The Air Navigation Order 1995

• Citation: S.I. 1995/1038
• Sections: 158

Section 1 Citation and Commencement

This Order may be cited as the Air Navigation Order 1995 and shall come into force on 16th May 1995.

Section 2 Revocation

The following Orders are hereby revoked, that is to say:

the Air Navigation Order 1989 ;

the Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 1990 ;

the Air Navigation (Second Amendment) Order 1991 ;

the Air Navigation (Third Amendment) Order 1993 ;

the Air Navigation (Fourth Amendment) Order 1993 ;

the Air Navigation (Fifth Amendment) Order 1993 .

Section 3 Aircraft to be registered

(1) Subject to paragraph (2) an aircraft shall not fly in or over the United Kingdom unless it is registered in:

(a) some part of the Commonwealth;

(b) a Contracting State; or

(c) some other country in relation to which there is in force an agreement between Her Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom and the Government of that country which makes provision for the flight over the United Kingdom of aircraft registered in that country.

(2)

(a) A glider may fly unregistered, and shall be deemed to be registered in the United Kingdom for the purposes of articles 14, 15, 20 and 38 of this Order, on any flight which:

(i) begins and ends in the United Kingdom without passing over any other country, and

(ii) is not for the purpose of public transport or aerial work other than aerial work which consists of the giving of instruction in flying or the conducting of flying tests in a glider owned or operated by a flying club of which the person giving the instruction or conducting the test and the person receiving the instruction or undergoing the test are both members.

(b) Any aircraft may fly unregistered on any flight which:

(i) begins and ends in the United Kingdom without passing over any other country, and

(ii) is in accordance with the “B Conditions” set forth in Schedule 2 to this Order;

(c) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any kite or captive balloon.

(3) If an aircraft flies over the United Kingdom in contravention of paragraph (1) in such manner or circumstances that if the aircraft had been registered in the United Kingdom an offence against this Order or any regulations made thereunder would have been committed, the like offence shall be deemed to have been committed in respect of that aircraft.

Section 4 Registration of aircraft in the United Kingdom

(1) The Authority shall be the authority for the registration of aircraft in the United Kingdom and shall keep the register on its premises and may record therein the particulars specified in paragraph (7) in a legible or a non-legible form so long as the recording is capable of being reproduced in a legible form.

(2) Subject to the provisions of this article, an aircraft shall not be registered or continue to be registered in the United Kingdom if it appears to the Authority that:

(a) the aircraft is registered outside the United Kingdom and that such registration does not cease by operation of law upon the aircraft being registered in the United Kingdom;

(b) an unqualified person holds any legal or beneficial interest by way of ownership in the aircraft or any share therein;

(c) the aircraft could more suitably be registered in some other part of the Commonwealth; or

(d) it would be inexpedient in the public interest for the aircraft to be or to continue to be registered in the United Kingdom.

(3) The following persons and no others shall be qualified to hold a legal or beneficial interest by way of ownership in an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom or a share therein:

(a) the Crown in right of Her Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom or a share therein;

(b) Commonwealth citizens;

(c) nationals of any EEA State;

(d) British protected persons;

(e) bodies incorporated in some part of the Commonwealth and having their principal place of business in any part of the Commonwealth;

(f) undertakings formed in accordance with the law of an EEA State and having their registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the European Economic Area;

or

(g) firms carrying on business in Scotland.

In this sub-paragraph “firm” has the same meaning as in the Partnership Act.

(4) If any unqualified person residing or having a place of business in the United Kingdom holds a legal or beneficial interest by way of ownership in an aircraft, or a share therein, the Authority, upon being satisfied that the aircraft may otherwise be properly so registered, may register the aircraft in the United Kingdom. The person aforesaid shall not cause or permit the aircraft, while it is registered in pursuance of this paragraph, to be used for the purpose of public transport or aerial work.

(5) If an aircraft is chartered by demise to a person qualified as aforesaid the Authority may, whether or not an unqualifed person is entitled as owner to a legal or beneficial interest therein, register the aircraft in the United Kingdom in the name of the charterer upon being satisified that the aircraft may otherwise be properly so registered and subject to the provisions of this article the aircraft may remain so registered during the continuation of the charter.

(6) Application for the registration of an aircraft in the United Kingdom shall be made in writing to the Authority, and shall include or be accompanied by such particulars and evidence relating to the aircraft and the ownership and chartering thereof as it may require to enable it to determine whether the aircraft may properly be registered in the United Kingdom and to issue the certificate referred to in paragraph (8). In particular, the application shall include the proper description of the aircraft according to column 4 of the “General Classification of aircraft” set forth in Part A of Schedule 1 to this Order.

(7) Upon receiving an application for the registration of an aircraft in the United Kingdom and being satisfied that the aircraft may properly be so registered, the Authority shall register the aircraft, wherever it may be, and shall include in the register the following particulars:

(a) the number of the certificate;

(b) the nationality mark of the aircraft, and the registration mark assigned to it by the Authority;

(c) the name of the constructor of the aircraft and its designation;

(d) the serial number of the aircraft; and

(e)

(i) the name and address of every person who is entitled as owner to a legal interest in the aircraft or a share therein, or, in the case of an aircraft which is the subject of a charter by demise, the name and address of the charterer by demise; and

(ii) in the case of an aircraft registered in pursuance of paragraphs (4) or (5), an indication that it is so registered.

(8)

(a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b) the Authority shall furnish to the person in whose name the aircraft is registered (hereinafter in this article referred to as “the registered owner”) a certificate of registration, which shall include the foregoing particulars and the date on which the certificate was issued.

(b) The Authority shall not be required to furnish a certificate of registration if the registered owner is the holder of an aircraft dealer’s certificate granted under this Order who has made to the Authority and has not withdrawn a statement of his intention that the aircraft is to fly only in accordance with the conditions set forth in Part C of Schedule 1 to this Order, and in that case the aircraft shall fly only in accordance with those conditions.

(9) The Authority may grant to any person qualified as aforesaid an aircraft dealer’s certificate if it is satisfied that he has a place of business in the United Kingdom for buying and selling aircraft.

(10) Subject to paragraphs (4) and (5), if at any time after an aircraft has been registered in the United Kingdom an unqualified person becomes entitled to a legal or beneficial interest by way of ownership in the aircraft or a share therein, the registration of the aircraft shall thereupon become void and the certificate of registration shall forthwith be returned by the registered owner to the Authority.

(11) Any person who is the registered owner of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall forthwith inform the Authority in writing of:

(a) any change in the particulars which were furnished to the Authority upon application being made for the registration of the aircraft;

(b) the destruction of the aircraft, or its permanent withdrawal from use; or

(c) in the case of an aircraft registered in pursuance of paragraph (5), the termination of the demise charter.

(12) Any person who becomes the owner of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall within 28 days inform the Authority in writing to that effect.

(13) The Authority may, whenever it appears to it necessary or appropriate to do so for giving effect to this Part of this Order or for bringing up to date or otherwise correcting the particulars entered on the register, amend the register or, if it thinks fit, may cancel the registration of the aircraft, and shall cancel that registration within 2 months of being satisfied that there has been a change in the ownership of the aircraft.

(14) The Secretary of State may, by regulations, adapt or modify the foregoing provisions of this article as he deems necessary or expedient for the pupose of providing for the temporary transfer of aircraft to or from the United Kingdom register, either generally or in relation to a particular case or class of cases.

(15) In this article references to an interest in an aircraft do not include references to an interest in an aircraft to which a person is entitled only by virtue of his membership of a flying club and the reference in paragraph (11) to the registered owner of an aircraft includes in the case of a deceased person, his legal personal representative, and in the case of a body corporate which has been dissolved, its successor.

(16) Nothing in this article shall require the Authority to cancel the registration of an aircraft if in its opinion it would be inexpedient in the public interest to do so.

(17) The registration of an aircraft which is the subject of an undischarged mortgage entered in the Register of Aircraft Mortgages kept by the Authority pursuant to an Order in Council made under section 86 of the Civil Aviation Act 1982 shall not become void by virtue of paragraph (10), nor shall the Authority cancel the registration of such an aircraft pursuant to this article, unless all persons shown in the Register of Aircraft Mortgages as mortgagees of that aircraft have consented to the cancellation.

Section 5 Nationality and registration marks

(1) An aircraft (other than an aircraft permitted by or under this Order to fly without being registered) shall not fly unless it bears painted thereon or affixed thereto, in the manner required by the law of the country in which it is registered, the nationality and registration marks required by that law.

(2) The marks to be borne by aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall comply with Part B of Schedule 1 to this Order.

(3) Subject to paragraph (4), an aircraft shall not bear any marks which purport to indicate:

(a) that the aircraft is registered in a country in which it is not in fact registered; or

(b) that the aircraft is a State aircraft of a particular country if it is not in fact such an aircraft, unless the appropriate authority of that country has sanctioned the bearing of such marks.

(4) Marks approved by the Authority for the purposes of flight in accordance with the “B Conditions” contained in Schedule 2 to this Order shall be deemed not to purport to indicate that the aircraft is registered in a country in which it is not in fact registered.

Section 6 Issue of air operators' certificates

(1) Subject to article 7 of this Order, an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall not fly on any flight for the purpose of public transport, otherwise than under and in accordance with the terms of an air operator’s certificate granted to the operator of the aircraft under paragraph (2), certifying that the holder of the certificate is competent to secure that aircraft operated by him on such flights as that in question are operated safely.

(2) The Authority shall grant to any person applying therefor an air operator’s certificate if it is satisfied that that person is competent, having regard in particular to his previous conduct and experience, his equipment, organisation, staffing, maintenance and other arrangements, to secure the safe operation of aircraft of the types specified in the certifcate on flights of the description and for the purposes so specified. The certificate may be granted subject to such conditions as the Authority thinks fit and shall, subject to the provisions of article 71 of this Order, remain in force for the period specified in the certificate.

Section 7 Issue of police air operators' certificate

(1) A flight by an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom in the service of a chief officer of police for any area of the United Kingdom (in this Order called “a police authority”) shall, for the purposes of this Order, be deemed to be a flight for the purpose of public transport and if any passenger is carried the flight shall be deemed to be for the purpose of public transport of passengers, and save as otherwise expressly provided, the provisions of this Order and of any regulations made thereunder shall be complied with in relation to any such flight as if that flight was for the purpose of public transport or public transport of passengers as the case may be.

(2) An aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall not fly on any flight in the service of a police authority otherwise than under and in accordance with either the terms of an air operator’s certificate granted to the operator of the aircraft under article 6(2) of this Order or the terms of a police air operator’s certificate granted to the operator of the aircraft under paragraph (3), certifying that the holder of the certificate is competent to secure that aircraft operated by him on flights for the purpose of police operations are operated as safely as is appropriate having regard to the particular purposes of the flight.

(3) The Authority shall grant to any person applying therefor a police air operator’s certificate (in this Order called “a police air operator’s certificate”) if it is satisfied that that person is competent having regard in particular to his previous conduct and experience, his equipment, organisation, staffing, maintenance and other arrangements, to secure that the operation of aircraft of the types specified in the certificate shall be as safe as is appropriate when flying on flights of the description and for the purposes so specified. The certificate may be granted subject to such conditions as the Authority thinks fit and shall, subject to the provisions of article 71 of this Order, remain in force for the period specified in the certificate.

Section 8 Certificate of airworthiness to be in force

(1) Subject to paragraph (2) an aircraft shall not fly unless there is in force in respect thereof a certificate of airworthiness duly issued or rendered valid under the law of the country in which the aircraft is registered, and any conditions subject to which the certificate was issued or rendered valid are complied with.

