Penal Code 1871

Sections (524)

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• § 1 — Short title

  1. This Act is the Penal Code 1871.

• § 10 — “Man” and “woman”

  10. The word “man” denotes a male human being of any age; “woman” denotes a female human being of any age.

• § 100 — Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person

  100. If, in the exercise of the right of private defence against an assault which causes the defender to reasonably believe that death would be caused to him or to any other person and the defender is so situated that he cannot effectually exercise that right without risk of harm to an innocent pers

• § 101 — Start and continuance of right of private defence of body

  101.—(1) The right of private defence of the body starts as soon as the defender reasonably believes that there is danger to the body (either his own or that of any other person) arising from any act which is an offence against the human body or an attempt or a threat to commit the offence, though t

• § 102 — When right of private defence of body extends to causing death

  102. The right of private defence of the body extends, under the restrictions mentioned in sections 98 and 106A, to the voluntary causing of death to the assailant, if the offence which gives rise to the exercise of the right is of any of the following descriptions:(a) an assault where the defender

• § 103 — When such right extends to causing any harm other than death

  103. If the offence is not of any of the descriptions mentioned in section 102, the right of private defence of the body does not extend to the voluntary causing of death to the assailant, but does extend, under the restrictions mentioned in sections 98 and 106A, to the voluntary causing to the assa

• § 104 — Commencement and continuance of right of private defence of property

  104.—(1) The right of private defence of property starts when the defender reasonably believes that there was a danger to property (either his own or that of any other person) arising from any act which is an offence falling under the definition of theft, robbery, mischief or criminal trespass, or w

• § 105 — When right of private defence of property extends to causing death

  105.—(1) The right of private defence of property extends, under the restrictions mentioned in sections 98 and 106A, to the voluntary causing of death to the wrongdoer when the defender reasonably believes that there was a danger to property (either his own or that of any other person) arising from

• § 106 — When such right extends to causing any harm other than death

  106. If the offence, the committing or the attempt to commit of which occasions the exercise of the right of private defence, is theft, mischief, or criminal trespass, not of any of the descriptions mentioned in section 105, that right does not extend to the voluntary causing of death, but does exte

• § 106A — Acts against which there is no right of private defence

  106A.—(1) There is no right of private defence against an act which does not cause the defender to reasonably believe that death or grievous hurt would result, if done, or attempted to be done, by a public servant acting in good faith under the actual or apparent authority of his office, though that

• § 107 — Abetment of the doing of a thing

  107.—(1) A person abets the doing of a thing who —(a) instigates any person to do that thing; (b) engages with one or more other person or persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing, if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that conspiracy, and in order to the doing of t

• § 108 — Abettor

  108. A person abets an offence who abets either the commission of an offence, or the commission of an act which would be an offence, if committed by a person capable by law of committing an offence with the same intention or knowledge as that of the abettor. Explanation 1.—The abetment of the illega

• § 108A — Abetment in Singapore of an offence outside Singapore

  108A. A person abets an offence within the meaning of this Code who, in Singapore, abets the commission of any act without and beyond Singapore which would constitute an offence if committed in Singapore.Illustration A, in Singapore, instigates B, a foreigner in Java, to commit murder in Java. A is

• § 108B — Abetment outside Singapore of an offence in Singapore

  108B. A person abets an offence within the meaning of this Code who abets an offence committed in Singapore notwithstanding that any or all of the acts constituting the abetment were done outside Singapore.

• § 109 — Punishment of abetment if the act abetted is committed in consequence, and where no express provision is made for its punishment

  109. Whoever abets any offence shall, if the act abetted is committed in consequence of the abetment, and no express provision is made by this Code for the punishment of such abetment, be punished with the punishment provided for the offence. Explanation.—An act or offence is said to be committed in

• § 11 — “Person”

  11. The word “person” includes any company or association or body of persons, whether incorporated or not.

• § 110 — Punishment of abetment if the person abetted does the act with a different intention from that of the abettor

  110. Whoever abets the commission of an offence shall, if the person abetted does the act with a different intention or knowledge from that of the abettor, be punished with the punishment provided for the offence which would have been committed if the act had been done with the intention or knowledg

• § 111 — Liability of abettor when one act is abetted and a different act is done

  111. When an act is abetted and a different act is done, the abettor is liable for the act done, in the same manner, and to the same extent, as if he had directly abetted it:Provided the act done was a probable consequence of the abetment, and was committed under the influence of the instigation, or

• § 112 — Abettor, when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done

  112. If the act for which the abettor is liable under section 111 is committed in addition to the act abetted, and constitutes a distinct offence, the abettor is liable to punishment for each of the offences.Illustration A instigates B to resist by force a distress made by a public servant. B, in c

• § 113 — Liability of abettor for an offence caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor

  113. When an act is abetted with the intention on the part of the abettor of causing a particular effect, and an act for which the abettor is liable in consequence of the abetment causes a different effect from that intended by the abettor, the abettor is liable for the effect caused, in the same ma

• § 114 — Abettor present when offence committed

  114. Whenever any person who, if absent, would be liable to be punished as an abettor, is present when the act or offence for which he would be punishable in consequence of the abetment is committed, he shall be deemed to have committed such act or offence.

• § 115 — Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life

  115. Whoever abets the commission of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, shall, if that offence is not committed in consequence of the abetment, and no express provision is made by this Code or by any other written law for the punishment of such abetment, be punished with impr

• § 116 — Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment

  116.—(1) Whoever abets an offence punishable with imprisonment shall, if that offence is not committed in consequence of the abetment, and no express provision is made by this Code or any other written law for the punishment of such abetment, be punished in the same manner as if the abettor had comm

• § 117 — Abetting the commission of an offence by the public or by more than 10 persons

  117. Whoever abets the commission of an offence by the public generally, or by any number or class of persons exceeding 10, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both.Illustration A, an employee at a worksite, affixes a placard at the work

• § 118 — Concealing a design to commit an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life

  118. Whoever, intending to facilitate, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby facilitate, the commission of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, voluntarily conceals, by any act or illegal omission, the existence of a design to commit such offence, or makes any represe

• § 119 — A public servant concealing a design to commit an offence which it is his duty to prevent

  119. Whoever, being a public servant, intending to facilitate, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby facilitate, the commission of an offence, the commission of which it is his duty as such public servant to prevent, voluntarily conceals, by any act or illegal omission, the existence of a

• § 12 — “Public”

  12. The word “public” includes any class of the public or any community.

• § 120 — Concealing a design to commit an offence punishable with imprisonment

  120. Whoever, intending to facilitate, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby facilitate, the commission of an offence punishable with imprisonment, voluntarily conceals, by any act or illegal omission, the existence of a design to commit such offence, or makes any representation which he k

• § 120A — Definition of criminal conspiracy

  120A.—(1) When a person agrees with another person to commit an offence or cause an offence to be committed, such an agreement is designated a criminal conspiracy.[15/2019] (2) A person may be a party to a criminal conspiracy despite the existence of facts of which he is unaware which make the commi

• § 120B — Punishment of criminal conspiracy

  120B. Whoever is a party to a criminal conspiracy shall, where no express provision is made in this Code for the punishment of such a conspiracy, be punished in the same manner as if he had abetted the offence that is the subject of the conspiracy.[15/2019]

• § 121 — Waging or attempting to wage war or abetting the waging of war against the Government

  121. Whoever wages war against the Government, or attempts to wage such war, or abets the waging of such war, shall be punished with death, or with imprisonment for life.Illustration A joins an insurrection against the Government. A has committed the offence defined in this section. [15/2019]

• § 121A — Offences against the President’s person

  121A. Whoever plans the death of or hurt to or unlawful imprisonment or restraint of the President, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or for a term which may extend to 20 years and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine.[15/2019]

• § 121B — Offences against authority

  121B. Whoever plans the unlawful deprivation or deposition of the President from the sovereignty of Singapore, or the overawing by criminal force of the Government, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or for a term which may extend to 20 years and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonme

• § 121C — Abetting offences under section 121A or 121B

  121C. Whoever abets the commission of any of the offences punishable by section 121A or 121B shall be punished with the punishment provided for those offences.

• § 121D — Intentional omission to give information of offences against section 121, 121A, 121B or 121C by a person bound to inform

  121D. Whoever knowing or having reason to believe that any offence punishable under section 121, 121A, 121B or 121C has been committed intentionally omits to give any information respecting that offence which he is legally bound to give, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may exten

• § 122 — Collecting arms, etc., with the intention of waging war against the Government

  122. Whoever collects men, arms or ammunition or otherwise prepares to wage war, with the intention of either waging or being prepared to wage war against the Government, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 20 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced

• § 123 — Concealing with intent to facilitate a design to wage war

  123. Whoever by any act, or by any illegal omission, conceals the existence of a design to wage war against the Government, intending by such concealment to facilitate, or knowing it to be likely that such concealment will facilitate, the waging of such war, shall be punished with imprisonment for a

• § 124 — Assaulting President, etc., with intent to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power

  124. Whoever, with the intention of inducing or compelling the President or a Member of Parliament or the Cabinet, to exercise or refrain from exercising in any manner any of the lawful powers of the President, or such Member, assaults or wrongfully restrains, or attempts wrongfully to restrain, or

• § 125 — Waging war against any power in alliance or at peace with Singapore

  125. Whoever wages war against the government of any power in alliance or at peace with the Government, or attempts to wage such war, or abets the waging of such war, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, to which fine may be adde

• § 126 — Committing depredation on the territories of any power in alliance or at peace with Singapore

  126. Whoever commits depredation, or makes preparations to commit depredation, on the territories of any power in alliance or at peace with the Government, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine, and any property used, or intende

• § 127 — Receiving property taken by war or depredation mentioned in sections 125 and 126

  127. Whoever receives any property knowing the same to have been taken in the commission of any of the offences mentioned in sections 125 and 126, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine, and the property so received shall be forfe

• § 128 — Public servant voluntarily allowing prisoner of State or war in his custody to escape

  128. Whoever, being a public servant, and having the custody of any prisoner of State or prisoner of war, voluntarily allows such prisoner to escape from any place in which such prisoner is confined, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 year

• § 129 — Public servant negligently suffering prisoner of State or war in his custody to escape

  129. Whoever, being a public servant, and having the custody of any prisoner of State or prisoner of war, negligently suffers such prisoner to escape from any place of confinement in which such prisoner is confined, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shal

• § 130 — Aiding escape of, rescuing, or harbouring such prisoner

  130. Whoever knowingly aids or assists any prisoner of State or prisoner of war in escaping from lawful custody or rescues or attempts to rescue any such prisoner, or harbours or conceals any such prisoner who has escaped from lawful custody, or offers or attempts to offer any resistance to the reca

• § 130A — “Harbour”

  130A. In this Chapter, “harbour” includes the supplying a person with shelter, food, drink, money, clothes, arms, ammunition, or means of conveyance, or the assisting a person in any way to evade apprehension.

• § 130B — Piracy by law of nations. Cf. 12 and 13 Victoria c. 96 (Admiralty Offences (Colonial) Act 1849)

  130B.—(1) A person commits piracy who does any act that, by the law of nations, is piracy.(2) Whoever commits piracy shall be punished with imprisonment for life and with caning with not less than 12 strokes, but if while committing or attempting to commit piracy he murders or attempts to murder ano

• § 130C — Piratical acts

  130C. Whoever, while in or out of Singapore —(a) steals a Singapore ship; (b) steals or without lawful authority throws overboard, damages or destroys anything that is part of the cargo, supplies or fittings in a Singapore ship; (c) does or attempts to do a mutinous act on a Singapore ship; or (d

• § 130D — Genocide

  130D. A person commits genocide who, with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, an ethnical, a racial or a religious group, commits any of the following acts:(a) killing members of the group; (b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) deliberately inflicti

• § 130E — Punishment for genocide

  130E. Whoever commits genocide shall —(a) if the offence consists of the killing of any person, be punished with death; or (b) in any other case, be punished with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years.

• § 131 — Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce an officer or a serviceman from his duty

  131. Whoever abets the committing of mutiny by an officer or any serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore or attempts to seduce any such officer or serviceman from his allegiance or his duty, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with i

• § 132 — Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny is committed in consequence thereof

  132. Whoever abets the committing of mutiny by an officer or any serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore shall, if mutiny be committed in consequence of that abetment, be punished with death or with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for

• § 133 — Abetment of an assault by an officer or a serviceman on his superior officer, when in the execution of his office

  133. Whoever abets an assault by an officer or any serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore, on any superior officer being in the execution of his office, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, and shall also b

• § 134 — Abetment of such assault, if the assault is committed

  134. Whoever abets an assault by an officer or any serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore, on any superior officer being in the execution of his office, shall, if such assault be committed in consequence of that abetment, be punished with impris

• § 135 — Abetment of the desertion of an officer or a serviceman

  135. Whoever abets the desertion of any officer or any serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 136 — Harbouring a deserter

  136. Whoever knowing or having reason to believe that an officer or a serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore has deserted, harbours such officer or serviceman with the intention of preventing the officer or serviceman from being apprehended, sha

• § 137 — Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master

  137. The master or person in charge of a merchant vessel, on board of which any deserter from the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore is concealed, shall, though ignorant of such concealment, be punished with a fine not exceeding $1,500, if he might have known

• § 138 — Abetment of act of insubordination by an officer or a serviceman

  138. Whoever abets what he knows to be an act of insubordination by an officer or any serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore, shall, if such act of insubordination be committed in consequence of that abetment, be punished with imprisonment for a

• § 139 — Saving

  139. Where provision is made in any law relating to the discipline of the Singapore Armed Forces for the punishment of an offence corresponding to an offence defined in this Chapter, no person who is subject to such provision shall be subject to punishment under this Code for the offence defined in

• § 140 — Wearing the dress of a serviceman

  140. Whoever, not being a serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore, wears any garb or carries any token resembling any garb or token used by such a serviceman, with the intention that it may be believed that he is such a serviceman, shall be punis

• § 140A — “Harbour”

  140A. In this Chapter, “harbour” includes the supplying a person with shelter, food, drink, money, clothes, arms, ammunition, or means of conveyance, or the assisting a person in any way to evade apprehension.

• § 140B — Application of Chapter 7 to Singapore Police Force

  140B. The provisions of this Chapter relating to offences committed in relation to members of the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore shall apply, with the necessary modifications, to similar acts committed in relation to members of the Singapore Police Force

• § 141 — Unlawful assembly

  141. An assembly of 5 or more persons is designated an “unlawful assembly”, if the common object of the persons composing that assembly is —(a) to overawe by criminal force, or show of criminal force, the Legislative or Executive Government, or any public servant in the exercise of the lawful power

• § 142 — Being a member of an unlawful assembly

  142. Whoever, being aware of facts which render any assembly an unlawful assembly, intentionally joins that assembly, or continues in it, is said to be a member of an unlawful assembly.

• § 143 — Punishment

  143. Whoever is a member of an unlawful assembly, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 144 — Joining an unlawful assembly armed with any deadly weapon

  144. Whoever, being armed with any deadly weapon, or with anything which, used as a weapon of offence, is likely to cause death, is a member of an unlawful assembly shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination of su

• § 145 — Joining or continuing in an unlawful assembly, knowing that it has been commanded to disperse

  145. Whoever joins or continues in an unlawful assembly, knowing that such unlawful assembly has been commanded in the manner prescribed by law to disperse, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 146 — Force used by one member in prosecution of common object

  146. Whenever force or violence is used by an unlawful assembly or by any member thereof, in prosecution of the common object of such assembly, every member of such assembly is guilty of the offence of rioting.

• § 147 — Punishment for rioting

  147. Whoever is guilty of rioting shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years and shall also be liable to caning.

