最近幾項國際評量諸如:經濟合作與發展組織(Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development, OECD)的國際學生評量方案(Programme
for International Student Assessment, PISA)、國際數學與科學研究趨勢
(Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, TIMSS)以及國
際閱讀素養進展(Progress in International Reading and Literacy, PIRL),
受到全球重視。這些針對同年齡學生的評量結果顯示各國學生成就差
異,引發針對不同教育體系中促進或阻礙學業表現之制度因素之深入討
論,亦成為教育改革與政策制定之重要參考。根據以上國際評量結果,
試分析教育成功的三項共同因素,以及提出三項教育成就國際比較之反
思。(25 分)
經濟合作發展組織(Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development,OECD)於2015 年啟動《2030 未來教育與技能(Future of
Education and Skills 2030)》計畫。該計畫第一階段提出學習羅盤2030
(Learning Compass 2030)作為學習架構之用。請說明學習羅盤2030 的
觀點、內容以及對於臺灣教育的啟發。(25 分)
下圖取自PISA2018 成果報告書,X 軸為首次教育分流年齡,Y 軸為學生
社經地位對於閱讀成績變異量的解釋百分比,OECD 各會員國的散布情
形如圖所示。圖中的斜直線為最適迴歸線,決定係數(R2)為0.46,試說
明該迴歸線的意義,並試以相關學理,解釋下圖所呈現的結果。(25 分)
註:修改自PISA 2018 results(Volume V): effective policies, successful schools
(p.82), by OECD, 2020, OECD Publishing.
Germany
Iceland
Italy
Chile
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Mexico
Finland
Denmark
Turkey
France
Slovak Republic
Austria
Portugal
Switzerland
Greece
Hungary
Colombia
Latvia
Slovenia
Canada
Japan
Ireland
Belgium
Norway
Sweden
United States
Poland
Netherlands
Korea
Estonia
Czech Republic
Australia
United Kingdom
New Zealand
Israel
OECD average
R² = 0.46
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
學
生
社
經
地
位
對
於
閱
讀
成
績
變
異
量
的
解
釋
百
分
比
首次教育分流年齡
OECD
countries
OECD 各會員國首次教育分流年齡與學生社經地位對於閱讀成績變異量的解釋百分比之散布情形
B. Holmes 與E. King 的比較教育理論皆受到K. Popper 的影響,但兩人
的主張卻互有分歧並引發論爭,試就兩人之論爭加以評析。(25 分)
二次世界大戰之前大多數東南亞國家為被殖民國家,獨立之後其教育發展
仍可看見殖民時期的影響。下圖為東南亞國家中某國的學制圖,請依此圖
指出殖民此國的帝國,並說明兩項殖民帝國對其教育制度的影響。(25 分)
資料來源:UNESCO IBE
Universities
(3-4 years for undergraduates)
Workplace
Alternative Qualifications
GCE 'A' Level/
Other Qualifications
Integrated
Programme
combines
Secondary and
JC education
without an
intermediate
national
examination
(4-6 years)
Junior Colleges/
Centralised
Institute
(2-3 years)
(GCE 'A' level)
Polytechnics
(3 years)
(Diploma)
Institute of
Technical
Education
(1-2 years)
(Nitec/
Higher Nitec)
Specialised
Independent
Schools with
specialised
programmes
to develop
students’
talents in
specific areas
(4-6 years)
Privately-
funded
Schools
determine
their own
curriculum
and provide
more options
for Singapore
students
(4-6 years)
Special
Education
Schools
provide
EITHER
Mainstream
curriculum
with
programmes
catering to
students’
special needs
OR
Customised
special
education
curriculum
(4-6 years)
GCE 'O' Level
Direct Admission to JCs/Polytechnics
ࣥs and polytechnics have autonomy in admitting
some students
sec 5N (A)
GCE 'N' Level
Secondary1
Express
Course
(4 years)
Secondary1
Normal
(Academic)
Course
[N(A)]
(5 years)
Secondary1
Normal
(Technical)
Course
[N(T)]
(4 years)
Vocational
Course
(1-4 years)
Government/
Government-aided Schools
•Mainstream schools
•Autonomous Schools with enhanced
niche programmes
•Independent Schools with greater
autonomy in programmes and operations
Specialised Schools
For students who
can benefit from a
more customised
and practice-based
curriculum
Specialised
Independent Schools
For students
with talents in
specific areas
Privately-funded
Schools
Provide more
options for
Singapore students
Special
Education
For students with
special needs
Direct Admission to Secondary Schools
Independent Schools, Autonomous Schools,
mainstream schools with niches of excellence , and
schools offering the Integrated Programme have
autonomy in admission of some of their students
Specialised Independent Schools and
Privately-funded Schools have full
autonomy in student admission
Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE)
Primary Schools (6 years)
All students follow a broad-based mainstream curriculum. Some schools offer
niche programmes such as in aesthetics, sports and gifted education.
OECD 於2008 年啟動Programme for the International Assessment of Adult
Competencies(PIAAC)跨國研究計畫,第一輪研究期間為2011 年至
2012 年,第二輪則從2014 年至2015 年;第三輪則是2017 年展開。請
說明該研究的目的、重點,以及對臺灣高等教育發展值得參考之建議。
(25 分)
I. Kandel 曾提及「比較教育可以視為是教育史的研究延伸至當前」
(Comparative education may be considered a continuation of the study of the
history of education into the present)。試以此句話說明比較教育研究與教
育史研究之間異同與彼此的關係。(25 分)
J. Tobin 等人為了解文化對於幼教的影響,於1985 年在日本、美國與中
國,各選一所幼教機構以影片拍攝的方式進行研究,其研究成果見於《三
國幼教》(The Preschool in Three Cultures)一書;2003 年團隊重返原先
三所幼教機構,並出版《再訪三國幼教》(The Preschool in Three Cultures
Revisited)。如果文化確實影響幼教,而各國文化又各自殊異,此種研究
是否會落入文化相對論?此項研究的目的為何?以及對於比較教育發
展有何意義呢?就此等問題請說明個人看法。(25 分)
請試述下列名詞之意涵:(每小題5分,共25分)
2021年法國的高中會考(bac)
OECD的《教育要覽》(Education at a Glance)
德國的高等學校入學「第三條教育途徑」
UNESCO「教育的未來」(The Futures of Education)
生態謬誤(Ecological Fallacy)
我國於2018 年首度參加經濟合作暨發展組織(Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development, OECD)舉辦的「教學與學習國際調查」
(Teaching and Learning International Survey, TALIS)。請根據2013 年「教
學與學習國際調查」的結果,分別說明其調查目的與調查面向,並在其
中「教師專業發展」面向的調查中「選擇三個」問題,進行澳洲與南韓
兩國的比較研究。(25 分)
近年來各國在教育發展上形成一股重視素養(competence)的趨勢與潮
流。經濟發展暨合作組織(Organization for Economic and Cooperative
Development, OECD)最早在1997 年開始推動「素養定義與選定方案」
(Definition and Selection of Competencies Project, DeSeCo),以便有系統
地界定學生所需要的核心素養。此方案界定學生核心素養為三類,試闡
述這三類素養之內容。(25 分)
請試述下列名詞之意涵:(每小題5 分,共25 分)
H-L 效應(Heyneman-Loxley Effect)
教育的國際標準分類(The International Standard Classification of Education, ISCED)
教與學的國際調查(Teaching and Learning International Survey, TALIS)
美國的歐巴克(P. G. Altbach, 1941-)
校務研究(Institutional Research, IR)