(2) The foregoing prohibition shall not apply to flights, beginning and ending in the United Kingdom without passing over any other country, of:

(a) a glider, if it is not being used for the public transport of passengers or aerial work other than aerial work which consists of the giving of instruction in flying or the conducting of flying tests in a glider owned or operated by a flying club of which the person giving the instruction or conducting the test and the person receiving the instruction or undergoing the test are both members;

(b) a balloon flying on a private flight;

(c) a kite;

(d) an aircraft flying in accordance with the “A Conditions” or the “B Conditions” set forth in Schedule 2 to this Order; or

(e) an aircraft flying in accordance with the conditions of a permit to fly issued by the Authority in respect of that aircraft.

(3) In the case of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom the certificate of airworthiness referred to in paragraph (1) shall be a certificate issued or rendered valid in accordance with the provisions of article 9 of this Order.

Section 9 Issue, renewal, etc. , of certificates of airworthiness

(1) The Authority shall issue in respect of any aircraft a certificate of airworthiness if it is satisfied that the aircraft is fit to fly having regard to:

(a) the design, construction, workmanship and materials of the aircraft (including in particular any engines fitted therein), and of any equipment carried in the aircraft which it considers necessary for the airworthiness of the aircraft; and

(b)

(i) subject to sub-paragraph (ii) the results of flying trials, and such other tests of the aircraft as it may require:

(ii) if the Authority has issued a certificate of airworthiness in respect of an aircraft which, in its opinion, is a prototype aircraft or a modification of a prototype aircraft, it may dispense with flying trials in the case of any other aircraft if it is satisfied that it conforms to such prototype or modification.

(2) Every certificate of airworthiness shall specify such categories as are, in the opinion of the Authority, appropriate to the aircraft in accordance with Schedule 3 to this Order and the certificate shall be issued subject to the condition that the aircraft shall be flown only for the purposes indicated in the said Schedule in relation to those categories.

(3) The Authority may issue the certificate of airworthiness subject to such other conditions relating to the airworthiness of the aircraft as it thinks fit.

(4) The certificate of airworthiness may designate the performance group to which the aircraft belongs for the purposes of the requirements referred to in article 32(1) of this Order.

(5) The Authority may, subject to such conditions as it thinks fit, issue a certificate of validation rendering valid for the purposes of this Order a certificate of airworthiness issued in respect of any aircraft under the law of any country other than the United Kingdom.

(6) Subject to the provisions of this article and of article 71 of this Order, a certificate of airworthiness or validation issued under this article shall remain in force for such period as may be specified therein, and may be renewed from time to time by the Authority for such further period as it thinks fit.

(7) A certificate of airworthiness or a certificate of validation issued in respect of an aircraft shall cease to be in force:

(a) if the aircraft, or such of its equipment as is necessary for the airworthiness of the aircraft, is overhauled, repaired or modified, or if any part of the aircraft or of such equipment is removed or is replaced, otherwise than in a manner and with material of a type approved by the Authority either generally or in relation to a class of aircraft or to the particular aircraft;

(b) until the completion of any inspection or maintenance of the aircraft or of any such equipment as aforesaid, being an inspection made for the purpose of ascertaining whether the aircraft remains airworthy and:

(i) classified as mandatory by the Authority;

(ii) required by a maintenance schedule approved by the Authority in relation to that aircraft; or

(c) until the completion to the satisfaction of the Authority of any modification of the aircraft or of any such equipment as aforesaid, being a modification required by the Authority for the purpose of ensuring that the aircraft remains airworthy.

(8) Nothing in this Order shall oblige the Authority to accept an application for the issue of a certificate of airworthiness or validation or for the variation or renewal of any such certificate when the application is not supported by such reports from such approved persons as the Authority may specify (either generally or in a particular case or class of cases).

Section 10 Certificate of maintenance review

(1) An aircraft registered in the United Kingdom in respect of which a certificate of airworthiness in either the transport or in the aerial work category is in force shall not fly unless:

(a) the aircraft (including in particular its engines), together with its equipment and radio station, is maintained in accordance with a maintenance schedule approved by the Authority in relation to that aircraft; and

(b) there is in force a certificate (in this Order referred to as a “certificate of maintenance review”) issued in respect of the aircraft in accordance with the provisions of this article and such certificate shall certify the date on which the maintenance review was carried out and the date thereafter when the next review is due.

(2) The approved maintenance schedule referred to in paragraph (1) shall specify the occasions on which a review must be carried out for the purpose of issuing a certificate of maintenance review.

(3)

(a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), a certificate of maintenance review may be issued for the purposes of this article only by:

(i) the holder of an aircraft maintenance engineer’s licence:

(aa) granted under this Order being a licence which entitles him to issue that certificate;

(bb) granted under the law of a country other than the United Kingdom and rendered valid under this Order in accordance with the privileges endorsed on the licence; or

(cc) granted under the law of any such country as may be prescribed in accordance with the privileges endorsed on the licence and subject to any conditions which may be prescribed;

(ii) a person whom the Authority has authorised to issue a certificate of maintenance review in a particular case, and in accordance with that authority; or

(iii) a person approved by the Authority as being competent to issue such certificate, and in accordance with that approval.

(b) In approving a maintenance schedule, the Authority may direct that certificates of maintenance review relating to that schedule, or to any part thereof specified in its direction, may be issued only by the holder of such a licence as is so specified.

(4) A person referred to in paragraph (3) shall not issue a certificate of maintenance review unless he has first verified that:

(a) maintenance has been carried out on the aircraft in accordance with the maintenance schedule approved for that aircraft;

(b) inspections and modifications required by the Authority as provided in article 9 of this Order have been completed as certified in the relevant certificate of release to service issued under the Order or under JAR 145;

(c) defects entered in the technical log of the aircraft in accordance with article 11 of this Order have been rectified or the rectification thereof has been deferred in accordance with procedures approved by the Authority; and

(d) certificates of release to service have been issued:

(i) under the Order in respect of an aircraft falling within article 12(1); or

(ii) under JAR 145 in respect of an aircraft required to be maintained in accordance with JAR 145;

and for this purpose the operator of the aircraft shall make available to that person such information as is necessary.

(5) A certificate of maintenance review shall be issued in duplicate. One copy of the most recently issued certificate shall be carried in the aircraft when article 66 of this Order so requires, and the other shall be kept by the operator elsewhere than in the aircraft.

(6) Subject to the provisions of article 70 of this Order, each certificate of maintenance review shall be preserved by the operator of the aircraft for a period of 2 years after it has been issued.

Section 11 Technical Log

(1) A technical log shall be kept in respect of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom being an aircraft in respect of which a certificate of airworthiness in either the transport or in the aerial work category is in force.

(2)

(a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), at the end of every flight by an aircraft to which the provisions of this article apply the commander of the aircraft shall enter:

(i) the times when the aircraft took off and landed;

(ii) particulars of any defect which is known to him and which affects the airworthiness or safe operation of the aircraft, or if no such defect is known to him, an entry to that effect; and

(iii) such other particulars in respect of the airworthiness or operation of the aircraft as the Authority may require;

in a technical log, or, in the case of an aircraft of which the maximum total weight authorised does not exceed 2730 kg and which is not operated by a person who is the holder of or is required by article 6(1) of this Order to hold an air operator’s certificate, in such other record as the Authority shall approve and he shall sign and date such entries.

(b) In the case of a number of consecutive flights each of which begins and ends:

(i) within the same period of 24 hours;

(ii) at the same aerodrome, except where each such flight is for the purpose of dropping or projecting any material for agricultural, public health or similar purposes; and

(iii) with the same person as commander of the aircraft;

the commander of an aircraft may, except where he becomes aware of a defect during an earlier flight, make the entries specified in sub-paragraph (a) in a technical log at the end of the last of such consecutive flights.

(3) Upon the rectification of any defect which has been entered in a technical log in accordance with paragraph (2) a person issuing a certificate of release to service issued under the Order or under JAR 145 in respect of that defect shall enter the certificate in the technical log in such a position as to be readily identifiable with the defect to which it relates.

(4)

(a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b) the technical log referred to in this article shall be carried in the aircraft when article 66 of this Order so requires and copies of the entries referred to in this article shall be kept on the ground.

(b) In the case of an aeroplane of which the maximum total weight authorised does not exceed 2730 kg, or a helicopter, if it is not reasonably practicable for the copy of the technical log to be kept on the ground it may be carried in the aeroplane or helicopter, as the case may be, in a container approved by the Authority for that purpose.

(5) Subject to the provisions of article 70 of this Order, a technical log or such other approved record required by this article shall be preserved by the operator of the aircraft to which it relates until a date 2 years after the aircraft has been destroyed or has been permanently withdrawn from use, or for such shorter period as the Authority may permit in a particular case.

Section 12 Inspection, overhaul, repair, replacement and modification

(1) This article shall apply to any aircraft registered in the United Kingdom in respect of which a certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered valid under this Order is in force except any such aircraft required to be maintained in accordance with JAR 145.

(2) Except as provided in paragraphs (4) and (5) an aircraft to which this article applies shall not fly unless there is in force a certificate of release to service issued under this Order if the aircraft or any part of the aircraft or such of its equipment as is necessary for the airworthiness of the aircraft has been overhauled, repaired, replaced, modified, maintained, or has been inspected as provided in article 9(7)(b) of this Order, as the case may be.

(3) If a repair or replacement of a part of an aircraft or its equipment is carried out when the aircraft is at such a place that it is not reasonably practicable:

(i) for the repair or replacement to be carried out in such a manner that a certificate of release to service under this Order can be issued in respect thereof; or

(ii) for such a certificate to be issued while the aircraft is at that place;

it may fly to a place at which such a certificate can be issued, being the nearest place:

(aa) to which the aircraft can, in the reasonable opinion of the commander thereof, safely fly by a route for which it is properly equipped; and

(bb) to which it is reasonable to fly having regard to any hazards to the liberty or health of any person on board;

and in such case the commander of the aircraft shall cause written particulars of the flight, and the reasons for making it, to be given to the Authority within 10 days thereafter.

(4) Nothing in paragraph (2) shall require a certificate of release to service to be in force in respect of an aircraft to which this article applies of which the maximum total weight authorised does not exceed 2730 kg and in respect of which a certificate of airworthiness of the special category is in force, unless the Authority gives a direction to the contrary in a particular case.

(5) Nothing in paragraph (2) shall prevent an aircraft to which this article applies in respect of which there is in force a certificate of airworthiness in the private or special categories and whose maximum total weight authorised does not exceed 2730 kg from flying if the only repairs or replacements in respect of which a certificate of release to service is not in force are of such a description as may be prescribed and have been carried out personally by the owner or operator of the aircraft being the holder of a pilot’s licence granted or rendered valid under this Order. In that event the owner or operator, as the case may be, of the aircraft, shall keep in the aircraft log book kept in respect of the aircraft pursuant to article 17 of this Order a record which identifies the repair or replacement and shall sign and date the entries and, subject to the provisions of article 70 of this Order, shall preserve the log book for the period specified in article 17 of this Order. Any equipment or parts used in carrying out such repairs or replacements shall be of a type approved by the Authority whether generally or in relation to a class of aircraft or one particular aircraft.

(6) Neither:

(a) equipment provided in compliance with Schedule 4 to this Order (except paragraph (3) thereof); nor

(b) radio apparatus provided for use in an aircraft or in any survival craft carried in an aircraft, whether or not such apparatus is provided in compliance with this Order or any regulation made thereunder;

shall be installed or placed on board for use in an aircraft to which this article applies after being overhauled, repaired, modified or inspected, unless there is in force in respect thereof at the time when it is installed or placed on board a certificate of release to service issued under this Order.