• § 148 — Rioting, armed with a deadly weapon

  148. Whoever is guilty of rioting, being armed with a deadly weapon, or with anything which, used as a weapon of offence, is likely to cause death, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years and shall also be liable to caning.Illustration The last section is subject

• § 149 — Every member of an unlawful assembly to be deemed guilty of any offence committed in prosecution of common object

  149. If an offence is committed by any member of an unlawful assembly in prosecution of the common object of that assembly, or such as the members of that assembly knew to be likely to be committed in prosecution of that object, every person who, at the time of the committing of that offence, is a m

• § 150 — Hiring, or conniving at hiring, of persons to join an unlawful assembly

  150. Whoever hires, or engages, or employs, or promotes or connives at the hiring, engagement, or employment of any person to join or become a member of any unlawful assembly shall be punishable as a member of such unlawful assembly, and for any offence which may be committed by any such person as a

• § 151 — Knowingly joining or continuing in any assembly of 5 or more persons after it has been commanded to disperse

  151. Whoever knowingly joins or continues in any assembly of 5 or more persons likely to cause a disturbance of the public peace, after such assembly has been lawfully commanded to disperse, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. Expla

• § 152 — Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc.

  152. Whoever assaults or threatens to assault, or obstructs or attempts to obstruct, any public servant in the discharge of his duty as such public servant in endeavouring to disperse an unlawful assembly or to suppress a riot or an affray, or uses, or threatens or attempts to use, criminal force to

• § 153 — Intentionally or rashly giving provocation, with intent to cause riot

  153. Whoever intentionally or rashly, by doing anything which is illegal, gives provocation to any person, intending or knowing it to be likely that such provocation will cause the offence of rioting to be committed, shall, if the offence of rioting is committed in consequence of such provocation, b

• § 154 — Owner or occupier of land on which an unlawful assembly is held

  154. Whenever any unlawful assembly or riot takes place, the owner or occupier of the land upon which such unlawful assembly is held or such riot is committed, and any person having or claiming an interest in such land, shall be punishable with fine not exceeding $5,000, if he or his agent or manage

• § 155 — Liability of person for whose benefit a riot is committed

  155. Whenever a riot is committed for the benefit or on behalf of any person who is the owner or occupier of any land respecting which such riot takes place, or who claims any interest in such land, or in the subject of any dispute which gave rise to the riot, or who has accepted or derived any bene

• § 156 — Liability of agent of owner or occupier for whose benefit a riot is committed

  156. Whenever a riot is committed for the benefit or on behalf of any person who is the owner or occupier of any land respecting which such riot takes place, or who claims any interest in such land, or in the subject of any dispute which gave rise to the riot, or who has accepted or derived any bene

• § 157 — Harbouring persons hired for an unlawful assembly

  157. Whoever harbours, receives or assembles in any house or premises in his occupation or charge, or under his control, any persons, knowing that such persons have been hired, engaged or employed, or are about to be hired, engaged or employed, to join or become members of an unlawful assembly, with

• § 158 — Being hired to take part in an unlawful assembly or riot

  158. Whoever is engaged or hired, or offers or attempts to be hired or engaged, to do or assist in doing any of the acts specified in section 141, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both; and whoever, being so engaged or hired as aforesa

• § 161 — Public servant taking a gratification, other than legal remuneration, in respect of an official act

  161. Whoever, being or expecting to be a public servant, accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, from any person, for himself or for any other person, any gratification whatever, other than legal remuneration, as a motive or reward for doing or forbearing to do any official ac

• § 162 — Taking a gratification in order, by corrupt or illegal means, to influence a public servant

  162. Whoever accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, from any person, for himself or for any other person, any gratification whatever, as a motive or reward for inducing, by corrupt or illegal means, any public servant to do or to forbear to do any official act, or in the exer

• § 163 — Taking a gratification, for the exercise of personal influence with a public servant

  163. Whoever accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, from any person, for himself or for any other person, any gratification whatever, as a motive or reward for inducing, by the exercise of personal influence, any public servant to do or to forbear to do any official act, or i

• § 164 — Punishment for abetment by public servant of the offences above defined

  164. Whoever, being a public servant, in respect of whom either of the offences defined in sections 162 and 163 is committed, abets the offence, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.Illustration A is a public servant. B, A’s wife, re

• § 165 — Public servant obtaining any valuable thing, without consideration, from person concerned in any proceeding or business transacted by such public servant

  165. Whoever, being a public servant, accepts or obtains, or agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, for himself or for any other person, any valuable thing, without consideration, or for a consideration which he knows to be inadequate, from any person whom he knows to have been, or to be, or to be

• § 166 — Public servant disobeying a direction of the law, with intent to cause injury to any person

  166. Whoever, being a public servant, knowingly disobeys any direction of the law as to the way in which he is to conduct himself as such public servant, intending to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will, by such disobedience, cause injury to any person, shall be punished with imprisonment

• § 167 — Public servant framing an incorrect document or electronic record with intent to cause injury

  167. Whoever, being a public servant, and being, as such public servant, charged with the preparation or translation of any document or electronic record, frames or translates that document or electronic record in a manner which he knows or believes to be incorrect, intending thereby to cause, or kn

• § 168 — Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade

  168. Whoever, being a public servant, and being legally bound as such public servant not to engage in trade, engages in trade, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.

• § 169 — Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property

  169. Whoever, being a public servant, and being legally bound as such public servant not to purchase or bid for certain property, purchases or bids for that property, either in his own name or in the name of another, or jointly or in shares with others, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term

• § 17 — “Government”

  17. The word “Government” includes any person lawfully performing executive functions of the Government under any law.

• § 170 — Personating a public servant

  170. Whoever pretends to hold any particular office as a public servant, knowing that he does not hold such office, or falsely personates any other person holding such office, and in such assumed character does or attempts to do any act under colour of such office, shall be punished with imprisonmen

• § 171 — Wearing garb or carrying token used by public servant, with fraudulent intent

  171. Whoever, not belonging to a certain class of public servants, wears any garb or carries any token resembling any garb or token used by that class of public servants, with the intention that it may be believed, or with the knowledge that it is likely to be believed, that he belongs to that class

• § 172 — Absconding to avoid arrest on warrant or service of summons, etc., proceeding from a public servant

  172. Whoever absconds in order to avoid being arrested on a warrant, or to avoid being served with a summons, a notice, or an order proceeding from any public servant, legally competent, as such public servant, to issue such warrant, summons, notice or order, shall be punished with imprisonment for

• § 173 — Preventing service of summons, etc., or preventing publication thereof

  173.—(1) A person who in any manner —(a) intentionally prevents the serving on himself, or on any other person, of any summons, notice or order, proceeding from any public servant legally competent, as such public servant, to issue such summons, notice or order; (b) intentionally prevents the lawfu

• § 174 — Failure to attend in obedience to order from public servant

  174.—(1) A person who, being legally bound to attend in person or by an agent at a certain place and time in obedience to a summons, a notice, an order or a proclamation, proceeding from any public servant legally competent, as such public servant, to issue the same, intentionally omits to attend at

• § 175 — Omission to produce document or electronic record to public servant by person legally bound to produce such document or electronic record

  175. A person who, being legally bound to produce or deliver up any document or electronic record to any public servant, as such, intentionally omits so to produce or deliver up the same, shall —(a) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month,

• § 176 — Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give such notice or information

  176.—(1) A person who, being legally bound to give any notice or to furnish information on any subject to any public servant, as such, intentionally omits to give such notice or to furnish such information in the manner and at the time required by law, shall —(a) in the case of an individual, be pun

• § 177 — Furnishing false information

  177.—(1) A person who, being legally bound to furnish information on any subject to any public servant, as such, furnishes, as true, information on the subject which the person knows or has reason to believe to be false, shall —(a) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a te

• § 178 — Refusing oath when duly required to take oath by a public servant

  178. Whoever refuses to bind himself by an oath to state the truth, when required so to bind himself by a public servant legally competent to require that he shall so bind himself, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, o

• § 179 — Refusing to answer public servant authorised to question

  179. A person who, being legally bound to state the truth on any subject to any public servant, refuses to answer any question demanded of the person touching that subject by that public servant, in the exercise of the legal powers of such public servant, shall —(a) in the case of an individual, be

• § 180 — Refusing to sign statement

  180. Whoever refuses to sign any statement made by him, when required to sign that statement by a public servant legally competent to require that he shall sign that statement, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 months, or with fine which may extend to $2,500, or wi

• § 181 — False statement on oath to public servant or person authorised to administer an oath

  181. Whoever, being legally bound by an oath to state the truth on any subject to any public servant or other person authorised by law to administer such oaths, makes to such public servant or other person as aforesaid, touching that subject, any statement which is false, and which he either knows o

• § 182 — False information, with intent to cause a public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person

  182. Whoever gives to any public servant any information which he knows or believes to be false, intending thereby to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby cause, such public servant to use the lawful power of such public servant to the injury or annoyance of any person, or to do or

• § 183 — Resistance to taking of property by lawful authority of public servant

  183. A person who offers any resistance to the taking of any property by the lawful authority of any public servant, knowing or having reason to believe that the person is such public servant, shall —(a) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 mon

• § 184 — Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant

  184. A person who intentionally obstructs any sale of property offered for sale by the lawful authority of any public servant as such, shall —(a) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with bot

• § 185 — Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servant

  185. A person who, at any sale of property held by the lawful authority of a public servant as such, purchases or bids for any property on account of the person or another person, whom the person knows to be under a legal incapacity to purchase that property at that sale, or bids for such property n

• § 186 — Obstructing public servant in discharge of his public functions

  186.—(1) A person who voluntarily obstructs any public servant in the discharge of the public servant’s public functions, shall —(a) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $2,500, or with both; or[Act 23 o

• § 187 — Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance

  187.—(1) A person who, being bound by law to render or furnish assistance to any public servant in the execution of the public servant’s public duty, intentionally omits to give such assistance, shall —(a) in the case of an individual, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one

• § 188 — Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant

  188.—(1) A person who, knowing that by an order promulgated by a public servant lawfully empowered to promulgate such order the person is directed to abstain from a certain act, or to take certain order with certain property in the person’s possession or under the person’s management, disobeys such

• § 189 — Threat of injury to a public servant

  189. Whoever holds out any threat of injury to any public servant, or to any person in whom he believes that public servant to be interested, for the purpose of inducing that public servant to do any act, or to forbear or delay to do any act, connected with the exercise of the public functions of su

• § 19 — “Judge”

  19. The word “judge” denotes not only every person who is officially designated as a judge, but also every person who is empowered by law to give, in any legal proceeding, civil or criminal, a definitive judgment, or a judgment which, if not appealed against, would be definitive, or a judgment which

• § 190 — Threat of injury to induce any person to refrain from applying for protection to a public servant

  190. Whoever holds out any threat of injury to any person for the purpose of inducing that person to refrain or desist from making a legal application, for protection against any injury, to any public servant legally empowered as such to give such protection or to cause such protection to be given,

• § 191 — Giving false evidence

  191. Whoever, being legally bound by an oath, or by any express provision of law to state the truth, or being bound by law to make a declaration upon any subject, makes any statement which is false, and which he either knows or believes to be false, or does not believe to be true, is said to give fa

• § 192 — Fabricating false evidence

  192. Whoever causes any circumstance to exist, or makes any false entry in any book or record or electronic record, or makes any document or electronic record containing a false statement, intending that such circumstance, false entry, or false statement may appear in evidence in a judicial proceedi

• § 193 — Punishment for false evidence

  193. Whoever intentionally gives false evidence in any stage of a judicial proceeding, or fabricates false evidence for the purpose of being used in any stage of a judicial proceeding, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine; and w

• § 194 — Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of a capital offence

  194. Whoever gives or fabricates false evidence, intending thereby to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby cause, any person to be convicted of an offence which is capital by this Code, or under any other law for the time being in force, shall be punished with imprisonment for life

• § 195 — Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of an offence punishable with imprisonment

  195.—(1) Whoever gives or fabricates false evidence, intending thereby to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby cause, any person to be convicted of an offence which by this Code or under any other law for the time being in force is not capital, but punishable with imprisonment for

• § 196 — Using evidence known to be false

  196. Whoever corruptly uses or attempts to use as true or genuine evidence any evidence which he knows to be false or fabricated, shall be punished in the same manner as if he gave or fabricated false evidence.

• § 197 — Issuing or signing a false certificate

  197. Whoever issues or signs any certificate required by law to be given or signed, or relating to any fact of which such certificate is by law admissible in evidence, knowing or believing that such certificate is false in any material point, shall be punished in the same manner as if he gave false

• § 198 — Using as a true certificate one known to be false in a material point

  198. Whoever corruptly uses or attempts to use any such certificate as a true certificate, knowing the same to be false in any material point, shall be punished in the same manner as if he gave false evidence.

• § 199 — False statement made in any declaration which is by law receivable as evidence

  199. Whoever, in any declaration made or subscribed by him, which declaration any court of justice, or any public servant or other person, is bound or authorised by law to receive as evidence of any fact, makes any statement which is false, and which he either knows or believes to be false or does n

• § 2 — Punishment of offences committed within Singapore

  2. Every person shall be liable to punishment under this Code and not otherwise for every act or omission contrary to the provisions thereof, of which he is guilty within Singapore.

• § 20 — “Court of justice”

  20. The words “court of justice” denote a judge who is empowered by law to act judicially alone, or a body of judges which is empowered by law to act judicially as a body, when such judge or body of judges is acting judicially.

• § 200 — Using as true any such declaration known to be false

  200. Whoever corruptly uses or attempts to use as true any such declaration knowing the same to be false in any material point, shall be punished in the same manner as if he gave false evidence. Explanation.—A declaration which is inadmissible merely upon the ground of some informality, is a declara

• § 201 — Causing disappearance of evidence of an offence committed, or giving false information touching it, to screen the offender

  201. Whoever, knowing or having reason to believe that an offence has been committed, causes any evidence of the commission of that offence to disappear with the intention of screening the offender from legal punishment, or with that intention gives any information respecting the offence which he kn

• § 202 — Intentional omission to give information of an offence, by person bound to inform

  202. Whoever, knowing or having reason to believe that an offence has been committed, intentionally omits to give any information respecting that offence which he is legally bound to give, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine, or with both.

