Main product (at least 80 % of the production)
Unit
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average)
Market milk
m 3 /tonne of raw materials
0,3-3,0
Cheese
0,75-2,5
Powder
1,2-2,7
4.3.    Waste
BAT 22. In order to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Techniques related to the use of centrifuges
(a)
Optimised operation of centrifuges
Operation of centrifuges according to their specifications to minimise the rejection of product.
Techniques related to butter production
(b)
Rinsing of the cream heater with skimmed milk or water
Rinsing of the cream heater with skimmed milk or water which is then recovered and reused, before the cleaning operations.
Techniques related to ice cream production
(c)
Continuous freezing of ice cream
Continuous freezing of ice cream using optimised start-up procedures and control loops that reduce the frequency of stoppages.
Techniques related to cheese production
(d)
Minimisation of the generation of acid whey
Whey from the manufacture of acid-type cheeses (e.g. cottage cheese, quark and mozzarella) is processed as quickly as possible to reduce the formation of lactic acid.
(e)
Recovery and use of whey
Whey is recovered (if necessary using techniques such as evaporation or membrane filtration) and used, e.g. to produce whey powder, demineralised whey powder, whey protein concentrates or lactose. Whey and whey concentrates can also be used as animal feed or as a carbon source in a biogas plant.
4.4.    Emissions to air
BAT 23. In order to reduce channelled dust emissions to air from drying, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
(a)
Bag filter
See Section 14.2.
May not be applicable to the abatement of sticky dust.
(b)
Cyclone
Generally applicable.
(c)
Wet scrubber
Table 10
BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled dust emissions to air from drying
Parameter
Unit
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period)
Dust
mg/Nm 3
< 2-10  ( 28 )
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.
5.   BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION
The BAT conclusion presented in this section applies to ethanol production. It applies in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
5.1.    Waste
BAT 24. In order to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to recover and (re)use yeast after fermentation.
Description
See BAT 19a. The yeast may not be recovered when the stillage is used as animal feed.
6.   BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR FISH AND SHELLFISH PROCESSING
The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to fish and shellfish processing. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
6.1.    Water consumption and waste water discharge
BAT 25. In order to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 7 and of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
(a)
Removal of fat and viscera by vacuum
Use of vacuum suction instead of water to remove fat and viscera from the fish.
(b)
Dry transport of fat, viscera, skin and fillets
Use of conveyors instead of water.
6.2.    Emissions to air
BAT 26. In order to reduce channelled emissions of organic compounds to air from fish smoking, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
(a)
Biofilter
The waste gas stream is passed through a bed of organic material (such as peat, heather, root, tree bark, compost, softwood and different kinds of combinations) or some inert material (such as clay, activated carbon, and polyurethane), where organic (and some inorganic) components are transformed by naturally occurring microorganisms into carbon dioxide, water, other metabolites and biomass.
(b)
Thermal oxidation
See Section 14.2.
(c)
Non-thermal plasma treatment
(d)
Wet scrubber
See Section 14.2.
An electrostatic precipitator is commonly used as a pre-treatment step.
(e)
Use of purified smoke
Smoke generated from purified primary smoke condensates is used to smoke the product in a smoke chamber.
Table 11
BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled TVOC emissions to air from a smoke chamber
Parameter
Unit
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period)
TVOC
mg/Nm 3
15–50  ( 29 )
( 30 )
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.
7.   BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SECTOR
The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to the fruit and vegetable sector. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
7.1.    Energy efficiency
BAT 27. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and to cool fruit and vegetables before deep freezing.
Description
The temperature of the fruit and vegetables is lowered to around 4 °C before they enter the freezing tunnel by bringing them into direct or indirect contact with cold water or cooling air. Water can be removed from the food and then collected for reuse in the cooling process.
Table 12
Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption
Specific process
Unit
Specific energy consumption (yearly average)
Potato processing (excluding starch production)
MWh/tonne of products
1,0-2,1  ( 31 )
Tomato processing
0,15-2,4  ( 32 )
( 33 )
7.2.    Water consumption and waste water discharge
General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. Indicative environmental performance levels are presented in the table below.