(7) A certificate of release to service issued under this Order shall:

(a) certify that the aircraft or any part thereof or its equipment has been overhauled, repaired, replaced, modified or maintained, as the case may be, in a manner and with material of a type approved by the Authority either generally or in relation to a class of aircraft or the particular aircraft and shall identify the overhaul, repair, replacement, modification or maintenance to which the certificate relates and shall include particulars of the work done; or

(b) certify in relation to any inspection required by the Authority that the aircraft or the part thereof or its equipment, as the case may be, has been inspected in accordance with the requirements of the Authority and that any consequential repair, replacement or modification has been carried out as aforesaid.

(8) A certificate of release to service issued under this Order may be issued only by:

(a) the holder of an aircraft maintenance engineer’s licence:

(i) granted under this Order, being a licence which entitles him to issue that certificate;

(ii) granted under the law of a country other than the United Kingdom and rendered valid under this Order, in accordance with the privileges endorsed on the licence; or

(iii) granted under the law of any such country as may be prescribed in accordance with the privileges endorsed on the licence and subject to any conditions which may be prescribed;

(b) the holder of an aircraft maintenance engineer’s licence or authorisation as such an engineer granted or issued by or under the law of any Contracting State other than the United Kingdom in which the overhaul, repair, replacement, modification or inspection has been carried out, but only in respect of aircraft to which this article applies of which the maximum total weight authorised does not exceed 2730 kg and in accordance with the privileges endorsed on the licence;

(c) a person approved by the Authority as being competent to issue such certification, and in accordance with that approval;

(d) a person whom the Authority has authorised to issue the certificate in a particular case, and in accordance with that authority;

(e) in relation only to the adjustment and compensation of direct reading magnetic compasses, the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes), a Senior Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes) or a Flight Navigator’s Licence granted or rendered valid under this Order; or

(f) a person approved in accordance with JAR 145, and in accordance with that approval.

(9) In this article, the expression “repair” includes in relation to a compass the adjustment and compensation thereof and the expression “repaired” shall be construed accordingly.

Section 13 Licensing of maintenance engineers

(1) The Authority shall grant aircraft maintenance engineers' licences, subject to such conditions as it thinks fit, upon its being satisfied that the applicant is a fit person to hold the licence and is qualified by reason of his knowledge, experience, competence, and skill in aeronautical engineering, and for that purpose the applicant shall furnish such evidence and undergo such examinations and tests as the Authority may require of him.

(2) An aircraft maintenance engineer’s licence shall authorise the holder, subject to such conditions as may be specified in the licence, to issue:

(a) certificates of maintenance review in respect of such aircraft as may be so specified;

(b) certificates of release to service under this Order in respect of such overhauls, repairs, replacements, modifications, maintenance and inspections of such aircraft and such equipment as may be so specified; or

(c) certificates of fitness for flight under “A Conditions” in respect of such aircraft as may so be specified.

(3) A licence shall, subject to the provisions of article 71 of this Order, remain in force for the period specified therein, not exceeding five years, but may be renewed by the Authority from time to time upon its being satisfied that the applicant is a fit person and is qualified as aforesaid.

(4) The Authority may issue a certificate rendering valid for the purposes of this Order any licence as an aircraft maintenance engineer granted under the law of any country other than the United Kindgom. Such certificate may be issued subject to such conditions, and for such periods, as the Authority thinks fit.

(5) A licence granted under this article shall not be valid unless it bears thereon the ordinary signature of the holder in ink.

(6) Without prejudice to any other provision of this Order the Authority may, for the purpose of this article, either absolutely or subject to such conditions as it thinks fit:

(a) approve any course of training or instruction;

(b) authorise a person to conduct such examinations or tests as it may specify; and

(c) approve a person to provide or conduct any course of training or instruction.

(7) The holder of an aircraft maintenance engineer’s licence shall not exercise the privileges of such a licence if he knows or suspects that his physical or mental condition renders him unfit to exercise such privileges.

(8) The holder of an aircraft maintenance engineer’s licence shall not, when exercising the privileges of such a licence, be under the influence of drink or a drug to such an extent as to impair his capacity to exercise such privileges.

Section 14 Equipment of aircraft

(1) An aircraft shall not fly unless it is so equipped as to comply with the law of the country in which it is registered, and to enable lights and markings to be displayed, and signals to be made, in accordance with this Order and any regulations made thereunder.

(2) In the case of any aircraft registered in the United Kingdom the equipment required to be provided (in addition to any other equipment required by or under this Order) shall be that specified in such parts of Schedule 4 to this Order as are applicable in the circumstances and shall comply with the provisions of that Schedule. The equipment, except that specified in paragraph 3 of the said Schedule, shall be of a type approved by the Authority either generally or in relation to a class of aircraft or in relation to that aircraft and shall be installed in a manner so approved.

(3) In any particular case the Authority may direct that an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall carry such additional or special equipment or supplies as it may specify for the purpose of facilitating the navigation of the aircraft, the carrying out of search and rescue operations, or the survival of the persons carried in the aircraft.

(4) The equipment carried in compliance with this article shall be so installed or stowed and kept stowed, and so maintained and adjusted, as to be readily accessible and capable of being used by the person for whose use it is intended.

(5) The position of equipment provided for emergency use shall be indicated by clear markings in or on the aircraft. In particular in every public transport aircraft registered in the United Kingdom there shall be:

(a) provided individually for each passenger; or

(b) if the Authority so permits in writing, exhibited in a prominent position in every passenger compartment;

a notice relevant to the aircraft in question containing pictorial:

(i) instructions on the brace position to be adopted in the event of an emergency landing;

(ii) instructions on the method of use of the safety belts and safety harnesses as appropriate;

(iii) information as to where emergency exits are to be found and instructions as to how they are to be used; and

(iv) information as to where the life-jackets, escape slides, life-rafts and oxygen masks, if required to be provided by paragraph (2), are to be found and instructions as to how they are to be used.

(6) All equipment installed or carried in an aircraft, whether or not in compliance with this article, shall be so installed or stowed and so maintained and adjusted as not to be a source of danger in itself or to impair the airworthiness of the aircraft or the proper functioning of any equipment or services necessary for the safety of the aircraft.

(7) Without prejudice to paragraph (2), all navigational equipment (other than radio apparatus) of any of the following types, namely:

(a) equipment capable of establishing the aircraft’s position in relation to its position at some earlier time by computing and applying the resultant of the acceleration and gravitational forces acting upon it; and

(b) equipment capable of establishing automatically the altitude and relative bearing of selected celestial bodies;

when carried in an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom (whether or not in compliance with this Order or any regulations made thereunder) shall be of a type approved by the Authority either generally or in relation to a class of aircraft or in relation to that aircraft and shall be installed in a manner so approved.

(8) This article shall not apply in relation to radio apparatus except that specified in Schedule 4 to this Order.

Section 15 Radio equipment of aircraft

(1) An aircraft shall not fly unless it is so equipped with radio and radio navigation equipment as to comply with the law of the country in which the aircraft is registered and to enable communications to be made and the aircraft to be navigated, in accordance with the provisions of this Order and any regulations made thereunder.

(2) Without prejudice to paragraph (1), the aircraft shall be equipped with radio and radio navigation equipment in accordance with Schedule 5 to this Order.

(3) In any particular case the Authority may direct that an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall carry such additional or special radio or radio navigation equipment as it may specify for the purpose of facilitating the navigation of the aircraft, the carrying out of search and rescue operations or the survival of the persons carried in the aircraft.

(4) Subject to such exceptions as may be prescribed the radio and radio navigation equipment provided in compliance with this article in an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall always be maintained in serviceable condition.

(5) All radio and radio navigation equipment installed in an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom or carried on such an aircraft for use in connection with the aircraft (whether or not in compliance with this Order or any regulations made thereunder) shall be of a type approved by the Authority in relation to the purpose for which it is to be used, and shall, except in the case of a glider which is permitted by article 3(2) of this Order to fly unregistered, be installed in a manner approved by the Authority. Neither the equipment nor the manner in which it is installed shall be modified except with the approval of the Authority.

Section 16 Minimum equipment requirements

(1) This article shall not apply to equipment required to be carried by virtue of article 41(2) and 41(3) of this Order.

(2) Subject to paragraph (1), the Authority may, subject to such conditions as it thinks fit, grant in respect of any aircraft or class of aircraft registered in the United Kingdom a permission permitting such aircraft to commence a flight in specified circumstances notwithstanding that any specified item of equipment (including radio apparatus) required by or under this Order to be carried in the circumstances of the intended flight is not carried or is not in a fit condition for use.

(3) An aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall not commence a flight if any of the equipment (including radio apparatus) required by or under this Order to be carried in the circumstances of the intended flight is not carried or is not in a fit condition for use:

(a) otherwise than under and in accordance with the terms of a permission under this article which has been granted to the operator;

(b) unless in the case of an aircraft to which article 27 of this Order applies, the operations manual required thereby contains the particulars specified at sub-paragraph (xvii) of Part A of Schedule 10 to this Order; and

(c) unless in the case of an aircraft to which article 28 of this Order applies, the police operations manual required thereby contains the particulars specified at sub-paragraph (xvii) of Part A of Schedule 10 to this Order.

Section 17 Aircraft, engine and propeller log books

(1) In addition to any other log books required by or under this Order, the following log books shall be kept in respect of aircraft registered in the United Kingdom—

(a) an aircraft log book;

(b) a separate log book in respect of each engine fitted in the aircraft; and

(c) a separate log book in respect of each variable pitch propeller fitted to the aircraft.

The log books shall include the particulars respectively specified in Schedule 6 to this Order and in the case of an aircraft having a maximum total weight authorised not exceeding 2730 kg shall be of a type approved by the Authority.

(2)

(a) Each entry in the log book, other than such an entry as is referred to in sub-paragraphs 2(d)(ii) or 3(d)(ii) of Schedule 6 to this Order, shall be made as soon as practicable after the occurrence to which it relates, but in no event more than 7 days after the expiration of the certificate of maintenance review (if any) in force in respect of the aircraft at the time of the occurrence.

(b) Each entry in the log book, being such an entry as is referred to in sub-paragraphs 2(d)(ii) or 3(d)(ii) of Schedule 6 to this Order shall be made upon each occasion that any maintenance, overhaul, repair, replacement, modification or inspection is undertaken on the engine or propeller as the case may be.

(3) Entries in a log book may refer to other documents, which shall be clearly identified, and any other document so referred to shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Order, to be part of the log book.

(4) It shall be the duty of the operator of every aircraft in respect of which log books are required to be kept as aforesaid to keep them or cause them to be kept in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this article.

(5) Subject to the provisions of article 70 of this Order every log book shall be preserved by the operator of the aircraft until a date 2 years after the aircraft, the engine or the variable pitch propeller, as the case may be, has been destroyed or has been permanently withdrawn from use.

Section 18 Aircraft weight schedule

(1) Every flying machine and glider in respect of which a certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered valid under this Order is in force shall be weighed, and the position of its centre of gravity determined, at such times and in such manner as the Authority may require or approve in the case of that aircraft.

(2) Upon the aircraft being weighed as aforesaid the operator of the aircraft shall prepare a weight schedule showing:

(a) either the basic weight of the aircraft, that is to say, the weight of the aircraft empty together with the weight of unusable fuel and unusable oil in the aircraft and of such items of equipment as are indicated in the weight schedule, or such other weight as may be approved by the Authority in the case of that aircraft; and

(b) either the position of the centre of gravity of the aircraft when the aircraft contains only the items included in the basic weight or such other position of the centre of gravity as may be approved by the Authority in the case of that aircraft.