• § 203 — Giving false information respecting an offence committed

  203. Whoever, knowing or having reason to believe that an offence has been committed, gives any information respecting that offence which he knows or believes to be false, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. Explanations.—In section

• § 204 — Destruction of document or electronic record to prevent its production as evidence

  204. Whoever secretes or destroys any document or electronic record which he may be lawfully compelled to produce as evidence before a court of justice, or in any proceeding lawfully held before a public servant as such, or obliterates or renders illegible the whole or any part of such document or e

• § 204A — Obstructing, preventing, perverting or defeating course of justice

  204A. Whoever does an act that has a tendency to obstruct, prevent, pervert or defeat the course of justice —(a) knowing that the act is likely to obstruct, prevent, pervert or defeat the course of justice; or (b) intending to obstruct, prevent, pervert or defeat the course of justice, shall be gu

• § 204B — Bribery of witnesses

  204B.—(1) Whoever —(a) gives, confers, or procures, promises or offers to give, confer, or procure or attempts to procure, any gratification to, upon, or for any person, upon any agreement or understanding that any person who is aware of any offence (being an offence which any person is legally boun

• § 205 — False personation for the purpose of any act or proceeding in a suit

  205. Whoever falsely personates another, and in such assumed character makes any admission or statement, or confesses judgment, or causes any process to be issued, or becomes bail or security, or does any other act in any suit or criminal prosecution, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term w

• § 206 — Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as a forfeiture, in execution of a decree or under or pursuant to an enforcement order

  206. Whoever fraudulently removes, conceals, transfers, or delivers to any person any property or any interest therein, intending thereby to prevent that property or interest therein from being taken as a forfeiture or in satisfaction of a fine, under a sentence which has been pronounced, or which h

• § 207 — Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as a forfeiture, in execution of a decree or under or pursuant to an enforcement order

  207. Whoever fraudulently accepts, receives or claims any property or any interest therein, knowing that he has no right or rightful claim to such property or interest, or practises any deception touching any right to any property or any interest therein, intending thereby to prevent that property o

• § 208 — Fraudulently suffering a decree for a sum not due

  208. Whoever fraudulently causes or suffers a decree or an order to be passed against him at the suit of any person for a sum not due, or for a larger sum than is due to such person, or for any property or interest in property to which such person is not entitled, or fraudulently causes or suffers a

• § 21 — “Public servant”

  21.—(1) The words “public servant” denote a person falling under any of the following descriptions:(a) every officer in the Singapore Armed Forces; (b) every judge; (c) every officer of a court of justice whose duty it is, as such officer, to investigate or report on any matter of law or fact, or

• § 210 — Fraudulently obtaining a decree for a sum not due

  210. Whoever fraudulently obtains a decree or an order against any person for a sum not due, or for a larger sum than is due, or for any property or interest in property to which he is not entitled, or fraudulently causes a decree or an order to be executed or enforced against any person after it ha

• § 211 — False charge of offence made with intent to injure

  211. Whoever, with intent to cause injury to any person, institutes or causes to be instituted any criminal proceeding against that person, or falsely charges any person with having committed an offence, knowing that there is no just or lawful ground for such proceeding or charge against that person

• § 212 — Harbouring an offender

  212.—(1) Whenever an offence has been committed, whoever harbours or conceals a person whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the offender, with the intention of screening him from legal punishment, shall —(a) if the offence is punishable with death, be punished with imprisonment for a term wh

• § 213 — Taking gifts, etc., to screen an offender from punishment

  213. Whoever accepts, or agrees to accept, or attempts to obtain any gratification for himself or any other person, or any restitution of property to himself or any other person, in consideration of his concealing an offence, or of his screening any person from legal punishment for any offence, or o

• § 214 — Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender

  214. Whoever gives or causes, or offers or agrees to give or cause, any gratification to any person, or to restore or cause the restoration of any property to any person, in consideration of that person’s concealing an offence, or of his screening any person from legal punishment for any offence, or

• § 215 — Taking gift to help to recover stolen property, etc.

  215. Whoever takes, or agrees or consents to take, any gratification for himself or any other person under pretence or on account of helping any person to recover any movable property of which he has been deprived by any offence punishable under this Code, shall, unless he uses all means in his powe

• § 216 — Harbouring an offender who has escaped from custody, or whose apprehension has been ordered

  216.—(1) Whenever any person convicted of, or charged with an offence, being in lawful custody for that offence, escapes from such custody, or whenever a public servant, in the exercise of the lawful powers of such public servant, orders a certain person to be apprehended for an offence, whoever, kn

• § 216A — Harbouring robbers or gang-robbers, etc.

  216A. Whoever, knowing or having reason to believe that any persons are about to commit or have recently committed robbery or gang‑robbery, harbours them or any of them with the intention of facilitating the commission of such robbery or gang‑robbery or of screening them or any of them from punishme

• § 216B — “Harbour”

  216B. In sections 212, 216 and 216A, “harbour” includes the supplying a person with shelter, food, drink, money, clothes, arms, ammunition, or means of conveyance, or the assisting a person in any way to evade apprehension.

• § 217 — Public servant disobeying a direction of law with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture

  217. Whoever, being a public servant, knowingly disobeys any direction of the law as to the way in which he is to conduct himself as such public servant, intending thereby to save, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby save, any person from legal punishment, or subject him to a lesser puni

• § 218 — Public servant framing an incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment, or property from forfeiture

  218. Whoever, being a public servant, and being, as such public servant, charged with the preparation of any record or other writing, frames that record or writing in a manner which he knows to be incorrect, with intent to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby cause, loss or injury

• § 219 — Public servant in a judicial proceeding making an order, etc., which he knows to be contrary to law

  219. Whoever, being a public servant, corruptly or with intent to cause injury to any person, makes or pronounces in any stage of a judicial proceeding, any report, order, verdict or decision which he knows to be contrary to law, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 y

• § 22 — “Property”

  22. In this Code —“immovable property” means land, benefits to arise out of land and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth; “movable property” includes property of every description, except immovable property; “property” means money and all other pr

• § 220 — Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows he is acting contrary to law

  220.—(1) Whoever, being in an office that gives him legal authority to commit persons for trial or to confinement, or to keep persons in confinement —(a) corruptly or with intent to cause injury to any person, commits the person or any other person for trial or to confinement, or keeps the person or

• § 221 — Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of a public servant bound by law to apprehend

  221. Whoever, being a public servant, legally bound as such public servant to apprehend or to keep in confinement any person charged with or liable to be apprehended for an offence, intentionally omits to apprehend such person, or intentionally suffers such person to escape, or intentionally aids su

• § 222 — Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of a public servant bound by law to apprehend person under sentence of a court of justice

  222. Whoever, being a public servant, legally bound as such public servant to apprehend or to keep in confinement any person under sentence of a court of justice for any offence, or lawfully committed to custody, intentionally omits to apprehend such person, or intentionally suffers such person to e

• § 223 — Escape from confinement negligently suffered by a public servant

  223. Whoever, being a public servant, legally bound as such public servant to keep in confinement any person charged with or convicted of any offence, or lawfully committed to custody, negligently suffers such person to escape from confinement, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which ma

• § 224 — Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension

  224. Whoever intentionally offers any resistance or illegal obstruction to the lawful apprehension of himself for any offence with which he is charged, or of which he has been convicted, or escapes or attempts to escape from any custody in which he is lawfully detained for any such offence, shall be

• § 225 — Resistance or obstruction to the lawful apprehension of another person

  225. Whoever intentionally offers any resistance or illegal obstruction to the lawful apprehension of any other person for an offence, or rescues or attempts to rescue any other person from any custody in which that person is lawfully detained for an offence —(a) shall be punished with imprisonment

• § 225A — Public servant omitting to apprehend or suffering other persons to escape in cases not already provided for

  225A. Whoever, being a public servant, legally bound as such public servant to apprehend or to keep in confinement any person in any case not provided for in section 221, 222 or 223, or in any other law for the time being in force, omits to apprehend that person, or suffers him to escape from confin

• § 225B — Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension, or escape, or rescue, in cases not otherwise provided for

  225B. Whoever, in any case not provided for in section 224 or 225, or in any other law for the time being in force, intentionally offers any resistance or illegal obstruction to the lawful apprehension of himself or of any other person, or escapes or attempts to escape from any custody in which he i

• § 225C — Offences against laws of Singapore where no special punishment is provided

  225C. Whoever does anything which by any law in force in Singapore he is prohibited from doing, or omits to do anything which he is so enjoined to do, shall, when no special punishment is provided by the law for such commission or omission, be punished with fine not exceeding $2,000.

• § 228 — Intentional insult or interruption to a public servant sitting in any stage of a judicial proceeding or mediation or other alternative dispute resolution process

  228. Whoever intentionally offers any insult or causes any interruption to any public servant, while such public servant is sitting in any stage of a judicial proceeding or conducting any mediation or other alternative dispute resolution process under any written law, shall be punished with imprison

• § 229 — Personation of an assessor

  229. Whoever, by personation or otherwise, intentionally causes or knowingly suffers himself to be returned, empanelled, or sworn as an assessor in any case in which he knows that he is not entitled by law to be so returned, empanelled, or sworn, or knowing himself to have been so returned, empanell

• § 22A — “Fault element” and “physical element”

  22A.—(1) A fault element of an offence refers to any state of mind, proof of which is needed to establish liability under that offence, including but not limited to intention, wilfulness, knowledge, rashness and negligence.[15/2019] (2) A physical element of an offence refers to any fact, proof of w

• § 23 — “Wrongful gain” and “wrongful loss”

  23.—(1) A “wrongful gain” is gain by unlawful means of property to which the person gaining it is not legally entitled or avoidance by unlawful means of a loss of property to which the person avoiding it is not legally entitled to avoid.[15/2019] (2) A “wrongful loss” is loss or exposure of risk to

• § 24 — “Dishonestly”

  24. A person (A) is said to do an act dishonestly if —(a) A does that act with the intention of causing wrongful gain to A or another person, or wrongful loss to another person, regardless of whether such gain or loss is temporary or permanent; or (b) that act done by A is dishonest by the ordinary

• § 25 — “Fraudulently”

  25. A person (A) is said to do an act fraudulently if A does that act with intent to deceive another person (B) and by means of such deception, that an advantage should accrue to A or another person or detriment should befall B or another person (other than A), regardless of whether such advantage o

• § 255 — Counterfeiting a Government stamp

  255.—(1) Whoever counterfeits, or knowingly performs any part of the process of counterfeiting, any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation.—A person who coun

• § 256 — Having possession of an instrument or material for the purpose of counterfeiting a Government stamp

  256. Whoever has in his possession any instrument or material for the purpose of being used, or knowing or having reason to believe that it is intended to be used, for the purpose of counterfeiting any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, shall be punished with imprisonment for

• § 257 — Making or selling an instrument for the purpose of counterfeiting a Government stamp

  257. Whoever makes, performs any part of the process of making, buys, sells or disposes of, any instrument for the purpose of being used, or knowing or having reason to believe that it is intended to be used, for the purpose of counterfeiting any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of rev

• § 258 — Sale of counterfeit Government stamp

  258. Whoever sells, or offers for sale, any stamp which he knows or has reason to believe to be a counterfeit of any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.

• § 259 — Having possession of a counterfeit Government stamp

  259. Whoever has in his possession any stamp which he knows to be a counterfeit of any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, intending to use or dispose of the same as a genuine stamp, or in order that it may be used as a genuine stamp, shall be punished with imprisonment for a

• § 26 — “Reason to believe”

  26. A person is said to have “reason to believe” a thing, if he has sufficient cause to believe that thing, but not otherwise.

• § 260 — Using as genuine a Government stamp known to be counterfeit

  260. Whoever uses as genuine any stamp, knowing it to be a counterfeit of any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 261 — Effacing any writing from a substance bearing a Government stamp, or removing from a document a stamp used for it, with intent to cause loss to Government

  261. Whoever, fraudulently or with intent to cause loss to the Government, removes or effaces from any substance bearing any stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, any writing or document for which such stamp has been used, or removes from any writing or document a stamp which ha

• § 262 — Using a Government stamp known to have been before used

  262. Whoever, fraudulently or with intent to cause loss to the Government, uses for any purpose a stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, which he knows to have been before used, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both

• § 263 — Erasure of mark denoting that stamp has been used

  263. Whoever, fraudulently or with intent to cause loss to the Government, erases or removes from a stamp issued by the Government for the purpose of revenue, any mark put or impressed upon such stamp for the purpose of denoting that the stamp has been used, or knowingly has in his possession, or se

• § 267A — Affray

  267A. Where 2 or more persons disturb the public peace by fighting in a public place, they are said to “commit an affray”.

• § 267B — Punishment for committing affray

  267B. Whoever commits an affray shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both.

• § 267C — Uttering words, making document, etc., containing incitement to violence, etc.

  267C.—(1) This section applies where a person —(a) utters any words, or makes any sign or visible representation; (b) places before a person any object; (c) posts, publishes, distributes, sells or offers for sale any document; or (d) communicates any electronic record, containing any incitement

• § 268 — Public nuisance

  268. A person is guilty of a public nuisance, who does any act, or is guilty of an illegal omission, which causes any common injury, danger or annoyance to the public, or to the people in general who dwell or occupy property in the vicinity, or which must necessarily cause injury, obstruction, dange

• § 268A — Communicating false information of harmful thing

  268A. Any person who transmits or communicates or causes to be transmitted or communicated information —(a) which contains a reference to the presence in any place or location or in any conveyance or means of transportation of any thing that is likely to cause hurt or damage to property by any means

• § 268B — Placing or sending thing with intent to cause fear of harm

  268B.—(1) Any person (A) who without reasonable excuse —(a) places any thing in any place or location or in any conveyance or means of transportation; or (b) sends any thing from one place to another place by post, courier or any other means, with the intention (in either case) of inducing in one

• § 268C — Placing or sending thing causing fear of harm

  268C.—(1) Any person who intentionally and without reasonable excuse —(a) places any thing in any place or location or in any conveyance or means of transportation; or (b) sends any thing from one place to another place by post, courier or any other means, knowing that there is a real risk (in eit

• § 269 — Negligent act likely to spread infection of any disease dangerous to life

  269. Whoever unlawfully or negligently does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.

• § 26A — “Voluntarily”

  26A. A person is said to cause an effect “voluntarily” when he causes it by means whereby he intended to cause it, or by means which, at the time of employing those means, he knew or had reason to believe to be likely to cause it.Illustration A sets fire, by night, to an inhabited house in a large

• § 26B — “Good faith”

  26B. Nothing is said to be done or believed in good faith which is done or believed without due care and attention.[15/2019]

• § 26C — “Intentionally”

  26C.—(1) A person is said to do an act intentionally where that person does an act deliberately.[15/2019] (2) A person is said to cause an effect intentionally where that person does anything that causes an effect —(a) with the purpose of causing that effect; or (b) knowing that that effect would b

• § 26D — “Knowingly”

  26D.—(1) Whoever does an act with awareness that a circumstance exists, will exist, or is virtually certain (barring an unforeseen intervention) to exist, is said to do that act knowingly in respect of that circumstance.[15/2019] (2) Whoever does an act with awareness that an effect will be caused,

• § 26E — “Rashly”

  26E.—(1) Whoever does any act knowing that there is a real risk that a particular circumstance exists or will exist is said to do that act rashly in respect of that particular circumstance, if it would have been unreasonable to have taken that risk.[15/2019] (2) Whoever does any act knowing that the

• § 26F — “Negligently”

  26F.—(1) Whoever omits to do an act which a reasonable person would do, or does any act which a reasonable person would not do, is said to do so negligently.[15/2019] (2) Where doing an act negligently is a fault element of an offence, that fault element is also established where that act is done in

• § 26G — “Transferred fault”

  26G.—(1) This section applies to any offence under this Code or any other written law where a fault element of the offence is intention or knowledge, except where section 301(1) applies to that offence.[15/2019] (2) Where all the fault elements and physical elements of the offence have been proven i

• § 26H — “Strict liability”

  26H.—(1) An offence of strict liability under this Code or any written law is one where, for every physical element of the offence, there is no corresponding fault element.[15/2019] (2) Strict liability is said to apply to a particular physical element of an offence where there is no corresponding f

• § 27 — Property in possession of spouse, clerk or servant

  27. When property is in the possession of a person’s spouse, clerk or servant, on account of that person, it is in that person’s possession within the meaning of this Code. Explanation.—A person employed temporarily or on a particular occasion in the capacity of a clerk or servant is a clerk or serv

• § 270 — Intentional or rash act likely to spread infection of any disease dangerous to life

  270. Whoever intentionally or rashly does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 4 years, or with fine, or with both.[Act 23 of 2021 wef 0

• § 271 — Disobedience to a quarantine rule

  271. Whoever knowingly disobeys any rule lawfully made and promulgated for putting any vessel into a state of quarantine, or for regulating the intercourse of vessels in a state of quarantine with the shore or with other vessels, or for regulating the intercourse between places where an infectious d

• § 272 — Adulteration of food or drink which is intended for sale

  272. Whoever adulterates any article of food or drink, so as to make such article noxious as food or drink, intending to sell such article as food or drink, or knowing it to be likely that the same will be sold as food or drink, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 ye

• § 273 — Sale of noxious food or drink

  273. Whoever sells, or offers or exposes for sale, as food or drink, any article which has been rendered or has become noxious, or is in a state unfit for food or drink, knowing or having reason to believe that the same is noxious as food or drink, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term whic

• § 274 — Adulteration of drugs

  274. Whoever adulterates any drug or medical preparation in such a manner as to lessen the efficacy, or change the operation, of such drug or medical preparation, or to make it noxious, intending that it shall be sold or used for, or knowing it to be likely that it will be sold or used for any medic

• § 275 — Sale of adulterated drugs

  275. Whoever, knowing any drug or medical preparation to have been adulterated in such a manner as to lessen its efficacy, to change its operation, or to render it noxious, sells the same, or offers or exposes it for sale, or issues it from any dispensary for medicinal purposes as unadulterated, or

• § 276 — Sale of any drug as a different drug or preparation

  276. Whoever knowingly sells, or offers or exposes for sale, or issues from a dispensary for medicinal purposes, any drug or medical preparation, as a different drug or medical preparation, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.[15/201

• § 277 — Fouling the water of a public spring or reservoir

  277. Whoever voluntarily corrupts or fouls the water of any public spring or reservoir, so as to render it less fit for the purpose for which it is ordinarily used, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.[15/2019]

• § 278 — Making atmosphere noxious to health

  278. Whoever voluntarily vitiates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carrying on business in the neighbourhood or passing along a public way, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or

• § 279 — Rash driving or riding on a public way

  279. Whoever drives any vehicle, or rides, on any public way, in a manner so rash or negligent as to endanger human life, or to be likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000,

• § 28 — “Counterfeit”

  28. A person is said to “counterfeit” who causes one thing to resemble another thing, intending by means of that resemblance to practise deception, or knowing it to be likely that deception will thereby be practised. Explanation 1.—It is not essential to counterfeiting that the imitation should be e

• § 280 — Rash navigation of a vessel

  280. Whoever navigates any vessel in a manner so rash or negligent as to endanger human life, or to be likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both.