Table 13
Indicative environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge
Specific process
Unit
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average)
Potato processing (excluding starch production)
m 3 /tonne of products
4,0-6,0  ( 34 )
Tomato processing when water recycling is possible
8,0-10,0  ( 35 )
8.   BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR GRAIN MILLING
The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to grain milling. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
8.1.    Energy efficiency
General techniques to increase energy efficiency are given in Section 1.3 of these BAT conclusions. The indicative environmental performance level is presented in the table below.
Table 14
Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption
Unit
Specific energy consumption (yearly average)
MWh/tonne of products
0,05-0,13
8.2.    Emissions to air
BAT 28. In order to reduce channelled dust emissions to air, BAT is to use a bag filter.
Description
See Section 14.2.
Table 15
BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled dust emissions to air from grain milling
Parameter
Unit
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period)
Dust
mg/Nm 3
< 2-5
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.
9.   BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR MEAT PROCESSING
The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to meat processing. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
9.1.    Energy efficiency
General techniques to increase energy efficiency are given in Section 1.3 of these BAT conclusions. The indicative environmental performance level is presented in the table below.
Table 16
Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption
Unit
Specific energy consumption
(yearly average)
MWh/tonne of raw materials
0,25-2,6  ( 36 )
( 37 )
9.2.    Water consumption and waste water discharge
General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. The indicative environmental performance level is presented in the table below.
Table 17
Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge
Unit
Specific waste water discharge(yearly average)
m 3 /tonne of raw materials
1,5-8,0  ( 38 )
9.3.    Emissions to air
BAT 29. In order to reduce channelled emissions of organic compounds to air from meat smoking, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
(a)
Adsorption
Organic compounds are removed from a waste gas stream by retention on a solid surface (typically activated carbon).
(b)
Thermal oxidation
See Section 14.2.
(c)
Wet scrubber
See Section 14.2.
An electrostatic precipitator is commonly used as a pretreatment step.
(d)
Use of purified smoke
Smoke generated from purified primary smoke condensates is used to smoke the product in a smoke chamber.
Table 18
BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled TVOC emissions to air from a smoke chamber
Parameter
Unit
BAT-AEL
(average over the sampling period)
TVOC
mg/Nm 3
3-50  ( 39 )
( 40 )
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.
10.   BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR OILSEED PROCESSING AND VEGETABLE OIL REFINING
The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to oilseed processing and vegetable oil refining. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
10.1.    Energy efficiency
BAT 30. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and to generate an auxiliary vacuum.
Description
The auxiliary vacuum used for oil drying, oil degassing or minimisation of oil oxidation is generated by pumps, steam injectors, etc. The vacuum reduces the amount of thermal energy needed for these process steps.
Table 19
Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption
Specific process
Unit
Specific energy consumption
(yearly average)
Integrated crushing and refining of rapeseeds and/or sunflower seeds
MWh/tonne of oil produced
0,45-1,05
Integrated crushing and refining of soybeans
0,65-1,65
Stand-alone refining
0,1-0,45
10.2.    Water consumption and waste water discharge
General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. Indicative environmental performance levels are presented in the table below.
Table 20
Indicative environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge
Specific process
Unit
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average)
Integrated crushing and refining of rapeseeds and/or sunflower seeds
m 3 /tonne of oil produced
0,15-0,75
Integrated crushing and refining of soybeans
0,8-1,9
Stand-alone refining
0,15-0,9
10.3.    Emissions to air
BAT 31. In order to reduce channelled dust emissions to air, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
(a)
Bag filter
See Section 14.2.
May not be applicable to the abatement of sticky dust.
(b)
Cyclone
Generally applicable.
(c)
Wet scrubber
Table 21
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from handling and preparation of seeds as well as drying and cooling of meal
Parameter
Unit
BAT-AEL
(average over the sampling period)
New plants
Existing plants
Dust
mg/Nm 3
< 2-5  ( 41 )
< 2-10  ( 41 )
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.
10.4.    Hexane losses
BAT 32. In order to reduce the hexane losses from oilseed processing and refining, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
(a)
Countercurrent flow of meal and steam in the desolventiser-toaster
Hexane is removed from the hexane-laden meal in a desolventiser-toaster, involving a countercurrent flow of steam and meal.