(3) Subject to the provisions of article 70 of this Order the weight schedule shall be preserved by the operator of the aircraft until the expiration of a period of six months following the next occasion on which the aircraft is weighed for the purposes of this article.

Section 19 Access and inspection for airworthiness purposes

The Authority may cause such inspections, investigations, tests, experiments and flight trials to be made as it deems necessary for the purposes of this Part of this Order and any person authorised to do so in writing by the Authority may at any reasonable time inspect any part of, or material intended to be incorporated in or used in the manufacture of any part of, an aircraft or its equipment or any documents relating thereto and may for that purpose go upon any aerodrome or enter any aircraft factory.

Section 20 Composition of crew of aircraft

(1) An aircraft shall not fly unless it carries a flight crew of the number and description required by the law of the country in which it is registered.

(2) An aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall carry a flight crew adequate in number and description to ensure the safety of the aircraft and of at least the number and description specified in the certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered valid under this Order or, if no certificate of airworthiness is required under this Order to be in force, the certificate of airworthiness, if any, last in force under this Order, in respect of that aircraft.

(3)

(a) A flying machine registered in the United Kingdom and flying for the purpose of public transport having a maximum total weight authorised exceeding 5700 kg shall carry not less than two pilots as members of the flight crew thereof.

(b)

(i) Subject to sub-paragraph (ii) an aeroplane registered in the United Kingdom and flying for the purpose of public transport in circumstances where the aircraft commander is required to comply with the Instrument Flight Rules and having a maximum total weight authorised of 5700 kg or less and powered by:

(aa) one or more turbine jets;

(bb) one or more turbine propeller engines and provided with a means of pressurising the personnel compartments;

(cc) two or more turbine propeller engines and certificated to carry more than nine passengers;

(dd) two or more turbine propeller engines and certificated to carry fewer than 10 passengers and not provided with a means of pressurising the personnel compartments, unless it is equipped with an autopilot which has been approved by the Authority for the purposes of this article and which is serviceable on take-off; or

(ee) two or more piston engines, unless it is equipped with an autopilot which has been approved by the Authority for the purposes of this article and which is serviceable on take-off;

shall carry not less than two pilots as members of the flight crew thereof.

(ii) An aeroplane described in sub-paragraphs (i)(dd) or (i)(ee) which is equipped with an approved autopilot shall not be required to carry two pilots notwithstanding that before take-off the approved autopilot is found to be unserviceable, if the aeroplane flies in accordance with arrangements approved by the Authority.

(4) An aircraft registered in the United Kingdom engaged on a flight for the purpose of public transport shall carry:

(a) a flight navigator as a member of the flight crew; or

(b) navigational equipment suitable for the route to be flown

if on the route or any diversion therefrom, being a route or diversion planned before take-off, the aircraft is intended to be more than 500 nautical miles from the point of take-off measured along the route to be flown, and to pass over part of an area specified in Schedule 7 to this Order.

The flight navigator carried in compliance with this article shall be carried in addition to any person who is carried in accordance with this article to perform other duties.

(5) An aircraft registered in the United Kingdom which is required by the provisions of article 15 of this Order to be equipped with radio communication apparatus shall carry a flight radio operator as a member of the flight crew, who, if he is required to operate radiotelegraph apparatus, shall be carried in addition to any other person who is carried in accordance with this article to perform other duties.

(6) If it appears to it to be expedient to do so in the interests of safety, the Authority may direct any particular operator of any aircraft registered in the United Kingdom that the aircraft operated by him or any such aircraft shall not fly in such circumstances as the Authority may specify unless those aircraft carry in addition to the flight crew required to be carried therein by the foregoing provisions of this article such additional persons as members of the flight crew as it may specify in the direction.

(7)

(a) This paragraph applies to any flight for the purpose of public transport by an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom:

(i) on which is carried 20 or more passengers; or

(ii) which may in accordance with its certificate of airworthiness carry more than 35 passengers and on which at least one passenger is carried.

(b) The crew of an aircraft on a flight to which this paragraph applies shall include cabin attendants carried for the purposes of performing in the interests of the safety of passengers, duties to be assigned by the operator or the commander of the aircraft but who shall not act as members of the flight crew.

(c)

(i) Subject to sub-paragraph (ii), on a flight to which this paragraph applies, there shall be carried not less than one cabin attendant for every 50, or fraction of 50 passenger seats installed in the aircraft.

(ii) The number of cabin attendants calculated in accordance with sub-paragraph (i) need not be carried if the Authority has granted written permission to the operator to carry a lesser number on that flight and the operator carries the number specified in that permission and complies with any other terms and conditions subject to which such permission is granted.

(8) If it appears to it to be expedient to do so in the interest of safety, the Authority may direct any particular operator of any aircraft registered in the United Kingdom that the aircraft operated by him or any such aircraft shall not fly in such circumstances as the Authority may specify unless those aircraft carry in addition to the cabin attendants required to be carried therein by the foregoing provisions of this article such additional persons as cabin attendants as it may specify in the direction.

Section 21 Members of flight crew—requirement for licence

(1) Subject to the provisions of this article, a person shall not act as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom unless he is the holder of an appropriate licence granted or rendered valid under this Order.

(2) A person may within the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man without being the holder of such a licence:

(a) act as a flight radiotelephony operator if:

(i) he does so as the pilot of a glider not flying for the purpose of public transport or aerial work, or as a person being trained in an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom to perform duties as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft;

(ii) he is authorised to operate the radiotelephony station by the holder of the licence granted in respect of that station under any enactment;

(iii) messages are transmitted only for the purposes of instruction, or of the safety or navigation of the aircraft;

(iv) messages are transmitted only on a frequency exceeding 60 MHz assigned by the Authority for use on flights on which a flight radiotelephony operator acts in one of the capacities specified in sub-paragraph (i) of this paragraph;

(v) the transmitter is pre-set to one or more of the frequencies so assigned and cannot be adjusted in flight to any other frequency;

(vi) the operation of the transmitter requires the use only of external switches; and

(vii) the stability of the frequency radiated is maintained automatically by the transmitter;

(b) subject to the provisions of article 22(9) of this Order, act as pilot in command of an aircraft for the purpose of becoming qualified for the grant or renewal of a pilot’s licence or the inclusion or variation of any rating in a pilot’s licence if;

(i) he is at least 17 years of age;

(ii) he is the holder of a valid medical certificate to the effect that he is fit so to act issued by a person approved by the Authority;

(iii) he complies with any conditions subject to which that medical certificate was issued;

(iv) no other person is carried in the aircraft;

(v) the aircraft is not flying for the purpose of public transport or aerial work other than aerial work which consists of the giving of instruction in flying or the conducting of flying tests; and

(vi) he so acts in accordance with instructions given by a person holding a pilot’s licence granted under this Order being a licence which includes a flying instructor’s rating or an assistant flying instructor’s rating entitling him to give instruction in flying the type of aircraft being flown;

(c) subject to the provisions of article 22(9) of this Order, act as pilot of an aircraft in respect of which the flight crew required to be carried by or under this Order does not exceed one pilot for the purpose of becoming qualified for the grant or renewal of a pilot’s licence or the inclusion or variation of any rating in a pilot’s licence if:

(i) the aircraft is not flying for the purpose of public transport or aerial work other than aerial work which consists of the giving of instruction in flying or the conducting of flying tests;

(ii) he so acts in accordance with instructions given by a person holding a pilot’s licence granted under this Order being a licence which includes a flying instructor’s rating or an assistant flying instructor’s rating entitling him to give instruction in flying the type of aircraft being flown; and

(iii) the aircraft is fitted with dual controls and he is accompanied in the aircraft by the said instructor who is seated at the other set of controls or the aircraft is fitted with controls designed for and capable of use by two persons and he is accompanied in the aircraft by the said instructor who is seated so as to be able to use the controls;

(d) subject to the provisions of article 22(9) of this Order, act as pilot in command of an aircraft at night if:

(i) he is the holder of an appropriate licence granted or rendered valid under this Order in all respects save that the licence does not include an instrument rating and he has not within the immediately preceding 13 months carried out as pilot in command not less than 5 take-offs and landings at a time when the depression of the centre of the sun was not less than 12° below the horizon;

(ii) he so acts in accordance with instructions given by a person holding a pilot’s licence granted under this Order being a licence which includes a flying instructor’s rating or an assistant flying instructor’s rating entitling him to give instruction in flying the type of aircraft being flown by night;

(iii) no person other than that specified in sub-paragraph (ii) above is carried; and

(iv) the aircraft is not flying for the purpose of public transport or aerial work other than aerial work which consists of the giving of instruction in flying or the conducting of flying tests;

(e) subject to the provisions of article 22(9) of this Order, act as pilot in command of a balloon if:

(i) he is the holder of an appropriate licence granted or rendered valid under this Order in all respects save that he has not within the immediately preceding 13 months carried out as pilot in command 5 flights each of not less than 5 minutes duration;

(ii) he so acts in accordance with instructions given by a person authorised by the Authority to supervise flying in the type of balloon being flown;

(iii) no person other than that specified in sub-paragraph (ii) above is carried; and

(iv) the balloon is not flying for the purpose of public transport or aerial work other than aerial work which consists of the giving of instruction in flying or the conducting of flying tests.

(3) Subject as aforesaid, a person shall not act as a member of the flight crew required by or under this Order to be carried in an aircraft registered in a country other than the United Kingdom unless:

(a) in the case of an aircraft flying for the purpose of public transport or aerial work he is the holder of an appropriate licence granted or rendered valid under the law of the country in which the aircraft is registered; or

(b) in the case of any other aircraft, he is the holder of an appropriate licence granted or rendered valid under the law of the country in which the aircraft is registered or under this Order, and the Authority does not in the particular case give a direction to the contrary.

(4) For the purposes of this article, a licence granted under the law of a Contracting State other than the United Kingdom or under the law of a relevant overseas territory purporting to authorise the holder thereof to act as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft, not being a licence purporting to authorise him to act as a student pilot only, shall, unless the Authority in the particular case gives a direction to the contrary, be deemed to be a licence rendered valid under this Order but does not entitle the holder:

(a) to act as a member of the flight crew of any aircraft flying for the purpose of public transport or aerial work or on any flight in respect of which he receives remuneration for his services as a member of the flight crew; or

(b) in the case of a pilot’s licence, to act as pilot of any aircraft flying in controlled airspace notified for the purposes of this sub-paragraph in circumstances requiring compliance with the Instrument Flight Rules or to give any instruction in flying.

(5) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), a person may, unless the certificate of airworthiness in force in respect of the aircraft otherwise requires, act as pilot of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom for the purpose of undergoing training or tests for the grant or renewal of a pilot’s licence or for the inclusion, renewal or extension of a rating therein without being the holder of an appropriate licence, if the following conditions are complied with:

(a) no other person shall be carried in the aircraft or in an aircraft being towed thereby except a person carried as a member of the flight crew in compliance with this Order, a person authorised by the Authority to witness the aforesaid training or tests or to conduct the aforesaid tests, or, if the pilot in command of the aircraft is the holder of an appropriate licence, a person carried for the purpose of being trained or tested as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft; and

(b) the person acting as the pilot of the aircraft without being the holder of an appropriate licence either:

(i) within the period of six months immediately preceding was serving as a qualified pilot of an aircraft in any of Her Majesty’s naval, military or air forces, and his physical condition has not, so far as he is aware, so deteriorated during that period as to render him unfit for the licence for which he intends to qualify; or

(ii) holds a pilot's, a flight navigator’s or a flight engineer’s licence granted under article 22 of this Order and the purpose of the training or test is to enable him to qualify under this Order for the grant of a pilot’s licence or for the inclusion of an additional type in the aircraft rating in his licence and he acts under the supervision of a person who is the holder of an appropriate licence.