• § 281 — Exhibition of a false light, mark or buoy

  281. Whoever exhibits any false light, mark or buoy, intending or knowing it to be likely that such exhibition will mislead any navigator, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 282 — Conveying person by water for hire in a vessel overloaded or unsafe

  282. Whoever knowingly or negligently conveys, or causes to be conveyed, for hire any person by water in any vessel, when that vessel is in such a state or so loaded as to endanger the life of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine whic

• § 283 — Danger or obstruction in a public way or navigation

  283. Whoever, by doing any act, or by omitting to take order with any property in his possession or under his charge, causes danger, obstruction or injury to any person in any public way or public line of navigation, shall be punished with fine which may extend to $1,000.

• § 284 — Rash or negligent conduct with respect to dangerous or harmful substance

  284.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who does, with any dangerous or harmful substance, any act so rashly or negligently as —(a) to be likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person; (b) to endanger human life; (c) to cause hurt to any other person; (d) to cause grievous hurt or in

• § 285 — Causing or contributing to risk of dangerous fire

  285.—(1) Whoever, with any fire or any thing that is likely to cause fire, rashly or negligently causes or substantially contributes to the risk of causing a fire, shall be guilty of an offence if such fire occurs and any of the following applies:(a) that fire is likely to cause hurt or injury to an

• § 286 — Presumption of cause of fire

  286. In any proceedings for an offence under section 285, where any person deposits, drops, places or throws a cigarette or part thereof, cigar, match stick, charcoal, incense, any form of embers or any thing that is likely to cause fire in any place, and a fire occurs at that place or in the vicini

• § 287 — Rash or negligent conduct with respect to any machinery in possession or under charge of offender

  287.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who does, with any machinery in the person’s possession or under the person’s care, any act so rashly or negligently as —(a) to be likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person; (b) to endanger human life; (c) to cause hurt or injury to any othe

• § 288 — Negligence in pulling down or repairing buildings

  288.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who, in pulling down or repairing any building, knowingly or negligently omits to take such measure as is sufficient to guard against any probable danger to human life from the fall of that building or any part of the building and such omission —(a) en

• § 289 — Negligence with respect to any animal

  289.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who knowingly or negligently omits to take such measure with any animal as is sufficient to guard against any probable danger to human life, or any probable danger of grievous hurt from such animal and such omission —(a) is likely to cause grievous hur

• § 29 — “Document”

  29. The word “document” includes, in addition to a document in writing —(a) any map, plan, graph or drawing; (b) any photograph; (c) any label, marking or other writing which identifies or describes anything of which it forms a part, or to which it is attached by any means whatsoever; (d) any dis

• § 290 — Punishment for public nuisance

  290. Whoever commits a public nuisance in any case not otherwise punishable by this Code, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be punished —(a) with fine which may extend to $2,000; (b) in the case where the offender knew that the act or omission constituting the public nuisance will cause or wi

• § 291 — Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue

  291. Whoever repeats or continues a public nuisance, having been enjoined by any public servant who has lawful authority to issue such injunction not to repeat or continue such nuisance, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine, or with both.

• § 292 — Sale of obscene books, etc.

  292.—(1) Whoever —(a) sells, lets to hire, distributes, transmits by electronic means, publicly exhibits or in any manner puts into circulation, or for purposes of sale, hire, distribution, transmission, public exhibition or circulation, makes, produces, or has in his possession any obscene book, pa

• § 292A — Possession, distribution, etc., of child sex-doll

  292A.—(1) Any person who imports, exports, conveys, sells, lets to hire, distributes, puts into circulation, makes, produces or is in possession of a child sex-doll shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fin

• § 293 — Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person

  293. Whoever sells, lets to hire, distributes, exhibits or circulates to any person below 21 years of age any such obscene object as is referred to in section 292, or offers or attempts to do so, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.

• § 294 — Obscene acts

  294. Whoever, to the annoyance of others —(a) does any obscene act in any public place; or (b) sings, recites or utters any obscene words in or near any public place, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 months, or with fine, or with both. [15/2019]

• § 298 — Uttering words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound the racial feelings of any person

  298. Whoever, with deliberate intention of wounding the racial feelings of any person, utters any word or makes any sound in the hearing of that person, or makes any gesture in the sight of that person, or places any object in the sight of that person, or causes any matter however represented to be

• § 298A — Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of race and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony

  298A. Whoever —(a) by words, either spoken or written, or by signs or by visible representations or otherwise, knowingly promotes or attempts to promote, on grounds of race, disharmony or feelings of enmity, hatred or ill will between different racial groups; or[Act 31 of 2019 wef 01/11/2022] (b) c

• § 299 — Culpable homicide

  299. Whoever causes death by doing an act with the intention of causing death, or with the intention of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, or with the knowledge that he is likely by such act to cause death, commits the offence of culpable homicide.Illustrations (a) A lays stick

• § 29A — “Writing”

  29A. The word “writing” includes any mode of representing or reproducing words, figures, drawings or symbols in a visible form.

• § 29B — “Electronic record”

  29B. The expression “electronic record” has the same meaning as in the Electronic Transactions Act 2010.

• § 3 — Punishment of offences committed beyond, but which by law may be tried within Singapore

  3. Any person liable by law to be tried for an offence committed beyond the limits of Singapore, shall be dealt with according to the provisions of this Code for any act committed beyond Singapore, in the same manner as if such act had been committed within Singapore.

• § 30 — “Valuable security”

  30.—(1) The words “valuable security” denote a document or an electronic record which is, or purports to be, a document or an electronic record whereby any legal right is created, extended, transferred, restricted, extinguished, or released, or whereby any person acknowledges that he lies under lega

• § 300 — Murder

  300. Except in the cases hereinafter excepted culpable homicide is murder —(a) if the act by which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death; (b) if it is done with the intention of causing such bodily injury as the offender knows to be likely to cause the death of the person

• § 301 — Culpable homicide by causing the death of a person other than the person whose death was intended

  301.—(1) If a person, by doing anything which he intends or knows to be likely to cause death, commits culpable homicide by causing the death of any person whose death he neither intends nor knows himself to be likely to cause, the culpable homicide committed by the offender is of the description of

• § 302 — Punishment for murder

  302.—(1) Whoever commits murder within the meaning of section 300(a) shall be punished with death.[32/2012] (2) Whoever commits murder within the meaning of section 300(b), (c) or (d) shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life and shall, if he is not punished with death, also be liable to

• § 304 — Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder

  304. Whoever commits culpable homicide not amounting to murder shall —(a) if the act by which death is caused is done with the intention of causing death, or of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, be punished with —(i) imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to caning; or

• § 304A — Causing death by rash or negligent act

  304A. Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide, shall be punished —(a) in the case of a rash act, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both; or (b) in the case of a negligent act, with imp

• § 304B — Causing death of child below 14 years of age, domestic worker or vulnerable person by sustained abuse

  304B.—(1) A relevant person who causes the death of any child, domestic worker or vulnerable person by sustained abuse shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning.[15/2019] (2) In this section —“child” means a person belo

• § 304C — Causing or allowing death of child below 14 years of age, domestic worker or vulnerable person in same household

  304C.—(1) A person (A) shall be guilty of an offence if —(a) a person below 14 years of age, a domestic worker or a vulnerable person (B) dies as a result of the unlawful act of a person who —(i) was a member of the same household as B; and (ii) had frequent contact with B; (b) A was a member of t

• § 305 — Abetment of suicide or attempted suicide of minor or person who lacks mental capacity

  305.—(1) If any minor or other person who lacks capacity —(a) commits suicide, whoever abets the commission of the suicide and who knew or ought reasonably to have known that the person who committed suicide was a minor or a person who lacks capacity, shall be punished with death or imprisonment for

• § 306 — Abetment of suicide or attempted suicide

  306. If any person attempts or commits suicide, whoever abets the commission of such attempted suicide or suicide shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine.[15/2019]

• § 307 — Attempt to murder

  307.—(1) Whoever does any act with the intention of causing death and under such circumstances that if he by that act caused death he would be guilty of murder, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, and shall also be liable to fine; and if hurt is caused to any

• § 308 — Attempt to commit culpable homicide

  308. Whoever does any act with the intention to cause death and under such circumstances that if he by that act caused death he would be guilty of culpable homicide not amounting to murder, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both; and if

• § 308A — Causing death in furtherance of group’s object

  308A.—(1) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who is or acts as a member of a group —(a) knowing that the common object of the members of the group is to commit an offence under this Code or any written law; (b) knowing that —(i) death or grievous hurt is likely to be caused in furtherance of

• § 308B — Concealment, desecration or disposal of corpse that impedes discovery, identification, criminal investigations or prosecutions

  308B.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence who intentionally or knowingly conceals, desecrates or disposes of a human corpse and by such act impedes or prevents —(a) the discovery or identification of a human corpse; or (b) the detection, investigation or prosecution of an offence under this

• § 31 — “A will”

  31. The words “a will” denote any testamentary document.

• § 310 — Infanticide

  310. When any woman by any intentional act or omission causes the death of her child being a child below 12 months of age, but at the time of the act or omission the balance of her mind was disturbed by reason of her not having fully recovered from the effect of giving birth to the child or by reaso

• § 311 — Punishment for infanticide

  311. Whoever commits the offence of infanticide shall be punished at the discretion of the court with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall, if she is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine.[15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef

• § 312 — Causing miscarriage

  312. Subject to the provisions of the Termination of Pregnancy Act 1974, whoever voluntarily causes a woman with child to miscarry, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both; and if the woman’s pregnancy is of more than 16 weeks’ duration

• § 313 — Causing miscarriage without woman’s consent

  313. Whoever commits the offence defined in section 312, without the consent of the woman, whether the woman’s pregnancy is of more than 16 weeks’ duration or not as mentioned in that section, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years,

• § 314 — Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage

  314. Subject to the provisions of the Termination of Pregnancy Act 1974, whoever with intent to cause the miscarriage of a woman with child does any act which causes the death of such woman, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine

• § 315 — Child destruction before, at or immediately after birth

  315.—(1) Subject to the provisions of the Termination of Pregnancy Act 1974, whoever, with intent to destroy the life of a child capable of being born alive, by any intentional act causes a child to die before it has an existence independent of its mother or by such act causes the child to die after

• § 316 — Causing death of a quick unborn child by an act amounting to culpable homicide

  316. Whoever does any act under such circumstances that if he thereby caused death he would be guilty of culpable homicide, and does by such act cause the death of a quick unborn child, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine.Illu

• § 317 — Exposure and abandonment of a child below 12 years of age by parent or person having care of it

  317. Whoever, being the father or mother of a child below 12 years of age, or having the care of such child, exposes or leaves such child in any place with the intention of wholly abandoning such child shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with

• § 318 — Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body

  318. Whoever by secretly burying or otherwise disposing of the dead body of a child, whether such child dies before or after or during its birth, intentionally conceals or endeavours to conceal the birth of such child shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or wit

• § 319 — Hurt

  319. Whoever causes bodily pain, disease or infirmity to any person is said to cause hurt. Explanation.— A person is said to cause hurt if he causes another person to be unconscious.

• § 31A — “Die” and “instrument”

  31A. For the purposes of Chapters 12 and 18 —“die” includes any plate, type, tool, chop or implement and also any part of any die, plate, type, tool, chop or implement, and any stamp or impression thereof or any part of such stamp or impression; “instrument” includes any document whether of a forma

• § 32 — Words referring to acts include illegal omissions

  32. In every part of this Code, except where a contrary intention appears from the context, words which refer to acts done extend also to illegal omissions.

• § 320 — Grievous hurt

  320. The following kinds of hurt only are designated as “grievous”:(a) emasculation; (aa) death; (b) permanent privation of the sight of either eye; (c) permanent privation of the hearing of either ear; (d) privation of any member or joint; (e) destruction or permanent impairing of the powers o

• § 321 — Voluntarily causing hurt

  321. Whoever does any act with the intention of thereby causing hurt to any person, or with the knowledge that he is likely thereby to cause hurt to any person, and does thereby cause hurt to any person, is said “voluntarily to cause hurt”.