(b)
Evaporation from the oil/hexane mixture
Hexane is removed from the oil/hexane mixture using evaporators. The vapours from the desolventiser-toaster (steam/hexane mixture) are used to provide thermal energy in the first stage of the evaporation.
(c)
Condensation in combination with a mineral oil wet scrubber
Hexane vapours are cooled to below their dew point so that they condense. Uncondensed hexane is absorbed in a scrubber using mineral oil as a scrubbing liquid for subsequent recovery.
(d)
Gravitational phase separation in combination with distillation
Undissolved hexane is separated from the aqueous phase by means of a gravitational phase separator. Any residual hexane is distilled off by heating the aqueous phase to approximately 80-95 °C.
Table 22
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for hexane losses from oilseed processing and refining
Parameter
Type of seeds or beans processed
Unit
BAT-AEL
(yearly average)
Hexane losses
Soybeans
kg/tonne of seeds or beans processed
0,3-0,55
Rapeseeds and sunflower seeds
0,2-0,7
11.   BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR SOFT DRINKS AND NECTAR/JUICE MADE FROM PROCESSED FRUIT AND VEGETABLES
The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to soft drinks and nectar/juice made from processed fruit and vegetables. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
11.1.    Energy efficiency
BAT 33. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
(a)
Single pasteuriser for nectar/juice production
Use of one pasteuriser for both the juice and the pulp instead of using two separate pasteurisers.
May not be applicable due to the pulp particle size.
(b)
Hydraulic sugar transportation
Sugar is transported to the production process with water. As some of the sugar is already dissolved during the transportation, less energy is needed in the process for dissolving sugar.
Generally applicable.
(c)
Energy-efficient homogeniser for nectar/juice production
See BAT 21b.
Table 23
Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption
Unit
Specific energy consumption
(yearly average)
MWh/hl of products
0,01-0,035
11.2.    Water consumption and waste water discharge
General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. The indicative environmental performance level is presented in the table below.
Table 24
Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge
Unit
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average)
m 3 /hl of products
0,08-0,20
12.   BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR STARCH PRODUCTION
The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to starch production. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
12.1.    Energy efficiency
General techniques to increase energy efficiency are given in Section 1.3 of these BAT conclusions. Indicative environmental performance levels are presented in the table below.
Table 25
Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption
Specific process
Unit
Specific energy consumption (yearly average)
Potato processing for the production of native starch only
MWh/tonne of raw materials  ( 42 )
0,08-0,14
Maize and/or wheat processing for the production of native starch in combination with modified and/or hydrolysed starch
0,65-1,25  ( 43 )
12.2.    Water consumption and waste water discharge
General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. Indicative environmental performance levels are presented in the table below.
Table 26
Indicative environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge
Specific process
Unit
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average)
Potato processing for the production of native starch only
m 3 /tonne of raw materials  ( 44 )
0,4-1,15
Maize and/or wheat processing for the production of native starch in combination with modified and/or hydrolysed starch
1,1-3,9  ( 45 )
12.3.    Emissions to air
BAT 34. In order to reduce channelled dust emissions to air from starch, protein and fibre drying, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
(a)
Bag filter
See Section 14.2.
May not be applicable to the abatement of sticky dust.
(b)
Cyclone
Generally applicable.
(c)
Wet scrubber
Table 27
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from starch, protein and fibre drying
Parameter
Unit
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period)
New plants
Existing plants
Dust
mg/Nm 3
< 2-5  ( 46 )
< 2-10  ( 46 )
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.
13.   BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR SUGAR MANUFACTURING
The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to sugar manufacturing. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
13.1.    Energy efficiency
BAT 35. In order to increase the energy efficiency, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
(a)
Pressing of beet pulp
The beet pulp is pressed to a dry matter content of typically 25-32 wt-%.
Generally applicable.
(b)
Indirect drying (steam drying) of beet pulp
Drying of beet pulp by the use of superheated steam.
May not be applicable to existing plants due to the need for a complete reconstruction of the energy facilities.
(c)
Solar drying of beet pulp
Use of solar energy to dry beet pulp.
May not be applicable due to local climatic conditions and/or lack of space.
(d)
Recycling of hot gases
Recycling of hot gases (e.g. waste gases from the dryer, boiler or combined heat and power plant).
Generally applicable.