(6) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), a person may act as a member of the flight crew (otherwise than as a pilot) of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom for the purposes of undergoing training or tests for the grant or renewal of a flight navigator's, or a flight engineer’s licence or for the inclusion, renewal or extension of a rating therein, without being the holder of an appropriate licence if he acts under the supervision and in the presence of another person who is the holder of the type of licence or rating for which the person undergoing the training or tests is being trained or tested.

(7) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), a person may act as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom without being the holder of an appropriate licence if, in so doing, he is acting in the course of his duty as a member of any of Her Majesty’s naval, military or air forces.

(8) An appropriate licence for the purposes of this article means a licence which entitles the holder to perform the functions which he undertakes in relation to the aircraft concerned and the flight on which it is engaged.

(9) This article shall not require a licence to be held by a person by reason of his acting as a member of the flight crew of a glider unless:

(a) he acts as a flight radio operator; or

(b) the flight is for the purpose of public transport or aerial work, other than aerial work which consists of the giving of instruction in flying or the conducting of flying tests in a glider owned or operated by a flying club of which the person giving the instruction or conducting the test and the person receiving the instruction or undergoing the test are both members.

(10) Notwithstanding anything in this article:

(a) the holder of a licence granted or rendered valid under this Order, being a licence endorsed to the effect that the holder does not satisfy in full the relevant international standard, shall not act as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom in or over the territory of a Contracting State other than the United Kingdom except in accordance with permission granted by the competent authorities of that State;

(b) the holder of a licence granted or rendered valid under the law of a Contracting State other than the United Kingdom, being a licence endorsed as aforesaid, shall not act as a member of the flight crew of any aircraft in or over the United Kingdom except in accordance with permission granted by the Authority, whether or not the licence is or is deemed to be rendered valid under this Order.

Section 22 Grant, renewal and effect of flight crew licences

(1)

(a) Subject to paragraph (2), the Authority shall grant licences, subject to such conditions as it thinks fit, of any of the classes specified in Part A of Schedule 8 to this Order authorising the holder to act as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom, upon its being satisfield that the applicant is a fit person to hold the licence, and is qualified by reason of his knowledge, experience, competence, skill, physical and mental fitness to act in the capacity to which the licence relates, and for that purpose the applicant shall furnish such evidence and undergo such examinations and tests (including in particular medical examinations) and undertake such courses of training as the Authority may require of him.

(b) A licence of any class shall not be granted to any person who is under the minimum age specified for that class of licence in Part A of the said Schedule.

(c) A licence granted under this article shall not be valid unless it bears thereon the ordinary signature of the holder in ink.

(d) Subject to paragraph (2) and to the provisions of article 71 of this Order, a licence shall remain in force for the period indicated in the licence, not exceeding the period specified in respect of a licence of that class in the said Schedule, and may be renewed by the Authority from time to time upon its being satisfield that the applicant is a fit person and qualified as aforesaid. If no period is indicated in the licence it shall remain in force, subject as aforesaid for the lifetime of the holder.

(2)

(a) The Authority shall not on or after 4th December 1989 grant a Senior Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes) to any person who was not on 3rd December 1989 the holder of such a licence.

(b) A Senior Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes) shall remain in force until either:

(i) the end of the period indicated in the licence, such period not exceeding 10 years; or

(ii) 3rd December 1994;

whichever is the earlier.

(3) The Authority may include in a licence a rating, subject to such conditions as it thinks fit, of any of the classes specified in Part B of the said Schedule, upon its being satisfied that the applicant is qualified as aforesaid to act in the capacity to which the rating relates, and such rating shall be deemed to form part of the licence.

(4) Subject to any conditions of the licence and to the provisions of this Order, a licence of any class shall entitle the holder to perform the functions specified in respect of that licence in Part A of the said Schedule under the heading “Privileges”, and a rating of any class shall entitle the holder of the licence in which such rating is included to perform the functions specified in respect of that rating in Part B of the said Schedule.

(5)

(a)

(i) Subject to the provisions of sub-paragraphs (ii) and (iii), the holder of a pilot’s licence or a flight engineer’s licence shall not be entitled to exercise the privileges of an aircraft rating contained in the licence on a flight unless the licence bears a valid certificate of test or a valid certificate of experience, which certificate shall in either case be appropriate to the functions he is to perform on that flight in accordance with Part C of the said Schedule and shall otherwise comply with that Part.

(ii) The holder of a Private Pilot’s Licence (Balloons and Airships) shall be entitled to exercise the privileges of an aircraft rating contained in the licence on a flight when the licence does not bear such a certificate.

(iii) The holder of a Private Pilot’s Licence shall not be entitled to exercise the privileges of an aircraft rating contained in the licence on a flight unless the certificate of test or certificate of experience required by sub-paragraph (i) is included in the personal flying log book required to be kept by him under article 24 of this Order.

(b) The holder of a flight navigator’s licence shall not be entitled to perform functions on a flight to which article 20(4) of this Order applies unless the licence bears a valid certificate of experience which certificate shall be appropriate to the functions he is to perform on that flight in accordance with Part C of Schedule 8 and shall otherwise comply with that Part.

(6) A person shall not be entitled to perform the functions to which an instrument rating (aeroplanes), an instrument rating (helicopters), a flying instructor’s rating, an assistant flying instructor’s rating, or an instrument meteorological conditions rating (aeroplanes) relates unless his licence bears a valid certificate of test which certificate shall be appropriate to the functions to which the rating relates in accordance with Part C of the said Schedule and shall otherwise comply with that Part.

(7) A person who, on the last occasion when he took a test for the purposes of paragraphs (5) or (6), failed that test shall not be entitled to fly in the capacity for which that test would have qualified him had he passed it.

(8)

(a) The holder of a licence, other than a flight radiotelephony operator’s licence, granted under this article, shall not be entitled to perform any of the functions to which his licence relates unless it includes a valid medical certificate.

(b) Every applicant for or holder of such a licence shall upon such occasions as the Authority may require submit himself to medical examination by a person approved by the Authority either generally or in a particular case or class of case who shall make a report to the Authority in such form as the Authority may require.

(c) On the basis of such medical examination, the Authority or any person approved by it as competent to do so may issue a medical certificate subject to such conditions as it or he thinks fit to the effect that it or he has assessed the holder of the licence as fit to perform the functions to which the licence relates. The certificate shall, without prejudice to paragraph (9), be valid for such period as is therein specified and shall be deemed to form part of the licence.

(9)

(a) A person shall not be entitled to act as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom if he knows or suspects that his physical or mental condition renders him temporarily or permanently unfit to perform such functions or to act in such capacity.

(b) Every holder of a medical certificate issued under article 21 or 22 of this Order who:

(i) suffers any personal injury involving incapacity to undertake his functions as a member of the flight crew;

(ii) suffers any illness involving incapacity to undertake those functions throughout a period of 20 days or more; or

(iii) in the case of a woman, has reason to believe that she is pregnant;

shall inform the Authority in writing of such injury, illness or pregnancy, as soon as possible in the case of injury or pregnancy, and as soon as the period of 20 days has elapsed in the case of illness. The medical certificate shall be deemed to be suspended upon the occurrence of such injury or the elapse of such period of illness or the confirmation of the pregnancy; and:

(aa) in the case of injury or illness the suspension shall cease upon the holder being medically examined under arrangements made by the Authority and pronounced fit to resume his functions as a member of the flight crew or upon the Authority exempting, subject to such conditions as it thinks fit, the holder from the requirement of a medical examination; and

(bb) in the case of pregnancy, the suspension may be lifted by the Authority for such period and subject to such conditions as it thinks fit and shall cease upon the holder being medically examined under arrangements made by the Authority after the pregnancy has ended and pronounced fit to resume her functions as a member of the flight crew.

(10) Nothing in this Order shall prohibit the holder of a pilot’s licence from acting as pilot of an aircraft certificated for single pilot operation when, with the permission of the Authority, he is testing any person for the purposes of paragraphs (1), (3), (5) or (6), notwithstanding that the type of aircraft in which the test is conducted is not specified in the aircraft rating included in his licence or that the licence or personal flying log book, as the case may be, does not include a valid certificate of test or a valid certificate of experience in respect of the type of aircraft.

(11) Where any provision of Part C of Schedule 8 or Part B of Schedule 10 to this Order permits a test to be conducted in a flight simulator approved by the Authority, that approval may be granted subject to such conditions as the Authority thinks fit.

(12) Without prejudice to any other provision of this Order the Authority may, for the purpose of this article, either absolutely or subject to such conditions as it thinks fit:

(a) approve any course of training or instruction;

(b) authorise a person to conduct such examinations or tests as it may specify; and

(c) approve a person to provide any course of training or instruction.

Section 23 Validation of Licences

(1) Subject to paragraphs (2) and (6) the Authority may issue a certificate of validation rendering valid for the purposes of this Order any flight crew licence granted under the law of any country other than the United Kingdom. A certificate of validation may be issued subject to such conditions and for such periods as the Authority thinks fit.

(2) Pursuant to Council Directive 91/670 EEC on mutual acceptance of personnel licences for the exercise of functions in civil aviation as it has effect in accordance with the EEA Agreement as amended by the Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No. 7/94 of 21st March 1994 , the Authority shall, subject to paragraphs (4) and (5), issue a certificate of validation rendering valid a relevant licence granted under the law of an EEA State.

(3) For the purposes of this article, a relevant licence is one based on requirements equivalent to those for the equivalent licence granted by the Authority under article 22 of this Order.

(4)

(a) The Authority may ask the Commission for an opinion on the equivalence of a licence submitted for validation pursuant to paragraph (2) of this article within three weeks of receipt by the Authority of all necessary information in respect of an application for validation.

(b) If the Authority does not ask the Commission for such an opinion, the Authority shall within three months of receipt of all necessary information in respect of the application either issue the certificate of validation or inform the applicant of any additional requirements or tests which are necessary to enable the Authority to grant the certificate of validation.

(5) If after the examination of a licence the Authority has reasonable doubts as to the equivalence of that licence, the Authority may stipulate additional requirements and/or tests as necessary to enable the certificate of validation to be issued. Any such additional requirements and/or tests shall be notified as soon as reasonably practicable to the licence holder, the authority which issued the licence and to the Commission.

(6) Pursuant to the said Council Directive, the Authority shall issue a certificate of validation rendering valid any licence issued in accordance with the requirements of annex 1 to the Chicago Convention if the bearer satisfies the special validation requirements laid down in the annex to the said Council Directive.

Section 24 Personal flying log book

(1) Every member of the flight crew of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom and every person who engages in flying for the purpose of qualifying for the grant or renewal of a licence under this Order shall keep a personal flying log book in which the following particulars shall be recorded:

(a) the name and address of the holder of the log book;

(b) particulars of the holder’s licence (if any) to act as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft; and

(c) the name and address of his employer (if any).

(2) Particulars of each flight during which the holder of the log book acted either as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft or for the purpose of qualifying for the grant or renewal of a licence under this Order, as the case may be, shall be recorded in the log book at the end of each flight or as soon thereafter as is reasonably practicable, including:

(a) the date, the places at which the holder embarked on and disembarked from the aircraft and the time spent during the course of a flight when he was acting in either capacity;

(b) the type and registration marks of the aircraft;

(c) the capacity in which the holder acted in flight;

(d) particulars of any special conditions under which the flight was conducted, including night flying and instrument flying; and

(e) particulars of any test or examination undertaken whilst in flight.