• § 322 — Voluntarily causing grievous hurt

  322. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt, if the hurt which he intends to cause or knows himself to be likely to cause is grievous hurt, and if the hurt which he causes is grievous hurt, is said “voluntarily to cause grievous hurt”. Explanation.— A person is not said voluntarily to cause grievous hurt e

• § 323 — Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt

  323. Whoever, except in the case provided for by section 323A or 334, voluntarily causes hurt, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with both.[15/2019]

• § 323A — Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt which causes grievous hurt

  323A. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt, if the hurt which he intends to cause or knows himself to be likely to cause is not grievous, but the hurt which he actually causes is grievous, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine which may extend to $10,000

• § 324 — Voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means

  324. Whoever, except in the case provided for by section 334, voluntarily causes hurt by means of any instrument for shooting, stabbing or cutting, or any instrument which, used as a weapon of offence, is likely to cause death, or by means of fire or any heated substance, or by means of any poison o

• § 325 — Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt

  325. Whoever, except in the case provided for by section 323A, 334A or 335, voluntarily causes grievous hurt, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning.[15/2019]

• § 326 — Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means

  326. Whoever, except in the case provided for by section 335, voluntarily causes grievous hurt by means of any instrument for shooting, stabbing or cutting, or any instrument which, used as a weapon of offence, is likely to cause death, or by means of fire or any heated substance, or by means of any

• § 327 — Voluntarily causing hurt to extort property or to constrain to an illegal act

  327. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt for the purpose of extorting from the sufferer, or from any person interested in the sufferer, any property or valuable security, or of constraining the sufferer, or any person interested in such sufferer, to do anything which is illegal or which may facilitate t

• § 328 — Causing hurt by means of poison, etc., with intent to commit an offence

  328. Whoever administers to, or causes to be taken by, any person any poison or any stupefying or intoxicating substance, or any substance which is harmful to the human body to inhale, swallow or receive into the blood, with intent to cause hurt to such person, or with intent to commit or to facilit

• § 329 — Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act

  329. Whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt for the purpose of extorting from the sufferer, or from any person interested in the sufferer, any property or valuable security, or of constraining the sufferer, or any person interested in such sufferer, to do anything which is illegal or which may fac

• § 33 — “Act” and “omission”

  33.—(1) The word “act” denotes as well a series of acts as a single act; the word “omission” denotes as well a series of omissions as a single omission.[15/2019] (2) To avoid doubt, where a person does a series of acts, one or more of which caused a certain effect, that person is regarded to have ca

• § 330 — Voluntarily causing hurt to extort confession or to compel restoration of property

  330. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt for the purpose of extorting from the sufferer, or from any person interested in the sufferer, any confession or any information which may lead to the detection of an offence or misconduct, or for the purpose of constraining the sufferer, or any person interested

• § 331 — Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession or to compel restoration of property

  331. Whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt for the purpose of extorting from the sufferer, or from any person interested in the sufferer, any confession or any information which may lead to the detection of an offence or misconduct, or for the purpose of constraining the sufferer, or any person i

• § 332 — Voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty

  332. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt to any person being a public servant in the discharge of his duty as such public servant, or with intent to prevent or deter that person or any other public servant from discharging his duty as such public servant, or in consequence of anything done or attempted

• § 333 — Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty

  333. Whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt to any person being a public servant in the discharge of his duty as such public servant, or with intent to prevent or deter that person or any other public servant from discharging his duty as such public servant, or in consequence of anything done or a

• § 334 — Voluntarily causing hurt on provocation

  334. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt on grave and sudden provocation, if he neither intends nor knows himself to be likely to cause hurt to any person other than the person who gave the provocation, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may e

• § 334A — Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt on provocation which causes grievous hurt

  334A. Whoever voluntarily causes hurt on grave and sudden provocation, if he neither intends nor knows himself to be likely to cause hurt to any person other than the person who gave the provocation and if the hurt which he intends to cause or knows himself to be likely to cause is not grievous, but

• § 335 — Causing grievous hurt on provocation

  335. Whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt on grave and sudden provocation, if he neither intends nor knows himself to be likely to cause grievous hurt to any person other than the person who gave the provocation, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 years, or with

• § 335A — Allowing neglect, physical or sexual abuse of domestic worker or vulnerable person

  335A.—(1) A person (A) shall be guilty of an offence if —(a) a domestic worker (B) suffers neglect, hurt, grievous hurt, sexual abuse or any injury to B’s mental health as a result of the unlawful act of another person (C); (b) A knew or had reason to believe that B was at risk of such neglect, hur

• § 335B — Punishment for act which endangers life or personal safety of others with knowledge or belief that it is likely to cause death

  335B. Whoever does any act, that endangers human life or the personal safety of others, knowing or believing that such act is likely to cause death, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both.[15/2019]

• § 336 — Punishment for act which endangers life or the personal safety of others

  336. Whoever does any act so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others, shall be punished —(a) in the case of a rash act, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to $2,500, or with both; or (b) in the case of a

• § 337 — Causing hurt by an act which endangers life or the personal safety of others

  337. Whoever causes hurt to any person by doing any act so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others, shall be punished —(a) in the case of a rash act, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $5,000, or with b

• § 338 — Causing grievous hurt by an act which endangers life or the personal safety of others

  338. Whoever causes grievous hurt to any person by doing any act so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others, shall be punished —(a) in the case of a rash act, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 4 years, or with fine which may extend to $10,000,

• § 339 — Wrongful restraint

  339. Whoever voluntarily obstructs any person, so as to prevent that person from proceeding in any direction in which that person has a right to proceed, is said wrongfully to restrain that person. Exception.—The obstruction of a private way over land or water which a person in good faith believes h

• § 34 — Each of several persons liable for an act done by all, in like manner as if done by him alone

  34. When a criminal act is done by several persons, in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if the act were done by him alone.

• § 340 — Wrongful confinement

  340. Whoever wrongfully restrains any person in such a manner as to prevent that person from proceeding beyond certain circumscribing limits, is said “wrongfully to confine” that person.Illustrations (a) A causes Z to go within a walled space, and locks Z in. Z is thus prevented from proceeding in

• § 341 — Punishment for wrongful restraint

  341. Whoever wrongfully restrains any person shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both.

• § 342 — Punishment for wrongful confinement

  342. Whoever wrongfully confines any person shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.[15/2019]

• § 345 — Wrongful confinement of person for whose liberation a writ has been issued

  345. Whoever keeps any person in wrongful confinement, knowing that a writ for the liberation of that person has been duly issued, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, in addition to any term of imprisonment to which he may be liable under any other section of

• § 346 — Wrongful confinement in secret

  346. Whoever wrongfully confines any person in such a manner as to indicate an intention that the confinement of that person may not be known to any person interested in the person so confined, or to any public servant, or that the place of such confinement may not be known to or discovered by any s

• § 347 — Wrongful confinement for the purpose of extorting property or constraining to an illegal act

  347. Whoever wrongfully confines any person for the purpose of extorting from the person confined, or from any person interested in the person confined, any property or valuable security, or of constraining the person confined, or any person interested in such person, to do anything illegal or to gi

• § 348 — Wrongful confinement for the purpose of extorting confession or of compelling restoration of property

  348. Whoever wrongfully confines any person for the purpose of extorting from the person confined, or from any person interested in the person confined, any confession or any information which may lead to the detection of an offence or misconduct, or for the purpose of constraining the person confin

• § 349 — Force

  349. A person is said to use force to another if he causes motion, change of motion, or cessation of motion to that other, or if he causes to any substance such motion, or change of motion, or cessation of motion as brings that substance into contact with any part of that other’s body, or with anyth

• § 35 — When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention

  35. Whenever an act, which is criminal only by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention, is done by several persons, each of such persons who joins in the act with such knowledge or intention, is liable for the act in the same manner as if the act were done by him alone with t

• § 350 — Criminal force

  350. Whoever intentionally uses force to any person, without that person’s consent, in order to cause the committing of any offence, or intending by the use of such force illegally to cause, or knowing it to be likely that by the use of such force he will illegally cause injury, fear or annoyance to

• § 351 — Assault

  351. Whoever makes any gesture or any preparation, intending or knowing it to be likely that such gesture or preparation will cause any person present to apprehend that he who makes that gesture or preparation is about to use criminal force to that person, is said to commit an assault. Explanation.—

• § 352 — Punishment for using criminal force otherwise than on grave and sudden provocation

  352. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person otherwise than on grave and sudden provocation given by that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 months, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both. Explanation.—Grave and sudden provocatio

• § 353 — Using criminal force to deter a public servant from discharge of his duty

  353. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person being a public servant in the execution of his duty as such public servant, or with intent to prevent or deter that person from discharging his duty as such public servant, or in consequence of anything done or attempted to be done by such p

• § 354 — Assault or use of criminal force to a person with intent to outrage modesty

  354.—(1) Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage the modesty of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination o

• § 354A — Outraging modesty in certain circumstances

  354A.—(1) Whoever, in order to commit or to facilitate the commission of an offence against any person under section 354, voluntarily causes or attempts to cause to that person death, or hurt, or wrongful restraint, or fear of instant death, instant hurt or instant wrongful restraint, shall be punis

• § 355 — Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonour otherwise than on grave and sudden provocation

  355. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person, intending thereby to dishonour that person, otherwise than on grave and sudden provocation given by that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both. Explanation.— This sect

• § 356 — Assault or criminal force in committing or attempting to commit theft of property carried by a person

  356. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force on any person, in committing or attempting to commit theft of any property which that person is then wearing or carrying, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than one year and not more than 7 years, and shall also be liable to canin

• § 357 — Assault or criminal force in attempting wrongfully to confine a person

  357. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person, in attempting wrongfully to confine that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to $3,000, or with both.

• § 358 — Assaulting or using criminal force on grave and sudden provocation

  358. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person on grave and sudden provocation given by that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to $1,000, or with both. Explanation.—This section is subject to the same expla

• § 359 — Kidnapping

  359. Kidnapping is of 2 kinds: kidnapping from Singapore, and kidnapping from lawful guardianship.

• § 36 — Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission

  36. Wherever the causing of a certain effect, or an attempt to cause that effect, by an act or by an omission, is an offence, it is to be understood that the causing of that effect partly by an act and partly by an omission is the same offence.Illustration A intentionally causes Z’s death, partly b

• § 360 — Kidnapping from Singapore

  360. Whoever conveys any person beyond the limits of Singapore without the consent of that person, or of some person legally authorised to consent on behalf of that person, is said to kidnap that person from Singapore.

• § 361 — Kidnapping from lawful guardianship

  361. Whoever takes or entices any minor below 16 years of age, or any person of unsound mind, out of the keeping of the lawful guardian of such minor or person of unsound mind, without the consent of such guardian, is said to kidnap such minor or person from lawful guardianship. Explanation.—The wor

• § 362 — Abduction

  362. Whoever by force compels, or by any deceitful means induces any person to go from any place, is said to abduct that person.

• § 363 — Punishment for kidnapping

  363. Whoever kidnaps any person from Singapore or from lawful guardianship, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning.

• § 363A — Punishment for abduction

  363A. Whoever abducts any person shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with caning, or with any combination of such punishments.

• § 364 — Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder

  364. Whoever kidnaps or abducts any person in order that such person may be murdered, or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being murdered, shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life and shall, if he is not sentenced to death, also be liable to caning.Illustrations (a) A kid

• § 365 — Kidnapping or abducting with intent secretly and wrongfully to confine a person

  365. Whoever kidnaps or abducts any person with intent to cause that person to be secretly and wrongfully confined, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning.

• § 366 — Kidnapping or abducting a woman to compel her marriage, etc.

  366. Whoever kidnaps or abducts any woman with intent that she may be compelled, or knowing it to be likely that she will be compelled to marry any person against her will, or in order that she may be forced or seduced to illicit intercourse, or to a life of prostitution, or knowing it to be likely

• § 367 — Kidnapping or abducting in order to subject a person to grievous hurt, slavery, etc.

  367. Whoever kidnaps or abducts any person in order that such person may be subjected, or may be so disposed of as to be put in danger of being subjected to grievous hurt or slavery, or to non‑consensual penile penetration of the anus or mouth, or knowing it to be likely that such person will be so

• § 368 — Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement a kidnapped person

  368. Whoever, knowing that any person has been kidnapped or has been abducted, wrongfully conceals or keeps such person in confinement, shall be punished in the same manner as if he had kidnapped or abducted such person with the same intention or knowledge or for the same purpose as that with or for

• § 37 — Cooperation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence

  37. When an offence is committed by means of several acts, whoever intentionally cooperates in the commission of that offence by doing any one of those acts, either singly or jointly with any other person, commits that offence.Illustrations (a) A and B agree to murder Z, by severally, and at differ

• § 370 — Buying or disposing of any person as a slave

  370. Whoever imports, exports, removes, buys, sells or disposes of any person as a slave, or accepts, receives or detains against his will any person as a slave, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.

• § 371 — Habitual dealing in slaves

  371. Whoever habitually imports, exports, removes, buys, sells, traffics or deals in slaves, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine.

• § 372 — Selling minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.

  372. Whoever sells, lets to hire, or otherwise disposes of any person below 21 years of age with intent that such person shall at any age be employed or used for the purpose of prostitution or illicit intercourse with any person or for any unlawful and immoral purpose, or knowing it to be likely tha

• § 373 — Buying minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.

  373. Whoever buys, hires or otherwise obtains possession of any person below 21 years of age with intent that such person shall at any age be employed or used for the purpose of prostitution or illicit intercourse with any person or for any unlawful and immoral purpose, or knowing it to be likely th

• § 373A — Importing woman for purposes of prostitution, etc.

  373A. Whoever —(a) by any false pretence, false representation, or fraudulent or deceitful means, brings, or assists in bringing, into Singapore any woman with intent that such woman may be employed or used for the purpose of prostitution; (b) brings, or assists in bringing, into Singapore any woma

• § 374 — Unlawful compulsory labour

  374. Whoever unlawfully compels any person to labour against the will of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.

• § 375 — Rape

  375.—(1) Any man who penetrates the vagina of a woman with his penis —(a) without her consent; or (b) with or without her consent, when she is below 14 years of age, shall be guilty of an offence. (1A) Any man (A) who penetrates, with A’s penis, the anus or mouth of another person (B) —(a) withou

• § 376 — Sexual assault involving penetration

  376.—(1) [Deleted by Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022](2) Any person (A) who —(a) sexually penetrates, with a part of A’s body (other than A’s penis, if a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus, as the case may be, of another person (B); (b) causes a man (B) to penetrate, with B’s penis, the vagina

• § 376A — Sexual penetration of minor below 16 years of age

  376A.—(1) Any person (A) who —(a) penetrates, with A’s penis, the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of a person below 16 years of age (B); (b) sexually penetrates, with a part of A’s body (other than A’s penis, if a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus, as the case may be, of a person

• § 376AA — Exploitative sexual penetration of minor of or above 16 but below 18 years of age

  376AA.—(1) Any person (A) who is in a relationship that is exploitative of a person of or above 16 years of age but below 18 years of age (B) shall be guilty of an offence if A —(a) penetrates, with A’s penis, if A is a man, the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of B; (b) sexually penetrat

• § 376B — Commercial sex with minor below 18 years of age

  376B.—(1) Any person who obtains for consideration the sexual services of a person, who is below 18 years of age, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both.(2) Any person who communicates with another person for the purpose of obtaining fo

• § 376C — Commercial sex with minor below 18 years of age outside Singapore

  376C.—(1) Any person, being a citizen or a permanent resident of Singapore, who does, outside Singapore, any act that would, if done in Singapore, constitute an offence under section 376B, shall be guilty of an offence.(1A) To avoid doubt, any person (A) who does in Singapore, any act involving a pe

• § 376D — Tour outside Singapore for commercial sex with minor below 18 years of age

  376D.—(1) Any person who —(a) makes or organises any travel arrangements for or on behalf of any other person with the intention of facilitating the commission by that other person of an offence under section 376C, whether or not such an offence is actually committed by that other person; (b) trans

• § 376E — Sexual grooming of minor below 16 years of age

  376E.—(1) Any person of or above 18 years of age (A) shall be guilty of an offence if having met or communicated with another person (B) on at least one previous occasion —(a) A intentionally meets B or travels with the intention of meeting B or B travels to attend a meeting with A which A has eithe

• § 376EA — Exploitative sexual grooming of minor of or above 16 but below 18 years of age

  376EA.—(1) Any person of or above 18 years of age (A) shall be guilty of an offence if having met or communicated with another person (B) on at least one previous occasion —(a) A intentionally meets B or travels with the intention of meeting B or B travels to attend a meeting with A which A has eith

• § 376EB — Sexual communication with minor below 16 years of age

  376EB.—(1) Any person of or above 18 years of age (A) shall be guilty of an offence if —(a) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person (B) humiliation, alarm or distress, A intentionally communicated with B; (b) the communication is sexual; (c) at the time of th

• § 376EC — Exploitative sexual communication with minor of or above 16 but below 18 years of age

  376EC.—(1) Any person of or above 18 years of age (A) shall be guilty of an offence if —(a) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person (B) humiliation, alarm or distress, A intentionally communicated with B; (b) the communication is sexual; (c) at the time of th

• § 376ED — Sexual activity or image in presence of minor below 16 years of age

  376ED.—(1) Any person of or above 18 years of age (A) shall be guilty of an offence if —(a) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person (B) humiliation, alarm or distress, A intentionally engages in an activity; (b) the activity is sexual; (c) A engages in the ac

• § 376EE — Exploitative sexual activity or image in presence of minor of or above 16 but below 18 years of age