(e)
Low-temperature (pre)drying of beet pulp
Direct (pre)drying of beet pulp using drying gas, e.g. air or hot gas.
Table 28
Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption
Specific process
Unit
Specific energy consumption (yearly average)
Sugar beet processing
MWh/tonne of beets
0,15-0,40  ( 47 )
13.2.    Water consumption and waste water discharge
General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. The indicative environmental performance level is presented in the table below.
Table 29
Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge
Specific process
Unit
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average)
Sugar beet processing
m 3 /tonne of beets
0,5-1,0
13.3.    Emissions to air
BAT 36. In order to prevent or reduce channelled dust emissions to air from beet pulp drying, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
(a)
Use of gaseous fuels
See Section 14.2.
May not be applicable due to the constraints associated with the availability of gaseous fuels.
(b)
Cyclone
Generally applicable.
(c)
Wet scrubber
(d)
Indirect drying (steam drying) of beet pulp
See BAT 35b.
May not be applicable to existing plants due to the need for a complete reconstruction of the energy facilities.
(e)
Solar drying of beet pulp
See BAT 35c.
May not be applicable due to local climatic conditions and/or lack of space.
(f)
Low-temperature (pre)drying of beet pulp
See BAT 35e.
Generally applicable.
Table 30
BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled dust emissions to air from beet pulp drying in the case of high-temperature drying (above 500 °C)
Parameter
Unit
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period)
Reference oxygen level (O R )
Reference gas condition
Dust
mg/Nm 3
5-100
16 vol-%
No correction for water content
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.
BAT 37. In order to reduce channelled SO X emissions to air from high-temperature beet pulp drying (above 500 °C), BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique
Description
Applicability
(a)
Use of natural gas
—
May not be applicable due to the constraints associated with the availability of natural gas.
(b)
Wet scrubber
See Section 14.2.
Generally applicable.
(c)
Use of fuels with low sulphur content
—
Only applicable when natural gas is not available.
Table 31
BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled SO X emissions to air from beet pulp drying in the case of high-temperature drying (above 500 °C) when natural gas is not used
Parameter
Unit
BAT-AEL
(average over the sampling period)  ( 48 )
Reference oxygen level (O R )
Reference gas condition
SO X
mg/Nm 3
30-100
16 vol-%
No correction for water content
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.
14.   DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUES
14.1.    Emissions to water
Technique
Description
Activated sludge process
A biological process in which the microorganisms are maintained in suspension in the waste water and the whole mixture is mechanically aerated. The activated sludge mixture is sent to a separation facility from where the sludge is recycled to the aeration tank.
Aerobic lagoon
Shallow earthen basins for the biological treatment of waste water, the content of which is periodically mixed to allow oxygen to enter the liquid through atmospheric diffusion.
Anaerobic contact process
An anaerobic process in which waste water is mixed with recycled sludge and then digested in a sealed reactor. The water/sludge mixture is separated externally.
Precipitation
The conversion of dissolved pollutants into insoluble compounds by adding chemical precipitants. The solid precipitates formed are subsequently separated by sedimentation, air flotation, or filtration. Multivalent metal ions (e.g. calcium, aluminium, iron) are used for phosphorus precipitation.
Coagulation and flocculation
Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate suspended solids from waste water and are often carried out in successive steps. Coagulation is carried out by adding coagulants with charges opposite to those of the suspended solids. Flocculation is carried out by adding polymers, so that collisions of microfloc particles cause them to bond to produce larger flocs.
Equalisation
Balancing of flows and pollutant loads by using tanks or other management techniques.
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal
A combination of aerobic and anaerobic treatment to selectively enrich polyphosphate-accumulating microorganisms in the bacterial community within the activated sludge. These microorganisms take up more phosphorus than is required for normal growth.
Filtration
The separation of solids from waste water by passing it through a porous medium, e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration and ultrafiltration.
Flotation
The separation of solid or liquid particles from waste water by attaching them to fine gas bubbles, usually air. The buoyant particles accumulate at the water surface and are collected with skimmers.
Membrane bioreactor
A combination of activated sludge treatment and membrane filtration. Two variants are used: a) an external recirculation loop between the activated sludge tank and the membrane module; and b) immersion of the membrane module in the aerated activated sludge tank, where the effluent is filtered through a hollow fibre membrane, with the biomass remaining in the tank.