(3) For the purposes of this article, a helicopter shall be deemed to be in flight from the moment the helicopter first moves under its own power for the purpose of taking off until the rotors are next stopped.

(4) Particulars of any test or examination undertaken whilst in a flight simulator shall be recorded in the log book, including:

(a) the date of the test or examination;

(b) the type of simulator;

(c) the capacity in which the holder acted; and

(d) the nature of the test or examination.

Section 25 Instruction in flying

(1) A person shall not give any instruction in flying to which this article applies unless:

(a) he holds a licence, granted or rendered valid under this Order, entitling him to act as pilot in command of the aircraft for the purpose and in the circumstances under which the instruction is to be given; and

(b) his licence includes a flying instructor’s rating or an assistant flying instructor’s rating entitling the holder to give the instruction.

(2) Subject to paragraph (3), this article applies to instruction in flying given to any person flying or about to fly a flying machine or glider for the purpose of becoming qualified for:

(a) the grant of a pilot’s licence; and

(b) the inclusion or variation of any rating in his licence.

(3) This article shall not apply to any instruction in flying to a person for the purpose of becoming qualified for the inclusion in his licence of an aircraft rating entitling him to act as pilot of a multi-engined aircraft, or of an aircraft of any class appearing in column 4 of the Table in Part A of Schedule 1 to this Order if that person has previously been entitled under the Order, or qualified in any of Her Majesty’s naval, military or air forces, to act as pilot of multi-engined aircraft, or of an aircraft of that class as the case may be.

Section 26 Glider pilot—minimum age

A person under the age of 16 years shall not act as pilot in command of a glider.

Section 27 Operations manual

(1)

(a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), this article shall apply to public transport aircraft registered in the United Kingdom except aircraft used for the time being solely for flights not intended to exceed 60 minutes in duration, which are either:

(i) flights solely for training persons to perform duties in an aircraft; or

(ii) flights intended to begin and end at the same aerodrome.

(b) This article shall not apply to an aircraft flying, or intended by the operator of the aircraft to fly solely under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate.

(2)

(a) The operator of every aircraft to which this article applies shall:

(i) make available to each member of his operating staff an operations manual;

(ii) ensure that each copy of the operations manual is kept up to date; and

(iii) ensure that on each flight every member of the crew has access to a copy of every part of the operations manual which is relevant to his duties on the flight.

(b)

(i) Subject to sub-paragraph (ii), each operations manual shall contain all such information and instructions as may be necessary to enable the operating staff to perform their duties as such including in particular information and instructions relating to the matters specified in Part A of Schedule 10 to this Order.

(ii) The operations manual shall not be required to contain any information or instructions available in a flight manual accessible to the persons by whom the information or instructions may be required.

(3)

(a) An aircraft to which this article applies shall not fly unless, not less than 30 days prior to such flight, the operator of the aircraft has furnished to the Authority a copy of the whole of the operations manual for the time being in effect in respect of the aircraft.

(b) Subject to sub-paragraph (c), any amendments or additions to the operations manual shall be furnished to the Authority by the operator before or immediately after they come into effect.

(c) Where an amendment or addition relates to the operation of an aircraft to which the operations manual did not previously relate, that aircraft shall not fly for the purpose of public transport until the amendment or addition has been furnished to the Authority.

(d) Without prejudice to the foregoing sub-paragraphs the operator shall make such amendments or additions to the operations manual as the Authority may require for the purpose of ensuring the safety of the aircraft or of persons or property carried therein or the safety, efficiency or regularity of air navigation.

(4) For the purposes of this article, article 50 of and Schedule 10 to this Order, “operating staff” means the servants and agents employed by the operator, whether or not as members of the crew of the aircraft, to ensure that the flights of the aircraft are conducted in a safe manner, and includes an operator who himself performs those functions.

(5) If in the course of a flight on which the equipment specified in Scale O in paragraph 5 of Schedule 4 hereto is required to be provided the said equipment becomes unserviceable, the aircraft shall be operated on the remainder of that flight in accordance with any relevant instructions in the operations manual.

Section 28 Police operations manual

(1) This article shall apply to aircraft flying, or intended by the operator of the aircraft to fly, under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate.

(2) An aircraft to which this article applies shall not fly except under and in accordance with the terms of Part I and Part II of a police operations manual, Part I of which shall have been approved in respect of the aircraft by the Authority.

(3)

(a) The operator of every aircraft to which this article applies shall:

(i) make available to each member of its operating staff a police operations manual;

(ii) ensure that each copy of the operations manual is kept up to date; and

(iii) ensure that on each flight every member of the crew has access to a copy of every part of the operations manual which is relevant to his duties on the flight.

(b) Each police operations manual shall contain all such information and instructions as may be necessary to enable the operating staff to perform their duties as such.

(4) The Authority may approve Part I of the police operations manual for the purposes of this article either absolutely or subject to such conditions as it thinks fit.

(5)

(a) An aircraft to which this article applies shall not fly unless, not less than 30 days prior to such flight, the operator of the aircraft has furnished to the Authority a copy of Part II of the police operations manual for the time being in effect in respect of the aircraft.

(b) Subject to sub-paragraph (c), any amendments or additions to Part II of the police operations manual shall be furnished to the Authority by the operator before or immediately after they come into effect.

(c) Where an amendment or addition relates to the operation of an aircraft to which the police operations manual did not previously relate, that aircraft shall not fly in the service of a police authority under and in accordance with the terms of a police operator’s certificate until the amendment or addition has been furnished to the Authority.

(6) Without prejudice to the foregoing paragraphs the operator shall make such amendments or additions to the police operations manual as the Authority may require for the purpose of ensuring the safety of the aircraft or of persons or property carried therein or the safety, efficiency or regularity of air navigation.

(7) For the purposes of this article “operating staff” has the meaning ascribed to it in article 27(4) of this Order.

Section 29 Training manual

(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the operator of every aircraft registered in the United Kingdom and flying for the purpose of public transport shall:

(a) make a training manual available to every person appointed by the operator to give or to supervise the training, experience, practice or periodical tests required under article 30(2) of this Order; and

(b) ensure that each copy of that training manual is kept up to date.

(2) This article shall not apply to aircraft flying, or intended by the operator of the aircraft to fly, solely under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate.

(3) Each training manual shall contain all such information and instructions as may be necessary to enable a person appointed by the operator to give or to supervise the training, experience, practice and periodical tests required under article 30(2) of this Order to perform his duties as such including in particular information and instructions relating to the matters specified in Part C of Schedule 10 to this Order.

(4)

(a) An aircraft to which this article applies shall not fly unless, not less than 30 days prior to such flight the operator of the aircraft has furnished to the Authority a copy of the whole of his training manual relating to the crew of that aircraft.

(b) Subject to sub-paragraph (c), any amendments or additions to the training manual shall be furnished to the Authority by the operator before or immediately after they come into effect.

(c) Where an amendment or addition relates to training, experience, practice or periodical tests on an aircraft to which the training manual did not previously relate, that aircraft shall not fly for the purpose of public transport until the amendment or addition has been furnished to the Authority.

(d) Without prejudice to the foregoing sub-paragraphs the operator shall make such amendments or additions to the training manual as the Authority may require for the purpose of ensuring the safety of the aircraft or of persons or property carried therein or the safety, efficiency or regularity of air navigation.

Section 30 Public transport—operator’s responsibilities

(1) The operator of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall not permit the aircraft to fly for the purpose of public transport without first:

(a) designating from among the flight crew a pilot to be the commander of the aircraft for the flight;

(b) satisfying himself by every reasonable means that the aeronautical radio stations and navigational aids serving the intended route or any planned diversion therefrom are adequate for the safe navigation of the aircraft; and

(c) subject to paragraph (2), satisfying himself by every reasonable means that every place (whether or not an aerodrome) at which it is intended to take off or land and any alternate place (whether or not an aerodrome) at which a landing may be made are suitable for the purpose and in particular that they will be adequately manned and equipped at the time at which it is reasonably estimated such a take-off or landing will be made (including such manning and equipment as may be prescribed) to ensure so far as practicable the safety of the aircraft and its passengers.

(2) Without prejudice to any conditions imposed pursuant to article 6 of this Order, the operator of an aircraft shall not be required for the purposes of this article to satisfy himself as to the adequacy of fire-fighting, search, rescue or other services which are required only after the occurrence of an accident.

(3) The operator of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall not permit any person to be a member of the crew thereof during any flight for the purpose of public transport (except a flight for the sole purpose of training persons to perform duties in aircraft) unless such person has had the training, experience, pratice and periodical tests specified in Part B of Schedule 10 to this Order in respect of the duties which he is to perform and unless the operator has satisfied himself that such person is competent to perform his duties, and in particular to use the equipment provided in the aircraft for that purpose. The operator shall maintain, preserve, produce and furnish information respecting records relating to the foregoing matters in accordance with Part B of the said Schedule 10.

(4) The operator of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall not permit any member of the flight crew thereof, during any flight for the purpose of the public transport of passengers, to simulate emergency manoeuvres and procedures which the operator has reason to believe will adversely affect the flight characteristics of the aircraft.

Section 31 Loading—public transport aircraft and suspended loads

(1) The operator of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall not cause or permit it to be loaded for a flight for the purpose of public transport, or any load to be suspended therefrom, except under the supervision of a person whom he has caused to be furnished with written instructions as to the distribution and securing of the load so as to ensure that:

(a) the load may safely be carried on the flight; and

(b) any conditions subject to which the certificate of airworthiness in force in respect of the aircraft was issued or rendered valid, being conditions relating to the loading of the aircraft, are complied with.

(2)

(a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), the instructions shall indicate the weight of the aircraft prepared for the service, that is to say the aggregate of the weight of the aircraft (shown in the weight schedule referred to in article 18 of this Order) and the weight of such additional items in or on the aircraft as the operator thinks fit to include; and the instructions shall indicate the additional items included in the weight of the aircraft prepared for service, and show the position of the centre of gravity of the aircraft at that weight.

(b) Sub-paragraph (a) shall not apply in relation to a flight if:

(i) the aircraft’s maximum total weight authorised does not exceed 1150 kg;

(ii) the aircraft’s maximum total weight authorised does not exceed 2730 kg and the flight is intended not to exceed 60 minutes in duration and is either:

(aa) a flight solely for training persons to perform duties in an aircraft; or

(bb) a flight intended to begin and end at the same aerodrome; or

(iii) the aircraft is a helicopter the maximum total weight authorised of which does not exceed 3000 kg, and the total seating capacity of which does not exceed five persons.

(3) The operator of an aircraft shall not cause or permit it to be loaded in contravention of the instructions referred to in paragraph (1).

(4)

(a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), the person supervising the loading of the aircraft shall, before the commencement of any such flight, prepare and sign a load sheet in duplicate conforming to the prescribed requirements, and shall (unless he is himself the commander of the aircraft) submit the load sheet for examination by the commander of the aircraft who shall sign his name thereon.

(b) The requirements of sub-paragraph (a) shall not apply if:

(i) the load and the distributing and securing thereof upon the next intended flight to be unchanged from the previous flight and the commander of the aircraft makes and signs an endorsement to that effect upon the load sheet for the previous flight, indicating the date of the endorsement, the place of departure upon the next intended flight and the next intended place of destination; or

(ii) paragraph (2)(a) does not apply in relation to the flight.