  376EE.—(1) Any person of or above 18 years of age (A) shall be guilty of an offence if —(a) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person (B) humiliation, alarm or distress, A intentionally engages in an activity; (b) the activity is sexual; (c) A engages in the ac

• § 376F — Procurement of sexual activity with person with mental disability

  376F.—(1) Any person (A) shall be guilty of an offence if —(a) A intentionally touches another person (B) or intentionally incites B to touch A or B or another person; (b) the touching is sexual and B consents to the touching; (c) A obtains B’s consent —(i) where B is not A’s spouse, by means of a

• § 376G — Incest

  376G.—(1) Any person (A) of or above 16 years of age who —(a) penetrates, with A’s penis, the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of a person of or above 16 years of age who is a close family relative (B); (b) sexually penetrates, with a part of A’s body (other than A’s penis, if A is a man)

• § 376H — Procurement of sexual activity by deception or false representation

  376H.—(1) Any person (A) shall be guilty of an offence if —(a) A intentionally touches another person (B) or intentionally incites B to —(i) touch A or the bodily fluids of A; (ii) touch B; (iii) touch another person (C) or the bodily fluids of C; or (iv) be touched by C;[Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03

• § 377 — Sexual penetration, etc., of a corpse

  377.—(1) A person (A) who —(a) penetrates, with A’s penis, the vagina, anus or mouth of a human corpse; (b) sexually penetrates, with a part of A’s body (other than A’s penis, if A is a man) or anything else, the vagina or anus of a human corpse; (c) causes A’s vagina, anus or mouth to be penetrat

• § 377B — Sexual penetration with living animal

  377B.—(1) Any person (A) who —(a) penetrates, with A’s penis, the vagina, anus or any orifice of an animal; or (b) causes or permits A’s vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, to be penetrated by the penis of an animal, shall be guilty of an offence. (2) A person who is guilty of an offence u

• § 377BA — Word or gesture intended to insult modesty of any person

  377BA. Whoever, intending to insult the modesty of any person, utters any word, makes any sound or gesture, or exhibits any object, intending that such word or sound will be heard, or that such gesture or object will be seen by such person, or intrudes upon the privacy of such person, shall be punis

• § 377BB — Voyeurism

  377BB.—(1) Any person (A) shall be guilty of an offence who —(a) intentionally observes another person (B) doing a private act without B’s consent; and (b) knows or has reason to believe that B does not consent to being observed.[15/2019] (2) Any person (A) shall be guilty of an offence who —(a) o

• § 377BC — Distribution of voyeuristic image or recording

  377BC.—(1) Any person (A) shall be guilty of an offence who —(a) intentionally or knowingly distributes an image or recording of another person (B) without B’s consent to the distribution; (b) knowing or having reason to believe that the image or recording was obtained through the commission of an

• § 377BD — Possession of or gaining access to voyeuristic or intimate image or recording

  377BD.—(1) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who has in his possession or has gained access to an image or recording of another person and —(a) knows or has reason to believe that the image or recording was obtained through the commission of an offence under section 377BB; or (b) knows or ha

• § 377BE — Distributing or threatening to distribute intimate image or recording

  377BE.—(1) Any person (A) shall be guilty of an offence who —(a) intentionally or knowingly distributes an intimate image or recording of another person (B); (b) without B’s consent to the distribution; and (c) knows or has reason to believe that the distribution will or is likely to cause B humil

• § 377BF — Sexual exposure

  377BF.—(1) Any person (A) shall be guilty of an offence who —(a) for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification or of causing another person (B) humiliation, alarm or distress, intentionally exposes A’s genitals; (b) intends that B will see A’s genitals; and (c) does so without B’s consent.[15/

• § 377BG — Using or involving child in production of child abuse material

  377BG.—(1) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who —(a) uses a person who is below 16 years of age for the production of material which he knows or has reason to believe is child abuse material; (b) causes or procures a person of that age to be so used; or (c) having the care or custody of a

• § 377BH — Producing child abuse material

  377BH.—(1) Any person who intentionally produces child abuse material knowing or having reason to believe that the material is child abuse material shall be guilty of an offence.[15/2019] (2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment

• § 377BI — Distributing or selling child abuse material

  377BI.—(1) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who —(a) distributes or sells or offers for sale child abuse material or has in the person’s possession child abuse material for the purpose of such distribution, sale or offer for sale; and (b) knows or has reason to believe that the material is

• § 377BJ — Advertising or seeking child abuse material

  377BJ.—(1) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who —(a) for the purposes of distributing or selling or offering for sale any child abuse material advertises the material; and (b) knows or has reason to believe that the material is child abuse material.[15/2019] (2) Any person shall be guilty

• § 377BK — Possession of or gaining access to child abuse material

  377BK.—(1) Any person shall be guilty of an offence who —(a) has in the person’s possession or has gained access to child abuse material; and (b) knows or has reason to believe that the material is child abuse material.[15/2019] (2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall o

• § 377BL — Exploitation by abusive material of minor of or above 16 but below 18 years of age

  377BL.—(1) This section applies only where a person (A) is in a relationship with another person (B) who is of or above 16 but below 18 years of age, that is exploitative of B.[15/2019] (2) A person (A) who uses B for the production of material which A knows or has reason to believe is abusive mater

• § 377BM — Defences to offences relating to intimate image or recording and voyeurism

  377BM.—(1) It is a defence to a charge for an offence under section 377BD of having possession of or gained access to an image or a recording obtained through the commission of an offence under section 377BB or an intimate image or recording mentioned in section 377BD(1)(b) for the accused person to

• § 377BN — Defences to child abuse material offences

  377BN.—(1) It is a defence to a charge for an offence of having possession of or gaining access to child abuse material under section 377BK for the accused person to prove that the accused person —(a) did not intentionally come into possession of or gain access to child abuse material; and (b) on b

• § 377BO — Child abuse material offences outside or partially outside Singapore

  377BO.—(1) Any person, being a citizen or a permanent resident of Singapore, who does, outside Singapore, any act that would, if done in Singapore, constitute an offence under section 377BG, 377BH or 377BL(2) or (3), shall be guilty of an offence under section 377BG, 377BH or 377BL(2) or (3), as the

• § 377C — Interpretation of sections 375 to 377BO (sexual offences)

  377C.—(1) In this section and in sections 375 to 377BO —“buttocks”, in relation to a person, includes the anal region of the person;[Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] “child abuse material” means material that depicts an image of any of the following:(a) a person who is, or who appears to a reasonable

• § 377CA — Meaning of exploitative relationship

  377CA.—(1) For the purposes of sections 375, 376, 376A, 376AA, 376EA, 376EC, 376EE, 377BL and 377D, whether an accused person’s relationship with a person below 18 years of age (called in this section a minor) is exploitative of the minor is to be determined by the court in the circumstances of each

• § 377CB — Consent given under misconception in sexual offences

  377CB.—(1) Despite section 90(a)(ii), a consent for the purposes of an act which is the physical element of a sexual offence is not a consent given by a person under a misconception of fact only if it is directly related to —(a) the nature of the act, namely that it is not of a sexual nature; (b) t

• § 377D — Mistake as to age in sexual offences

  377D.—(1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3) and despite section 79, a reasonable mistake as to the age of a person cannot be a defence to any charge for a sexual offence.[15/2019] (2) The presence of a reasonable mistaken belief that a minor was of or above 18 years of age is a valid defence to a c

• § 378 — Theft

  378. Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person without that person’s consent, moves that property in order to such taking, is said to commit theft. Explanation 1.—A thing so long as it is attached to the earth, not being movable property, is not

• § 379 — Punishment for theft

  379. Whoever commits theft shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 379A — Punishment for theft of a motor vehicle

  379A.—(1) Whoever commits theft of a motor vehicle or any component part of a motor vehicle shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.(2) A person convicted of an offence under this section shall, unless the court for special reasons

• § 38 — Several persons engaged in the commission of a criminal act may be guilty of different offences

  38. Where several persons are engaged or concerned in the commission of a criminal act, they may be guilty of different offences by means of that act.Illustration A attacks Z under such circumstances of grave provocation that his killing of Z would be only culpable homicide not amounting to murder.

• § 380 — Theft in dwelling house, etc.

  380. Whoever commits theft in any building, tent or vessel, which building, tent or vessel is used as a human dwelling, or for the custody of property, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.

• § 381 — Theft by clerk or servant of property in possession of master

  381. Whoever, being a clerk or servant, or being employed in the capacity of a clerk or servant, commits theft in respect of any property in the possession of his master or employer, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.

• § 382 — Theft after preparation made for causing death or hurt in order to commit theft

  382. Whoever commits theft, having made preparation for causing death or hurt or restraint, or fear of death or of hurt or of restraint, to any person in order to commit such theft, or in order to effect his escape after committing such theft, or in order to retain property taken by such theft, shal

• § 383 — Extortion

  383. Whoever intentionally puts any person in fear of any harm to that person or to any other person, in body, mind, reputation or property, whether such harm is to be caused legally or illegally, and thereby dishonestly induces the person so put in fear to deliver to any person any property or valu

• § 384 — Punishment for extortion

  384. Whoever commits extortion shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 2 years and not more than 7 years and with caning.

• § 385 — Putting person in fear of harm in order to commit extortion

  385. Whoever, in order to commit extortion, puts or attempts to put any person in fear of any harm to that person or to any other person, in body, mind, reputation or property, whether such harm is to be caused legally or illegally, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 2 y

• § 386 — Extortion by putting a person in fear of death or grievous hurt

  386. Whoever commits extortion by putting any person in fear of death or of grievous hurt to that person or to any other, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 2 years and not more than 10 years and with caning.

• § 387 — Putting person in fear of death or of grievous hurt in order to commit extortion

  387. Whoever, in order to commit extortion, puts or attempts to put any person in fear of death or of grievous hurt to that person or to any other, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 2 years and not more than 7 years and with caning.

• § 388 — Extortion by threat of accusation of an offence punishable with death, or imprisonment, etc.

  388. Whoever commits extortion by putting any person in fear of an accusation against that person or any other, of having committed, or attempted to commit, an offence punishable with death, or with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, or of having att

• § 389 — Putting person in fear of accusation of offence, in order to commit extortion

  389. Whoever, in order to commit extortion, puts or attempts to put any person in fear of an accusation against that person or any other, of having committed, or attempted to commit, an offence punishable with death, or with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to

• § 390 — Robbery

  390.—(1) In all robbery there is either theft or extortion.When theft is robbery (2) Theft is “robbery” if, in order to commit theft, or in committing the theft, or in carrying away or attempting to carry away property obtained by the theft, the offender, for that end, voluntarily causes or attempt

• § 391 — Gang-robbery

  391. When 5 or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit a robbery, or where the whole number of persons conjointly committing or attempting to commit a robbery, and of persons present and aiding such commission or attempt, amount to 5 or more, every person so committing, attempting, or ai

• § 392 — Punishment for robbery

  392. Whoever commits robbery shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 2 years and not more than 10 years and shall also be punished with caning with not less than 6 strokes; and if the robbery is committed after 7 p.m. and before 7 a.m. the offender shall be punished with impr

• § 393 — Attempt to commit robbery

  393. Whoever attempts to commit robbery shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 2 years and not more than 7 years and shall also be punished with caning with not less than 6 strokes.

• § 394 — Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery

  394. If any person, in committing or in attempting to commit robbery, voluntarily causes hurt, such person, and any other person, jointly concerned in committing or attempting to commit such robbery, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 5 years and not more than 20 years a

• § 395 — Punishment for gang-robbery

  395. Whoever commits gang-robbery shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 5 years and not more than 20 years and shall also be punished with caning with not less than 12 strokes.

• § 396 — Gang-robbery with murder

  396. If any one of 5 or more persons who are conjointly committing gang‑robbery, commits murder in so committing gang-robbery, every one of those persons shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life, and if he is not sentenced to death, shall also be punished with caning with not less than

• § 397 — Robbery when armed or with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt

  397. If at the time of committing or attempting to commit robbery, the offender is armed with or uses any deadly weapon, or causes grievous hurt to any person, or attempts to cause death or grievous hurt to any person, such offender, and any other person jointly concerned in committing or attempting

• § 399 — Making preparation to commit gang-robbery

  399. Whoever makes any preparation for committing gang‑robbery, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 3 years and not more than 10 years and shall also be punished with caning with not less than 12 strokes.

• § 4 — Jurisdiction over public servants for offences committed outside Singapore

  4. Every public servant who, being a citizen or a permanent resident of Singapore, when acting or purporting to act in the course of his employment, commits an act or omission outside Singapore that if committed in Singapore would constitute an offence under the law in force in Singapore, is deemed

• § 40 — “Offence”

  40.—(1) Except in the Chapters and sections mentioned in subsections (2) and (3), “offence” denotes a thing made punishable by this Code.(2) In Chapters 4, 4A, 5 and 5A, and in sections 4, 187, 194, 195, 203, 204B, 211, 213, 214, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 347, 348, 388 and 38

• § 400 — Punishment for belonging to gang-robbers

  400. Whoever shall belong to a gang of persons associated for the purpose of habitually committing gang‑robbery, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be punished with caning with not less than 6 strokes.

• § 401 — Punishment for belonging to gang of thieves

  401. Whoever shall belong to any gang of persons associated for the purpose of habitually committing theft or robbery, and not being gang-robbers, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be punished with caning with not less than 4 strokes.[15/2019]

• § 402 — Assembling for purpose of committing gang-robbery

  402. Whoever shall be one of 5 or more persons assembled for the purpose of committing gang‑robbery, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be punished with caning with not less than 4 strokes.

• § 403 — Dishonest misappropriation of property

  403. Whoever dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use movable property, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.Illustrations (a) A takes property belonging to Z out of Z’s possession in good faith believing, at the time w

• § 404 — Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by a deceased person at the time of his death

  404. Whoever dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use property, knowing that such property was in the possession of a deceased person at the time of that person’s decease, and has not since been in the possession of any person legally entitled to such possession, shall be punished with

• § 405 — Criminal breach of trust

  405. Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over property, dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use that property, or dishonestly uses or disposes of that property in violation of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be

• § 406 — Punishment of criminal breach of trust

  406. Whoever commits criminal breach of trust shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 407 — Criminal breach of trust of property entrusted for purposes of transportation or storage

  407. Whoever, being entrusted with property for the purpose of transportation for hire or storage for rent or charge, commits criminal breach of trust in respect of such property, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, and shall also be liable to fine.Illustrati

• § 408 — Criminal breach of trust by employees

  408.—(1) Whoever, being an employee, and being in any manner entrusted in such capacity with property, or with any dominion over property, commits criminal breach of trust in respect of that property, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 15 years, and shall also be liab

• § 409 — Criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant, agent, director, officer, partner, key executive or fiduciary

  409.—(1) Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over property —(a) in his capacity as a public servant; (b) in the way of his trade, profession or business as a banker, a merchant, a factor, a broker, an attorney or an agent; (c) in his professional capacity (ot

• § 41 — Offence with specified term of imprisonment

  41. An offence described in this Code or in any written law for the time being in force as being punishable with imprisonment for a specified term or upwards includes an offence for which the specified term is the maximum term of imprisonment.