Neutralisation
The adjustment of the pH of waste water to a neutral level (approximately 7) by the addition of chemicals. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) is generally used to increase the pH, whereas sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl) or carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is generally used to decrease the pH. The precipitation of some substances may occur during neutralisation.
Nitrification and/or denitrification
A two-step process that is typically incorporated into biological waste water treatment plants. The first step is the aerobic nitrification where microorganisms oxidise ammonium (NH 4
+ ) to the intermediate nitrite (NO 2
- ), which is then further oxidised to nitrate (NO 3
- ). In the subsequent anoxic denitrification step, microorganisms chemically reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas.
Partial nitritation — Anaerobic ammonium oxidation
A biological process that converts ammonium and nitrite into nitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions. In waste water treatment, anaerobic ammonium oxidation is preceded by a partial nitrification (i.e. nitritation) that converts about half of the ammonium (NH 4
+ ) into nitrite (NO 2
- ).
Phosphorus recovery as struvite
Phosphorus is recovered by precipitation in the form of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate).
Sedimentation
The separation of suspended particles by gravitational settling.
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process
An anaerobic process in which waste water is introduced at the bottom of the reactor from where it flows upward through a sludge blanket composed of biologically formed granules or particles. The waste water phase passes into a settling chamber where the solid content is separated; the gases are collected in domes at the top of the reactor.
14.2.    Emissions to air
Technique
Description
Bag filter
Bag filters, often referred to as fabric filters, are constructed from porous woven or felted fabric through which gases are passed to remove particles. The use of a bag filter requires the selection of a fabric suitable for the characteristics of the waste gas and the maximum operating temperature.
Cyclone
Dust control system based on centrifugal force, whereby heavier particles are separated from the carrier gas.
Non-thermal plasma treatment
Abatement technique based on creating a plasma (i.e. an ionised gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons in proportions resulting in more or less no overall electric charge) in the waste gas by using a strong electrical field. The plasma oxidises organic and inorganic compounds.
Thermal oxidation
The oxidation of combustible gases and odorants in a waste gas stream by heating the mixture of contaminants with air or oxygen to above its auto-ignition point in a combustion chamber and maintaining it at a high temperature long enough to complete its combustion to carbon dioxide and water.
Use of gaseous fuels
Switching from the combustion of a solid fuel (e.g. coal) to the combustion of a gaseous fuel (e.g. natural gas, biogas) that is less harmful in terms of emissions (e.g. low sulphur content, low ash content or better ash quality).
Wet scrubber
The removal of gaseous or particulate pollutants from a gas stream via mass transfer to a liquid solvent, often water or an aqueous solution. It may involve a chemical reaction (e.g. in an acid or alkaline scrubber). In some cases, the compounds may be recovered from the solvent.
( 1 )   Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment ( OJ L 135, 30.5.1991, p. 40 ).
( 2 )   Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants ( OJ L 313, 28.11.2015, p. 1 ).
( 3 )   For any parameter where, due to sampling or analytical limitations, 30-minute sampling/measurement is inappropriate, a more suitable measurement period may be employed.
( 4 )   Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS), repealing Regulation (EC) No 761/2001 and Commission Decisions 2001/681/EC and 2006/193/EC ( OJ L 342, 22.12.2009, p. 1 ).
( 5 )   The monitoring only applies when the substance concerned is identified as relevant in the waste water stream based on the inventory mentioned in BAT 2.
( 6 )   The monitoring only applies in the case of a direct discharge to a receiving water body.
( 7 )   TOC monitoring and COD monitoring are alternatives. TOC monitoring is the preferred option because it does not rely on the use of very toxic compounds.
( 8 )   If the emission levels are proven to be sufficiently stable, a lower monitoring frequency can be adopted but in any case at least once every month.
( 9 )   The measurements are carried out at the highest expected emission state under normal operating conditions.
( 10 )   If the emission levels are proven to be sufficiently stable, a lower monitoring frequency can be adopted but in any case at least once every year.
( 11 )   The measurement is carried out during a campaign of two days.
( 12 )   The monitoring only applies when a thermal oxidiser is used.