(5)

(a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), one copy of the load sheet shall be carried in the aircraft when article 66 of this Order so requires until the flights to which it relates have been completed and one copy of that load sheet and of the instructions referred to in this article shall be preserved by the operator until the expiration of a period of six months thereafter and shall not be carried in the aircraft.

(b) In the case of an aeroplane of which the maximum total weight authorised does not exceed 2730 kg, or a helicopter, if it is not reasonably practicable for the copy of the load sheet to be kept on the ground it may be carried in the aeroplane or helicopter, as the case may be, in a container approved by the Authority for that purpose.

(6) The operator of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom and flying for the purpose of the public transport of passengers shall not cause or permit baggage to be carried in the passenger compartment of the aircraft unless such baggage can be properly secured and, in the case of an aircraft capable of seating more than 30 passengers, such baggage (other than baggage carried in accordance with a permission issued pursuant to article 40(2)(d) of this Order) shall not exceed the capacity of the spaces in the passenger compartment approved by the Authority for the purpose of stowing baggage.

Section 32 Public transport—operating conditions

(1) An aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall not fly for the purpose of public transport, except for the sole purpose of training persons to perform duties in aircraft unless such requirements as may be prescribed in respect of its weight and related performance and flight in specified meteorological conditions or at night are complied with.

(2) The assessment of the ability of an aircraft to comply with paragraph (1) shall be based on the information as to its performance contained in the certificate of airworthiness relating to the aircraft. In the event of the information given therein being insufficient for that purpose such assessment shall be based on the best information available to the commander of the aircraft.

(3) A flying machine registered in the United Kingdom when flying over water for the purpose of public transport shall fly, except as may be necessary for the purpose of take-off or landing, at such an altitude as would enable the aircraft:

(a) if it has one engine only, in the event of the failure of that engine; or

(b) if it has more than one engine, in the event of the failure of one of those engines and with the remaining engine or engines operating within the maximum continuous power conditions specified in the certificate of airworthiness relating to the aircraft;

to reach a place at which it can safely land at a height sufficient to enable it to do so.

(4) Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph (3), an aeroplane in respect of which there is in force under this Order a certificate of airworthiness designating the aeroplane as being of performance group X shall not fly over water for the purpose of public transport so as to be more than 60 minutes flying time from the nearest shore, unless the aeroplane has more than 2 power units. For the purposes of this paragraph, flying time shall be calculated at normal cruising speed with one power unit inoperative.

(5)

(a) Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph (3) a helicopter in respect of which there is in force under this Order a certificate of airworthiness designating the helicopter as being of performance group B (in this paragraph called “a group B helicopter”) shall not fly over water for the purpose of public transport so as to be more than 20 seconds flying time from a point from which it can make an autorotative descent to land suitable for an emergency landing (in this paragraph called “the specified circumstances”) unless it is equipped with apparatus approved by the Authority enabling it to land safely on water (in this paragraph called “the required apparatus”).

(b) Without prejudice to paragraph (3) a group B helicopter equipped with the required apparatus, which is flying under and in accordance with the terms of an air operator’s certificate but not under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate, shall not fly in the specified circumstances on any flight for more than three minutes except with the permission in writing of the Authority and in accordance with any conditions subject to which that permission may have been granted.

(c) Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph (3) a group B helicopter equipped with the required apparatus which is flying under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate on which is carried any passenger who is not:

(i) a police officer;

(ii) an employee of a police authority;

(iii) a medical attendant;

(iv) the holder of a valid pilot’s licence who intends to act as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft flying under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate and who is being carried for the purpose of training or familiarisation; or

(v) such other person being carried for purposes connected with police operations as may be permitted in writing by the Authority

shall not fly in the specified circumstances on any flight for more than 20 minutes.

(d) Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph (3) a group B helicopter equipped with the required apparatus which is flying under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate on which no passenger is carried other than a person who is:

(i) a police officer;

(ii) an employee of a police authority;

(iii) a medical attendant;

(iv) the holder of a valid pilot’s licence who intends to act as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft flying under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate and who is being carried for the purpose of training or familiarisation; or

(v) such other person being carried for purposes connected with police operations as may be permitted in writing by the Authority;

shall not fly over water on any flight for more than 10 minutes so as to be more than 5 minutes from a point from which it can make an autorotative descent to land suitable for an emergency landing.

(e) Without prejudice to the provision of paragraph (3) a group B helicopter shall not fly for the purpose of public transport over that part of the bed of the River Thames which lies between the following points:

between the ordinary high water marks on each of its banks unless it is equipped with the required apparatus.

(f) For the purpose of this paragraph flying time shall be calculated on the assumption that a helicopter is flying in still air at the speed specified in the certificate of airworthiness in force in respect of the helicopter as the speed for compliance with regulations governing flights over water.

(6)

(a) Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph (3), a helicopter in respect of which there is in force under this Order a certificate of airworthiness designating the helicopter as being of performance group A2 (in this paragraph called “a group A2 helicopter”), which is flying under and in accordance with the terms of an air operator’s certificate but not under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate, shall not fly over water for the purpose of public transport for more than 15 minutes during any flight unless it is equipped with apparatus approved by the Authority enabling it to land safely on water (in this paragraph called “the required apparatus”).

(b) Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph (3) a group A2 helicopter not equipped with the required apparatus which is flying under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate on which any passenger is carried who is not:

(i) a police officer;

(ii) an employee of a police authority;

(iii) a medical attendant;

(iv) the holder of a valid pilot’s licence who intends to act as a member of the flight crew of an aircraft flying under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate and who is being carried for the purpose of training or familiarisation; or

(v) such other person being carried for purposes connected with police operations as may be permitted in writing by the Authority;

shall not fly over any water on any flight for more than 15 minutes.

(7) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), a helicopter in respect of which there is in force under this Order a certificate of airworthiness designating the helicopter as being of performance group A or group A (Restricted) may fly for the purpose of public transport in accordance with the weight and related performance requirements prescribed for helicopters designated as being of:

(a) performance group A (Restricted) in the case of a helicopter designated as being of performance group A if:

(i) the maximum total weight authorised of the helicopter is less than 5700 kg; and

(ii) the total number of passengers carried on the helicopter does not exceed 15; or

(b) performance group B if:

(i) the maximum total weight authorised of the helicopter is less than 2730 kg; and

(ii) the total number of passengers carried does not exceed 9.

Section 33 Aircraft registered in the United Kingdom—aerodrome operating minima

(1) This article shall apply to public transport aircraft registered in the United Kingdom.

(2)

(a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), the operator of every aircraft to which this article applies shall establish and include in the operations manual or the police operations manual relating to the aircraft the particulars (in this sub-paragraph called “the said particulars”) of the aerodrome operating minima appropriate to every aerodrome of intended departure or landing and every alternate aerodrome.

(b) In relation to any flight wherein:

(i) neither an operations manual nor a police operations manual is required pursuant to article 27(2)(a) or 28(3)(a) respectively of this Order, or

(ii) it is not practicable to include the said particulars in the operations manual or the police operations manual;

the operator of the said aircraft shall, prior to the commencement of the flight, cause to be furnished in writing to the commander of the aircraft the said particulars calculated in accordance with the required data and instructions (as defined in sub-paragraph (c)(i)) and the operator shall cause a copy of the said particulars to be retained outside the aircraft for a minimum period of three months.

(c)

(i) The operator of every aircraft to which this article applies for which an operations manual or a police operations manual is required pursuant to article 27(2)(a) or 28(3)(a) respectively of this Order, shall include in that operations manual such data and instructions (in this article called “the required data and instructions”) as will enable the commander of the aircraft to calculate the aerodrome operating minima appropriate to aerodromes the use of which cannot reasonably have been foreseen by the operator prior to the commencement of the flight.

(ii) The operator of every such aircraft to which this article applies for which neither an operations manual nor a police operations manual is required pursuant to article 27(2)(a) or 28(3)(a) respectively of this Order shall, prior to the commencement of the flight, cause to be furnished in writing to the commander of the aircraft the required data and instructions; and the operator shall cause a copy of the required data and instructions to be retained outside the aircraft for a minimum period of three months.

(3) The aerodrome operating minima specified shall not, in respect of any aerodrome, be such as would permit a landing or take-off at that aerodrome by the aircraft in question at a time when the aerodrome operating minima declared in respect of that aerodrome for such aircraft by the competent authority would not permit a take-off or landing (as the case may be), unless that authority otherwise permits in writing.

(4) In establishing aerodrome operating minima for the purposes of this article the operator of the aircraft shall take into account the following matters:

(a) the type and performance and handling characteristics of the aircraft and any relevant conditions in its certificate of airworthiness;

(b) the composition of its crew;

(c) the physical characteristics of the relevant aerodrome and its surroundings;

(d) the dimensions of the runways which may be selected for use; and

(e) whether or not there are in use at the relevant aerodrome any aids, visual or otherwise, to assist aircraft in approach, landing or take-off, being aids which the crew of the aircraft are trained and equipped to use; the nature of any such aids that are in use; and the procedures for approach, landing and take-off which may be adopted according to the existence or absence of such aids;

and shall establish in relation to each runway which may be selected for use such aerodrome operating minima as are appropriate to each set of circumstances which can reasonably be expected.

(5) An aircraft to which this article applies shall not commence a flight at a time when:

(a) the cloud ceiling or the runway visual range at the aerodrome of departure is less than the relevant minimum specified for take-off; or

(b) according to the information available to the commander of the aircraft it would not be able without contravening paragraphs (6) or (7), to land at the aerodrome of intended destination at the estimated time of arrival there and at any alternate aerodrome at any time at which according to a reasonable estimate the aircraft would arrive there.

(6) An aircraft to which article 27 of this Order applies, when making a descent to an aerodrome, shall not descend from a height of 1000 ft or more above the aerodrome to a height less than 1000 ft above the aerodrome if the relevant runway visual range at the aerodrome is at the time less than the specified minimum for landing.

(7) An aircraft to which this article applies, when making a descent to an aerodrome, shall not:

(a) continue an approach to landing at any aerodrome by flying below the relevant specified decision height; or

(b) descend below the relevant specified minimum descent height;

unless in either case from such height the specified visual reference for landing is established and is maintained.

(8) If, according to the information available, an aircraft would as regards any flight be required by the Rules of the Air to be flown in accordance with the Instrument Flight Rules at the aerodrome of intended landing, the commander of the aircraft shall select prior to take-off an alternate aerodrome unless no aerodrome suitable for that purpose is available.

(9) In this article “specified” in relation to aerodrome operating minima means such particulars of aerodrome operating minima as have been specified by the operator in, or are ascertainable by reference to, the operations manual relating to that aircraft, or furnished in writing to the commander of the aircraft by the operator pursuant to sub-paragraphs (2)(b) or (2)(c)(ii).

Section 34 Public transport aircraft not registered in the United Kingdom—aerodrome operating minima

(1) A public transport aircraft registered in a country other than the United Kingdom shall not fly in or over the United Kingdom unless the operator thereof shall have furnished to the Authority such particulars as it may from time to time have required relating to the aerodrome operating minima specified by the operator in relation to aerodromes in the United Kingdom for the purpose of limiting their use by the aircraft for take-off or landing, including any instructions given by the operator in relation to such aerodrome operating minima. The aircraft shall not fly in or over the United Kingdom unless the operator shall have made such amendments or additions to the aerodrome operating minima so specified and any instructions so given as the Authority may require for the purpose of ensuring the safety of the aircraft or the safety, efficiency or regularity of air navigation.