• § 410 — Stolen property

  410.—(1) Property the possession whereof has been transferred by theft, or by extortion, or by robbery, and property which has been criminally misappropriated, or in respect of which criminal breach of trust or cheating has been committed, is designated as “stolen property”, whether the transfer has

• § 411 — Receiving stolen property

  411.—(1) Whoever receives or retains any property, knowing or having reason to believe the property to be stolen property or property obtained in whole or in part through an offence involving fraud or dishonesty, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fin

• § 412 — Receiving property stolen in the commission of a gang-robbery

  412.—(1) Whoever receives or retains any stolen property, the possession whereof he knows or has reason to believe to have been transferred by the commission of gang‑robbery, or receives from a person, whom he knows or has reason to believe to belong or to have belonged to gang‑robbers, property whi

• § 413 — Habitually dealing in stolen property

  413. Whoever habitually receives or deals in property which he knows or has reason to believe to be stolen property or property obtained in whole or in part through any criminal offence involving fraud or dishonesty, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and sh

• § 414 — Assisting in concealment or disposal of stolen property

  414.—(1) Whoever voluntarily assists in concealing or disposing of or making away with property which he knows or has reason to believe to be stolen property or property obtained in whole or in part through any criminal offence involving fraud or dishonesty, shall be punished with imprisonment for a

• § 415 — Cheating

  415. Whoever, by deceiving any person, whether or not such deception was the sole or main inducement, fraudulently or dishonestly induces the person so deceived to deliver or cause the delivery of any property to any person, or to consent that any person shall retain any property, or intentionally i

• § 416 — Cheating by personation

  416. A person is said to “cheat by personation”, if he cheats by pretending to be some other person, or by knowingly substituting one person for another, or representing that he or any other person is a person other than he or such other person really is. Explanation.—The offence is committed whethe

• § 416A — Illegally obtained personal information

  416A.—(1) A person (A) shall be guilty of an offence who, knowing or having reason to believe that any personal information about another person (B) (being an individual) was obtained without B’s consent —(a) obtains or retains the personal information; or (b) supplies, offers to supply, transmits

• § 416B — Cheating by remote communication

  416B.—(1) A person (A) is said to “cheat by remote communication” if A cheats by deceiving another person (Z), and the deception is conducted mainly by way of remote communication with Z.(2) In this section, “remote communication” means communication through —(a) the Internet; (b) telephone or any

• § 417 — Punishment for cheating

  417. Whoever cheats shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 418 — Cheating with knowledge that wrongful loss may be thereby caused to a person whose interest the offender is bound to protect

  418. Whoever cheats with the knowledge that he is likely thereby to cause wrongful loss to a person whose interest, in the transaction to which the cheating relates, he was bound either by law or by a legal contract to protect shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 year

• § 419 — Punishment for cheating by personation

  419. Whoever cheats by personation shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 42 — “Obscene”

  42. The word “obscene”, in relation to any thing or matter, means any thing or matter the effect of which is, if taken as a whole, such as to tend to deprave and corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all relevant circumstances, to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied in it.

• § 420 — Cheating and dishonestly inducing a delivery of property

  420.—(1) Whoever cheats and thereby dishonestly induces the person deceived to deliver or cause the delivery of any property to any person, or to make, alter or destroy the whole or any part of a valuable security, or anything which is signed or sealed, and which is capable of being converted into a

• § 420A — Obtaining services dishonestly or fraudulently

  420A.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence if he obtains services for himself or another person dishonestly or fraudulently and —(a) the services are made available on the basis that payment has been, is being or will be made for or in respect of them; (b) the person obtains the services with

• § 421 — Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent distribution among creditors

  421. Whoever dishonestly or fraudulently removes, conceals, or delivers to any person, or transfers or causes to be transferred to any person, without adequate consideration, any property, intending thereby to prevent, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby prevent, the distribution of that

• § 422 — Dishonestly or fraudulently preventing a debt or demand due to the offender from being made available for his creditors

  422. Whoever dishonestly or fraudulently prevents any debt or demand due to himself or to any other person from being made available according to law for payment of his debts or the debts of such other person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine,

• § 423 — Dishonest or fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing a false statement of consideration

  423. Whoever dishonestly or fraudulently signs, executes, or becomes a party to any deed or instrument which purports to transfer or subject to any charge any property, or any interest therein, and which contains any false statement relating to the consideration for such transfer or charge, or relat

• § 424 — Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property or release of claim

  424. Whoever dishonestly or fraudulently conceals or removes any property of himself or any other person, or dishonestly or fraudulently assists in the concealment or removal thereof, or dishonestly releases any demand or claim to which he is entitled, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term

• § 424A — Fraud by false representation, non-disclosure or abuse of position not connected with contracts for goods or services

  424A.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence if he, fraudulently or dishonestly —(a) makes a false representation; (b) fails to disclose to another person information which he is under a legal duty to disclose; or (c) abuses, whether by act or omission, a position which he occupies in which he

• § 424B — Fraud by false representation, non-disclosure or abuse of position

  424B.—(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence if he, fraudulently or dishonestly —(a) makes a false representation; (b) fails to disclose to another person information which he is under a legal duty to disclose; or (c) abuses, whether by act or omission, a position which he occupies in which he

• § 425 — Mischief

  425. Whoever, with intent to cause, or knowing that he is likely to cause, wrongful loss or damage to the public or any person, causes the destruction of any property, or any such change in any property, or in the situation thereof, as destroys or diminishes its value or utility, or affects it injur

• § 426 — Punishment for committing mischief

  426. Whoever commits mischief shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.[15/2019]

• § 427 — Punishment for committing mischief causing disruption to key service, etc.

  427.—(1) Whoever commits mischief by doing any act which causes, or which he knows is likely to cause, a disruption to —(a) the provision of any key service; or (b) the performance of any duty or function of, or the exercise of any power by the Government or a public agency, shall be punished with

• § 428 — Mischief by killing or maiming any animal

  428. Whoever commits mischief by killing, poisoning, maiming or rendering useless, any animal shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 43 — “Illegal”, “unlawful” and “legally bound to do”

  43. The word “illegal” or “unlawful” is applicable to every thing which is an offence, or which is prohibited by law, or which furnishes ground for a civil action: and a person is said to be “legally bound to do” whatever it is illegal or unlawful in him to omit.

• § 435 — Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to cause damage

  435. Whoever commits mischief by fire or any explosive substance, intending to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby cause, damage to any property, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine.

• § 436 — Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to destroy a house, etc.

  436. Whoever commits mischief by fire or any explosive substance, intending to cause, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby cause, the destruction of any building which is ordinarily used as a place for worship, or for the administration of justice, or for the transaction of public affairs

• § 437 — Mischief with intent to destroy or make unsafe a decked vessel or a vessel of 20 tons burden

  437. Whoever commits mischief to any decked vessel or any vessel of a burden of 20 tons or upwards, intending to destroy or render unsafe, or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby destroy or render unsafe that vessel, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years

• § 438 — Punishment for the mischief described in section 437 when committed by fire or any explosive substance

  438. Whoever commits or attempts to commit by fire or any explosive substance, such mischief as is described in section 437, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be

• § 439 — Punishment for intentionally running vessel aground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc.

  439. Whoever intentionally runs any vessel aground or ashore, intending to commit theft of any property contained therein or to dishonestly misappropriate any such property, or with intent that such theft or misappropriation of property may be committed, shall be punished with imprisonment for a ter

• § 44 — “Injury”

  44. The word “injury” denotes any harm whatever illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or property.

• § 440 — Mischief committed after preparation made for causing death or hurt

  440. Whoever commits mischief, having made preparation for causing to any person death or hurt or wrongful restraint, or fear of death or of hurt or of wrongful restraint, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, and shall also be liable to fine.

• § 441 — Criminal trespass

  441. Whoever enters into or upon property in the possession of another with intent to commit an offence or to intimidate, insult or annoy any person in possession of such property, or having lawfully entered into or upon such property, unlawfully remains there with intent thereby to intimidate, insu

• § 442 — House-breaking

  442. Whoever commits criminal trespass by entering into, or remaining in, any building, tent, container or vessel used as a human dwelling, or any building used as a place for worship or as a place for the custody of property, is said to commit “house‑breaking”. Explanation.—The introduction of any

• § 447 — Punishment for criminal trespass

  447. Whoever commits criminal trespass shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 months, or with fine which may extend to $1,500, or with both.

• § 448 — Punishment for house-breaking

  448. Whoever commits house-breaking shall be guilty of an offence and shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both.[15/2019]

• § 449 — House-breaking in order to commit an offence punishable with death

  449. Whoever commits house-breaking in order to commit any offence punishable with death, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for a term not exceeding 15 years, and shall, if he is not sentenced to imprisonment for life, also be liable to fine.[15/2019]

• § 44A — “Bodily injury”

  44A. The words “bodily injury” denote as well a series of bodily injuries as a single bodily injury.[15/2019]

• § 45 — “Life”

  45. The word “life” denotes the life of a human being, unless the contrary appears from the context.

• § 450 — House-breaking in order to commit an offence punishable with imprisonment for life

  450. Whoever commits house-breaking in order to commit any offence punishable with imprisonment for life, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term not exceeding 15 years, and shall also be liable to fine.[15/2019]

• § 451 — House-breaking in order to commit an offence punishable with imprisonment

  451. Whoever commits house-breaking in order to commit any offence punishable with imprisonment, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine.[15/2019]

• § 452 — House-breaking after preparation made for causing hurt, etc.

  452. Whoever commits house-breaking, having made preparation for causing hurt to any person, or for assaulting any person, or for wrongfully restraining any person, or for putting any person in fear of hurt or of assault, or of wrongful restraint, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which

• § 453 — Possession of house-breaking implements or offensive weapons

  453.—(1) Any person who is found —(a) armed with any instrument for shooting, stabbing or cutting, or any instrument which, used as a weapon of offence, is likely to cause death, without lawful authority or a lawful purpose; (b) having his face covered or otherwise found disguised with intent to co

• § 458A — Punishment for subsequent offence under section 449, 450, 451 or 452

  458A. Whoever, having been convicted of an offence under section 449, 450, 451 or 452, commits an offence under section 449, 450, 451 or 452 shall be liable to caning in addition to the punishment prescribed for that offence.[15/2019]

• § 459 — Grievous hurt caused while committing house-breaking

  459. Whoever, while committing house-breaking, causes grievous hurt to any person, or attempts to cause death or grievous hurt to any person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than 3 years and not more than 20 years and with caning.[15/2019]

• § 46 — “Death”

  46. The word “death” denotes the death of a human being, unless the contrary appears from the context.

• § 460 — House-breaking when death or grievous hurt caused

  460. If, at the time of the committing of house‑breaking, any person guilty of such offence voluntarily causes or attempts to cause death or grievous hurt to any person, every person jointly concerned in committing such house‑breaking, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of not less than

• § 461 — Dishonestly breaking open any closed receptacle containing or supposed to contain property

  461. Whoever dishonestly, or with intent to commit mischief, breaks open or unfastens any closed receptacle which contains or which he believes to contain property, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 462 — Punishment for same offence when committed by person entrusted with custody

  462. Whoever, being entrusted with any closed receptacle which contains or which he believes to contain property, without having authority to open the same, dishonestly, or with intent to commit mischief, breaks open or unfastens that receptacle, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which

• § 463 — Forgery

  463. Whoever makes any false document or electronic record or part of a document or an electronic record with intent to cause damage or injury to the public or to any person, or to support any claim or title, or to cause any person to part with property, or to enter into any express or implied contr

• § 464 — Making a false document or false electronic record

  464.—(1) A person is said to make a false document or false electronic record —(a) who dishonestly or fraudulently —(i) makes, signs, seals or executes a document or part of a document; (ii) makes any electronic record or part of any electronic record; (iii) affixes any electronic signature on any

• § 465 — Punishment for forgery

  465. Whoever commits forgery shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 4 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 466 — Forgery of a record of a court of justice, or a public register of births, etc.

  466. Whoever forges a document or an electronic record, purporting to be a record or proceeding of or before a court of justice, or a register of birth, baptism, marriage or burial, or a register kept by a public servant as such, or a certificate or document or an electronic record, purporting to be

• § 467 — Forgery of a valuable security or will

  467. Whoever forges a document which purports to be a valuable security or a will, or an authority to adopt a child, or which purports to give authority to any person to make or transfer any valuable security, or to receive the principal, interest, or dividends thereon, or to receive or deliver any

• § 468 — Forgery for the purpose of cheating

  468. Whoever commits forgery, intending that the document or electronic record forged shall be used for the purpose of cheating, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine.

• § 469 — Forgery for the purpose of harming the reputation of any person

  469. Whoever commits forgery, intending that the document or electronic record forged shall harm the reputation of any person, or knowing that it is likely to be used for that purpose, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years, and shall also be liable to fine.

• § 47 — “Animal”

  47. The word “animal” denotes any living creature, other than a human being.

• § 470 — “A forged document” or “a forged electronic record”

  470. A false document or false electronic record, made wholly or in part by forgery, is designated “a forged document” or “a forged electronic record”, respectively.

• § 471 — Using as genuine a forged document or forged electronic record

  471. Whoever fraudulently or dishonestly uses as genuine any document or electronic record which he knows or has reason to believe to be a forged document or forged electronic record, shall be punished in the same manner as if he had forged such document or electronic record.

• § 472 — Making or possessing a counterfeit seal, plate, etc., with intent to commit a forgery punishable under section 467

  472. Whoever makes or counterfeits any seal, plate or other instrument for making an impression, intending that the same shall be used for the purpose of committing any forgery which would be punishable under section 467, or with such intent has in his possession any such seal, plate or other instru

• § 473 — Making or possessing a counterfeit seal, plate, etc., with intent to commit a forgery punishable otherwise

  473. Whoever makes or counterfeits any seal, plate or other instrument for making an impression, intending that the same shall be used for the purpose of committing any forgery which would be punishable under any section of this Chapter other than section 467, or with such intent has in his possessi

• § 473A — Making or possessing equipment for making a false instrument

  473A. Whoever makes or has in his custody or under his control a machine or implement, or paper or other material, which to his knowledge is or has been specifically designed or adapted for the making of any false instrument shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 years,

• § 473B — Making or possessing equipment for making a false instrument with intent to induce prejudice

  473B. Any person (A) who —(a) makes or has in his custody or under his control a machine or implement, or paper or other material, which is or has been specifically designed or adapted for the making of any instrument; and (b) intends that —(i) he or another person makes a false instrument using th

• § 473C — Meaning of “prejudice” and “induce”

  473C.—(1) For the purposes of section 473B and subject to subsections (2) and (4), an act or omission intended to be induced is to a person’s prejudice if, and only if, it is one which, if it occurs, will —(a) result in his permanent or temporary loss of property; (b) result in his being deprived o

• § 474 — Having possession of certain document or electronic record known to be forged, with intent to use it as genuine

  474. Whoever has in his possession any document or electronic record, knowing the same to be forged, and intending that the same shall fraudulently or dishonestly be used as genuine, shall, if the document or electronic record is one of the descriptions mentioned in section 466, be punished with imp

• § 475 — Counterfeiting a device or mark used for authenticating documents described in section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material

  475. Whoever counterfeits upon or in the substance of any material any device or mark used for the purpose of authenticating any document described in section 467, intending that such device or mark shall be used for the purpose of giving the appearance of authenticity to any document then forged or

• § 476 — Counterfeiting a device or mark used for authenticating documents or electronic records other than those described in section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material

  476. Whoever counterfeits upon or in the substance of any material any device or mark used for the purpose of authenticating any document or electronic record other than the documents described in section 467, intending that such device or mark shall be used for the purpose of giving the appearance

• § 477 — Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc., of a will

  477. Whoever fraudulently or dishonestly, or with intent to cause damage or injury to the public or to any person, cancels, destroys, or defaces, or attempts to cancel, destroy, or deface, or secretes, or attempts to secrete any document which is or purports to be a will, or an authority to adopt a

• § 477A — Falsification of accounts

  477A. Whoever, being a clerk, officer or servant, or employed or acting in the capacity of a clerk, officer or servant, intentionally and with intent to defraud destroys, alters, conceals, mutilates or falsifies any book, electronic record, paper, writing, valuable security or account or a set there

• § 48 — “Vessel”

  48. The word “vessel” denotes anything made for the conveyance by water of human beings, or of property.

• § 489A — Forging or counterfeiting currency or bank notes

  489A.—(1) Whoever forges or counterfeits, or knowingly performs any part of the process of forging or counterfeiting, any currency or bank note shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fin

• § 489B — Using as genuine forged or counterfeit currency or bank notes

  489B. Whoever delivers or sells to, or buys or receives from, any other person, or otherwise imports, exports or traffics in or uses as genuine, any forged or counterfeit currency or bank note, knowing or having reason to believe the same to be forged or counterfeit, shall be guilty of an offence an

• § 489C — Possession of forged or counterfeit currency or bank notes

  489C. Whoever has in his possession any forged or counterfeit currency or bank note, knowing or having reason to believe the same to be forged or counterfeit and intending to use the same as genuine or that it may be used as genuine, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to

• § 489D — Making or possessing instruments or materials for forging or counterfeiting currency or bank notes

  489D. Whoever makes, mends or performs any part of the process of making or mending or buys, sells or disposes of, or has in his possession, any die, machinery, instrument or material for the purpose of being used, or knowing or having reason to believe that it is intended to be used, for forging or

• § 489E — Abetting in Singapore counterfeiting of currency out of Singapore

  489E. Whoever, being within Singapore, abets the counterfeiting of any currency out of Singapore, shall be punished in the same manner as if he abetted the counterfeiting of such currency within Singapore.[15/2019]

• § 489F — Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of any coin

  489F. Whoever fraudulently or dishonestly performs on any coin any operation which diminishes the weight or alters the composition of that coin shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 7 years, and shall also be liable to fine

• § 489G — Altering appearance of currency with intent that it shall pass as currency of different description

  489G. Whoever performs on any currency any operation which alters the appearance of that currency, with the intention that that currency will pass as currency of a different description, shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend t

• § 489H — Delivery to another of altered currency

  489H. Whoever delivers to any other person as genuine, or as currency of a different description from what it is, or attempts to induce any person to receive as genuine or as a currency of a different description from what it is, any currency in respect of which he knows or has reason to believe tha

• § 489I — Possession of altered currency

  489I. Whoever has in his possession any currency with respect to which he knows or has reason to believe that any offence defined in section 489F or 489G has been committed and intending to use such currency as genuine or that it may be used as genuine shall on conviction be punished with imprisonme

• § 49 — “Year” and “month”

  49. Wherever the word “year” or “month” is used, it is to be understood that the year or the month is to be reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar.