( 13 )   Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (OJ L327, 22.12.2000, p. 1).
( 14 )   The descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 14.1.
( 15 )   The BAT-AELs do not apply to emissions from grain milling, green fodder processing, and the production of dry pet food and compound feed.
( 16 )   The BAT-AELs may not apply to the production of citric acid or yeast.
( 17 )   No BAT-AEL applies for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). As an indication, the yearly average BOD 5 level in the effluent from a biological waste water treatment plant will generally be ≤ 20 mg/l.
( 18 )   The BAT-AEL for COD may be replaced by a BAT-AEL for TOC. The correlation between COD and TOC is determined on a case-by-case basis. The BAT-AEL for TOC is the preferred option because TOC monitoring does not rely on the use of very toxic compounds.
( 19 )   The upper end of the range is:
—
125 mg/l for dairies;
—
120 mg/l for fruit and vegetable installations;
—
200 mg/l for oilseed processing and vegetable oil refining installations;
—
185 mg/l for starch production installations;
—
155 mg/l for sugar manufacturing installations;
as daily averages only if the abatement efficiency is ≥ 95 % as a yearly average or as an average over the production period.
( 20 )   The lower end of the range is typically achieved when using filtration (e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration, membrane bioreactor), while the upper end of the range is typically achieved when using sedimentation only.
( 21 )   The upper end of the range is 30 mg/l as a daily average only if the abatement efficiency is ≥ 80 % as a yearly average or as an average over the production period.
( 22 )   The BAT-AEL may not apply when the temperature of the waste water is low (e.g. below 12 °C) for prolonged periods.
( 23 )   The upper end of the range is:
—
4 mg/l for dairies and starch installations producing modified and/or hydrolysed starch;
—
5 mg/l for fruit and vegetable installations;
—
10 mg/l for oilseed processing and vegetable oil refining installations carrying out soap-stock splitting;
as daily averages only if the abatement efficiency is ≥ 95 % as a yearly average or as an average over the production period.
( 24 )   The lower end of the range can be achieved when pelleting is not applied.
( 25 )   The specific energy consumption level may not apply when fish and other aquatic animals are used as raw material.
( 26 )   The upper end of the range is 0,12 MWh/tonne of products for installations located in cold climates and/or when heat treatment is used for Salmonella decontamination.
( 27 )   The specific energy consumption level may not apply when raw materials other than milk are used.
( 28 )   The upper end of the range is 20 mg/Nm 3 for drying of demineralised whey powder, casein and lactose.
( 29 )   The lower end of the range is typically achieved when using thermal oxidation.
( 30 )   The BAT-AEL does not apply when the TVOC emission load is below 500 g/h.
( 31 )   The specific energy consumption level may not apply to the production of potato flakes and powder.
( 32 )   The lower end of the range is typically associated with the production of peeled tomatoes.
( 33 )   The upper end of the range is typically associated with the production of tomato powder or concentrate.
( 34 )   The specific waste water discharge level may not apply to the production of potato flakes and powder.
( 35 )   The specific waste water discharge level may not apply to the production of tomato powder.
( 36 )   The specific energy consumption level does not apply to the production of ready meals and soups.
( 37 )   The upper end of the range may not apply in the case of a high percentage of cooked products.
( 38 )   The specific waste water discharge level does not apply to processes using direct water cooling and to the production of ready meals and soups.
( 39 )   The lower end of the range is typically achieved when using adsorption or thermal oxidation.
( 40 )   The BAT-AEL does not apply when the TVOC emission load is below 500 g/h.
( 41 )   The upper end of the range is 20 mg/Nm 3 for drying and cooling of meal.
( 42 )   The amount of raw materials refers to gross tonnage.
( 43 )   The specific energy consumption level does not apply to the production of polyols.
( 44 )   The amount of raw materials refers to gross tonnage.
( 45 )   The specific waste water discharge level does not apply to the production of polyols.
( 46 )   When a bag filter is not applicable, the upper end of the range is 20 mg/Nm 3 .
( 47 )   The upper end of the range may include the energy consumption of the lime kilns and dryers.
( 48 )   When using exclusively biomass as a fuel, emission levels are expected to be at the lower end of the range.
Schedules & Appendices

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