• § 499 — Defamation

  499. Whoever, by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs, or by visible representations, makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person, intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person, is said, except i

• § 4A — Offences against State and genocide committed outside Singapore by citizen or permanent resident

  4A. Every person who, being a citizen or permanent resident of Singapore, commits an act or omission outside Singapore that if committed in Singapore would constitute an offence under Chapter 6 (Offences against the State) or 6B (Genocide), is deemed to have committed that act or omission in Singapo

• § 4B — Punishment of specified offences with elements occurring in Singapore but others occurring outside Singapore

  4B.—(1) A specified offence is deemed to have been committed in Singapore where —(a) a relevant act of the specified offence occurs in Singapore and any other relevant act of that specified offence occurs outside Singapore; (b) a relevant act of the specified offence occurs partly in Singapore and

• § 5 — Certain laws not to be affected by this Code

  5. Nothing in this Code is intended to repeal, vary, suspend, or affect any of the provisions of any Act for punishing mutiny and desertion of officers or servicemen in the Singapore Armed Forces, or of any other law for the time being in force.

• § 50 — “Section”

  50. The word “section” denotes one of those portions of a Chapter of this Code which are distinguished by prefixed numeral figures.

• § 500 — Punishment for defamation

  500. Whoever defames another shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 501 — Printing or engraving matter known to be defamatory

  501. Whoever prints or engraves any matter, knowing or having good reason to believe that such matter is defamatory of any person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 502 — Sale of printed or engraved substance containing defamatory matter

  502. Whoever sells or offers for sale any printed or engraved substance, containing defamatory matter, knowing that it contains such matter, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.

• § 503 — Criminal intimidation

  503. Whoever threatens another with any injury to his person, reputation or property, or to the person or reputation of any one in whom that person is interested, with intent to cause alarm to that person, or to cause that person to do any act which he is not legally bound to do, or to omit to do an

• § 504 — Intentional insult with intent to provoke a breach of the peace

  504. Whoever intentionally insults, and thereby gives provocation to any person, intending or knowing it to be likely that such provocation will cause him to break the public peace, or to commit any other offence, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fi

• § 505 — Statements conducing to public mischief

  505. Whoever makes, publishes or circulates any statement, rumour or report in written, electronic or other media —(a) with intent to cause, or which is likely to cause any officer or serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces or any visiting forces lawfully present in Singapore, or any person to whom

• § 506 — Punishment for criminal intimidation

  506. Whoever commits the offence of criminal intimidation shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both; and if the threat is to cause death or grievous hurt, or to cause the destruction of any property by fire, or to cause an offence punishab

• § 507 — Criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication

  507. Whoever commits the offence of criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication, or by having taken precautions to conceal the name or abode of the person from whom the threat comes, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, in addition to the punishment pro

• § 51 — “Oath”

  51. The word “oath” includes a solemn affirmation substituted by law for an oath, and any declaration required or authorised by law to be made before a public servant, or to be used for the purpose of proof, whether in a court of justice or not.

• § 511 — Attempt to commit offence

  511.—(1) A person attempts to commit an offence punishable by this Code or by any other written law who, with the intention of committing that offence takes a substantial step towards the commission of that offence.[15/2019] (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), an act is a substantial step toward

• § 512 — Punishment for attempting to commit offences

  512.—(1) A person who attempts to commit an offence punishable by this Code or by any other written law with death or imprisonment for life, shall, where no express provision is made by this Code or by such other written law for the punishment of such attempt, be punished with imprisonment for a ter

• § 53 — Punishments

  53. The punishments to which offenders are liable under the provisions of this Code are —(a) death; (b) imprisonment; (c) forfeiture of property; (d) fine; (e) caning. Explanation.—Caning shall be with a rattan.

• § 54 — Imprisonment for life

  54. “Imprisonment for life”, in relation to any prescribed punishment under this Code or any other written law, means imprisonment for the duration of a person’s natural life.

• § 6 — Definitions in this Code to be understood subject to exceptions

  6. Throughout this Code every definition of an offence, every penal provision, and every illustration of every such definition or penal provision, shall be understood subject to the exceptions contained in the Chapters entitled “General Exceptions” and “Right of Private Defence”, though those except

• § 6A — Definitions to apply to this Code and other written law

  6A. Every definition of a word or expression which is explained in sections 22A to 26H (except the definitions of “dishonestly” and “fraudulently” in sections 24 and 25, respectively) applies to any offence in this Code or in any other written law unless that written law expressly provides for a def

• § 7 — Expression once explained is used in the same sense throughout this Code

  7. Every expression which is explained in any part of this Code is used in every part of this Code in conformity with the explanation.

• § 72 — Punishment of a person found guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which

  72. In all cases in which judgment is given that a person is guilty of one of several offences specified in the judgment, but that it is doubtful of which of these offences he is guilty, the offender shall be punished for the offence for which the lowest punishment is provided, if the same punishmen

• § 73 — Enhanced penalties for offences against domestic workers

  73.—(1) Where an employer of a domestic worker, a member of the employer’s household or an employment agent of a domestic worker is convicted of an offence under this Code (other than an excluded offence) that is committed against that domestic worker, the court may sentence the person convicted to

• § 74 — Enhanced penalties for racially or religiously aggravated offences

  74.—(1) Where a person is convicted of an offence specified in subsection (2) which is racially or religiously aggravated, the court may sentence the person to 2 times the amount of punishment to which he would otherwise have been liable for that offence.[Act 31 of 2019 wef 01/11/2022] (2) The offen

• § 74A — Enhanced penalties for offences against vulnerable persons

  74A.—(1) This section applies where a person is convicted of an offence specified in subsection (3) (called in this section the offender) against a vulnerable person.[27/2018; 15/2019] [Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] [S 759/2022] (2) The court may sentence the offender to punishment not exceeding tw

• § 74B — Enhanced penalties for offences against person below 14 years of age

  74B.—(1) Subsection (2) applies to any offence under this Code which may be committed against a person below 14 years of age except where —(a) it is expressly provided that an enhanced or mandatory minimum sentence will apply to the offence when it is committed against a person below 14 years of age

• § 74C — Enhanced penalties for offences against victims in intimate relationships

  74C.—(1) Subsection (2) applies where an offender (A) is convicted of any offence under Chapter 16 (except an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life) committed against a person (B) who was or is in an intimate relationship with A.[15/2019] (2) When the offender (A) commits an offence

• § 74D — Enhanced penalties for offences against victims in close relationships

  74D.—(1) Subsection (2) applies where an offender (A) is convicted of any offence under Chapter 16 (except an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life) committed against a person (B) who was or is in a close relationship with A.[15/2019] (2) When the offender (A) commits an offence aga

• § 74E — Application of enhanced penalties

  74E.—(1) Where 2 or more of the sections from amongst sections 73 to 74D are applicable to enhance the punishment for an offence from that which the offender would otherwise have been liable for —(a) the punishment for the same offence shall not be enhanced by the application of more than one of tho

• § 76 — Act done by person bound, or justified by law

  76. Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is bound by law to do it or justified by law in doing it.Illustrations (a) A, a soldier, fires on a mob by the order of his superior officer, in conformity with the commands of the law. A has committed no offence. (b) A sees Z repeatedly stab

• § 77 — Act of judge when acting judicially

  77. Nothing is an offence which is done by a judge when acting judicially in the exercise of any power which is, or which in good faith he believes to be, given to him by law.

• § 78 — Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of a court of justice

  78. Nothing which is done in pursuance of, or which is warranted by, the judgment or order of a court of justice, if done while the judgment or order remains in force, is an offence, notwithstanding the court may have had no jurisdiction to pass the judgment or order, provided the person doing the a

• § 79 — Act done by person by mistake of fact believing himself bound or justified by law

  79.—(1) Unless otherwise provided by written law, nothing is an offence which is done by any person who by reason of a mistake of fact or in ignorance of a fact in good faith believes himself to be bound by law to do it or justified by law in doing it.[15/2019] (2) To avoid doubt, where a person all

• § 79A — Mistake of law or ignorance of law not defence

  79A.—(1) A person’s mistake of law or ignorance of the law is not a defence to a charge for an offence unless it is otherwise provided by written law.[15/2019] (2) To avoid doubt, where a person alleges a mistake of law or ignorance of the law that may negate the fault element of the offence that th

• § 8 — “Gender”

  8. The pronoun “he” and its derivatives are used of any person, whether male or female.

• § 80 — Accident in the doing of a lawful act

  80.—(1) Nothing is an offence which is done by accident or misfortune in the doing of a lawful act in a lawful manner, by lawful means, and with proper care and caution.[15/2019] (2) To avoid doubt, where —(a) a person alleges any act is done by accident or misfortune in the doing of a lawful act in

• § 81 — Act likely to cause harm but done to prevent other harm

  81. Nothing is an offence merely by reason of its being done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause harm, if it be done in good faith for the purpose of preventing or avoiding other harm to person or property. Explanation.—It is a question of fact in such a case whether the harm to be prevent

• § 82 — Act of a child below 10 years of age

  82. Nothing is an offence which is done by a child below 10 years of age.[15/2019]

• § 83 — Act of a child of or above 10 and below 12 years of age, who has not sufficient maturity of understanding

  83. Nothing is an offence which is done by a child of or above 10 years and below 12, who has not attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge of the nature and consequence of his conduct on that occasion.[15/2019]

• § 84 — Act of person of unsound mind

  84.—(1) Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is —(a) incapable of knowing the nature of the act; (b) incapable of knowing that what he is doing is wrong; or[Act 23 of 2021 wef 01/03/2022] (c) completely deprived of any powe

• § 85 — Intoxication when a defence

  85.—(1) Except as provided in this section and in section 86, intoxication shall not constitute a defence to any criminal charge.(2) Intoxication is a defence to any criminal charge if by reason of the intoxication the person charged, at the time of the act or omission complained of —(a) did not kno

• § 86 — Effect of defence of intoxication when established

  86.—(1) Where the defence under section 85 is established, then the accused person must be acquitted, except that if the person was of unsound mind by reason of intoxication, section 84 of this Code and sections 251 and 252 of the Criminal Procedure Code 2010 will apply.[15/2019] (2) Intoxication sh

• § 87 — Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent

  87. Nothing, which is not intended to cause death or grievous hurt, and which is not known by the doer to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, to any person above 18 years of age, who has given consent

• § 88 — Act not intended to cause death done by consent in good faith for the benefit of a person

  88. Nothing, which is not intended to cause death, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, or be known by the doer to be likely to cause, to any person for whose benefit it is done in good faith, and who has given a consent, whether express or imp

• § 89 — Act done in good faith for the benefit of a child or person of unsound mind, by or by consent of guardian

  89. Nothing, which is done in good faith for the benefit of a person below 12 years of age, or of unsound mind, by or by consent, either express or implied, of the guardian or other person having lawful charge of that person, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by

• § 9 — “Number”

  9. Unless the contrary appears from the context, words importing the singular number include the plural number, and words importing the plural number include the singular number.

• § 90 — Consent given under fear or misconception, by person of unsound mind, etc., and by child

  90. A consent is not such a consent as is intended by any section of this Code —(a) if the consent is given by a person —(i) under fear of injury or wrongful restraint to the person or to some other person; or (ii) under a misconception of fact, and the person doing the act knows, or has reason to

• § 91 — Acts which are offences independently of harm caused to the person consenting, are not within the exceptions in sections 87, 88 and 89

  91. The exceptions in sections 87, 88 and 89 do not extend to acts which are offences independently of any harm which they may cause, or be intended to cause, or be known to be likely to cause, to the person giving the consent, or on whose behalf the consent is given.Illustration Causing miscarriag

• § 92 — Act done in good faith for the benefit of a person without consent

  92. Nothing is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause to a person for whose benefit it is done in good faith, even without that person’s consent, if the circumstances are such that it is impossible for that person to signify consent, or if that person is incapable of giving consent, and

• § 93 — Communication made in good faith

  93. No communication made in good faith is an offence by reason of any harm to the person to whom it is made, if it is made for the benefit of that person.Illustration A, a surgeon, in good faith, communicates to a patient his opinion that he cannot live. The patient dies in consequence of the shoc

• § 94 — Act to which a person is compelled by threats

  94. Except murder and offences against the State punishable with death, nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is compelled to do it by threats, which, at the time of doing it, reasonably cause the apprehension that instant death to that person or any other person will otherwise be the

• § 95 — Act causing slight harm

  95. Nothing is an offence by reason that it causes, or that it is intended to cause, or that it is known to be likely to cause, any harm, if that harm is so slight that no person of ordinary sense and temper would complain of such harm.

• § 96 — Nothing done in private defence is an offence

  96. Nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence.

• § 97 — Right of private defence of the body and of property

  97. Every person has a right, subject to the restrictions contained in sections 98 and 106A, to defend —(a) his own body, and the body of any other person, against any offence affecting the human body; (b) the property, whether movable or immovable, of himself or of any other person, against any ac

• § 98 — Extent to which right may be exercised

  98.—(1) The right of private defence does not extend to the inflicting of more harm than it is reasonably necessary in the circumstances.[15/2019] (2) There is no right of private defence in cases in which there is reasonable opportunity to have recourse to the protection of a public authority in th

• § 99 — Right of private defence against act of person of unsound mind, etc.

  99. When an act, which would otherwise be a certain offence, is not that offence, by reason of the youth, the want of maturity of understanding, the unsoundness of mind, or the intoxication of the person doing that act, or by reason of any misconception on the part of that person, every person has t