(2) The aircraft shall not take off or land at an aerodrome in the United Kingdom in contravention of the specified aerodrome operating minima or the specified instructions.

(3) Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph (2), a public transport aircraft registered in a country other than the United Kingdom, when making a descent to an aerodrome, shall not descend from a height of 1000 feet or more above the aerodrome to a height less than 1000 feet above the aerodrome if the relevant runway visual range at the aerodrome is at the time less than the specified minimum for landing.

(4) Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph (2), a public transport aircraft registered in a country other than the United Kingdom, when making a descent to an aerodrome, shall not:

(a) continue an approach to landing at any aerodrome by flying below the relevant specified decision height; or

(b) descend below the relevant specified minimum descent height:

unless in either case from such height the specified visual reference for landing is established and is maintained.

(5) In this article “specified” in relation to an aircraft means specified by the operator in, or ascertainable by reference to, the particulars furnished by the operator to the Authority pursuant to paragraph (1).

Section 35 Non-public transport aircraft—aerodrome operating minima

(1) This article shall apply to any aircraft which is not a public transport aircraft.

(2) An aircraft to which this article applies when making a descent at an aerodrome to a runway in respect of which there is a notified instrument approach procedure shall not descend from a height of 1000 feet or more above the aerodrome to a height less than 1000 feet above the aerodrome if the relevant runway visual range for that runway is at the time less than the specified minimum for landing.

(3) An aircraft to which this article applies when making a descent to a runway in respect of which there is a notified instrument approach procedure shall not:

(a) continue an approach to landing on such a runway by flying below the relevant specified decision height; or

(b) descend below the relevant specified minimum descent height;

unless in either case from such height the specified visual reference for landing is established and is maintained.

(4) In this article “specified” in relation to aerodrome operating minima means such particulars of aerodrome operating minima as have been notified in respect of the aerodrome or if the relevant minima have not been notified such minima as are ascertainable by reference to the notified method for calculating aerodrome operating minima.

Section 36 Pilots to remain at controls

(1) The commander of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom, being a flying machine or glider, shall cause one pilot to remain at the controls at all times while the aircraft is in flight. If the aircraft is required by or under this Order to carry two pilots, the commander shall cause both pilots to remain at the controls during take-off and landing. If the aircraft carries two or more pilots (whether or not it is required to do so) and is engaged on a flight for the purpose of the public transport of passengers the commander shall remain at the controls during take-off and landing.

(2) Each pilot at the controls shall be secured in his seat by either a safety belt with or without one diagonal shoulder strap, or a safety harness except that during take-off and landing a safety harness shall be worn if it is required by article 14 of this Order to be provided.

Section 37 Wearing of survival suits by crew

(1) Subject to sub-paragraph (2), each member of the crew of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall wear a survival suit if such a suit is required by article 14 of this Order to be carried.

(2) This article shall not apply to any member of the crew of such an aircraft flying under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate.

Section 38 Pre-flight action by commander of aircraft

The commander of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall reasonably satisfy himself before the aircraft takes off:

(a) that the flight can safely be made, taking into account the latest information available as to the route and aerodrome to be used, the weather reports and forecasts available, and any alternative course of action which can be adopted in case the flight cannot be completed as planned;

(b)

(i) that the equipment (including radio apparatus) required by or under this Order to be carried in the circumstances of the intended flight is carried and is in a fit condition for use; or

(ii) that the flight may commence under and in accordance with the terms of a permission granted to the operator pursuant to article 16 of this Order;

(c) that the aircraft is in every way fit for the intended flight, and that where a certificate of maintenance review is required by article 10(1) of this Order to be in force, it is in force and will not cease to be in force during the intended flight;

(d) that the load carried by the aircraft is of such weight, and is so distributed and secured, that it may safely be carried on the intended flight;

(e) in the case of a flying machine or airship, that sufficient fuel, oil and engine coolant (if required) are carried for the intended flight, and that a safe margin has been allowed for contingencies, and, in the case of a flight for the purpose of public transport, that the instructions in the operations manual relating to fuel, oil and engine coolant have been complied with;

(f) in the case of an airship or balloon, that sufficient ballast is carried for the intended flight;

(g) in the case of a flying machine, that having regard to the performance of the flying machine in the conditions to be expected on the intended flight, and to any obstructions at the places of departure and intended destination and on the intended route, it is capable of safely taking off, reaching and maintaining a safe height thereafter, and making a safe landing at the place of intended destination; and

(h) that any pre-flight check system established by the operator and set forth in the operations manual or elsewhere has been complied with by each member of the crew of the aircraft.

Section 39 Passenger briefing by commander

(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the commander of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall take all reasonable steps to ensure:

(a) before the aircraft takes off on any flight, that all passengers are made familiar with the position and method of use of emergency exits, safety belts (with diagonal shoulder strap where required to be carried), safety harnesses and (where required to be carried) oxygen equipment, lifejackets and the floor path lighting system and all other devices required by or under this Order and intended for use by passengers individually in the case of an emergency occurring to the aircraft; and

(b) that in an emergency during a flight, all passengers are instructed in the emergency action which they should take.

(2) This article shall not apply to the commander of an aircraft registered in the United Kingdom in relation to a flight under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate.

Section 40 Public transport of passengers—additional duties of commander

(1) This article applies to flights for the purpose of the public transport of passengers by aircraft registered in the United Kingdom other than flights under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate.

(2) In relation to every flight to which this article applies the commander of the aircraft shall:

(a)

(i) Subject to sub-paragraph (iii), if the aircraft is not a seaplane but is intended in the course of the flight to reach a point more than 30 minutes flying time (while flying in still air at the speed specified in the relevant certificate of airworthiness as the speed for compliance with regulations governing flights over water) from the nearest land, take all reasonable steps to ensure that before take-off, all passengers are given a demonstration of the method of use of the lifejackets required by or under this Order for the use of passengers;

(ii) Subject to sub-paragraph (iii), if the aircraft is not a seaplane but is required by article 20(7) of this Order to carry cabin attendants, take all reasonable steps to ensure that, before the aircraft takes off on a flight:

(aa) which is intended to proceed beyond gliding distance from land; or

(bb) on which in the event of any emergency occurring during the take-off or during the landing at the intended destination or any likely alternate destination it is reasonably possible that the aircraft would be forced to land onto water;

all passengers are given a demonstration of the method of use of the lifejackets required by or under this Order for the use of passengers;

(iii) Where the only requirement to give such a demonstration arises because it is reasonably possible that the aircraft would be forced to land onto water at one or more of the likely alternative destinations the demonstration need not be given until after the decision has been taken to divert to such a destination;

(b) if the aircraft is a seaplane, take all reasonable steps to ensure that before the aircraft takes off all passengers are given a demonstration of the method of use of the equipment referred to in the preceding sub-paragraph;

(c) before the aircraft takes off, and before it lands, take all reasonable steps to ensure that the crew of the aircraft are properly secured in their seats and that any persons carried in compliance with article 20(7) of this Order are properly secured in seats which shall be in a passenger compartment and which shall be so situated that those persons can readily assist passengers;

(d) from the moment when, after the embarkation of its passengers for the purpose of taking off, it first moves until after it has taken off, and before it lands until it comes to rest for the purpose of the disembarkation of its passengers, and whenever by reason of turbulent air or any emergency occurring during the flight he considers the precaution necessary:

(i) take all reasonable steps to ensure that all passengers of 2 years of age or more are properly secured in their seats by safety belts (with diagonal shoulder strap, where required to be carried) or safety harnesses and that all passengers under the age of 2 years are properly secured by means of a child restraint device; and

(ii) take all reasonable steps to ensure that those items of baggage in the passenger compartment which he reasonably considers ought by virtue of their size, weight or nature to be properly secured are properly secured and, in the case of an aircraft capable of seating more than 30 passengers, that such baggage is either stowed in the passenger compartment stowage space approved by the Authority for the purpose or carried in accordance with the terms of a written permission granted by the Authority which permission may be granted subject to such conditions as the Authority thinks fit;

(e) in the case of aircraft in respect of which a certificate of airworthiness was first issued (whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere) on or after 1st January 1989 except in a case where a pressure greater than 700 millibars is maintained in all passenger and crew compartments throughout the flight, take all reasonable steps to ensure that:

(i) before the aircraft reaches flight level 100 the method of use of the oxygen provided in the aircraft in compliance with the requirements of article 14 of this Order is demonstrated to all passengers;

(ii) when flying above flight level 120 all passengers and cabin attendants are recommended to use oxygen; and

(iii) during any period when the aircraft is flying above flight level 100 oxygen is used by all the flight crew of the aircraft;

(f) in the case of aircraft in respect of which a certificate of airworthiness was first issued (whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere) prior to 1st January 1989, except in the case where a pressure greater than 700 millibars is maintained in all passenger and crew compartments throughout the flight, take all reasonable steps to ensure that:

(i)

(aa) before the aircraft reaches flight level 130 the method of use of the oxygen provided in the aircraft in compliance with the requirements of article 14 of this Order is demonstrated to all passengers;

(bb) when flying above level 130 all passengers and cabin attendants are recommended to use oxygen; and

(cc) during any period when the aircraft is flying above flight level 100 oxygen is used by all the flight crew of the aircraft; or

(ii) he complies instead with the provisions of sub-paragraph (e).

Section 41 Operation of radio in aircraft

(1) The radio station in an aircraft shall not be operated, whether or not the aircraft is in flight, except in accordance with the conditions of the licence issued in respect of that station under the law of the country in which the aircraft is registered, and by a person duly licensed or otherwise permitted to operate the radio station under that law.

(2)

(a) Whenever an aircraft is in flight in such circumstances that it is required by or under this Order to be equipped with radio communications appartus, subject to sub-paragraph (b), a continuous radio watch shall be maintained by a member of the flight crew listening to the signals transmitted upon the frequency notified, or designated by a message received from an appropriate aeronautical radio station, for use by that aircraft.

(b)

(i) The radio watch may be discontinued or continued on another frequency to the extent that a message as aforesaid so permits.

(ii) The watch may be kept by a device installed in the aircraft if:

(aa) the appropriate aeronautical radio station has been informed to that effect and has raised no objection;

(bb) that station is notified, or in the case of a station situated in a country other than the United Kingdom, otherwise desiganted as transmitting a signal suitable for that purpose.

(3) Whenever an aircraft is in flight in such circumstances that it is required by or under this Order to be equipped with radio or radio navigation equipment a member of the flight crew shall operate that equipment in such a manner as he may be instructed by the appropriate air traffic control unit or as may be notified in relation to any notified air space in which the aircraft is flying.

(4) The radio station in an aircraft shall not be operated so as to cause interference which impairs the efficiency of aeronautical telecommunications or navigational services, and in particular emissions shall not be made except as follows:

(a) emissions of the class and frequency for the time being in use, in accordance with general international aeronautical practice, in the airspace in which the aircraft is flying;

(b) distress, urgency and safety messages and signals, in accordance with general international aeronautical practice;

(c) messages and signals relating to the flight of the aircraft, in accordance with general international aeronautical practice; and

(d) such public correspondence messages as may be permitted by or under the aircraft radio station licence referred to in paragraph (1).

(5)

(a) In every aircraft registered in the United Kingdom which is equipped with radio communications apparatus, subject to sub-paragraph (b) a telecommunication log book shall be kept in which the following entries shall be made:

(i) the identification of the aircraft radio station;

(ii) the date and time of the beginning and end of every radio watch maintained in the aircraft and of the frequency on which it was maintained;

(iii) the date and time, and particulars of all messages and signals sent or received, including in particular details of any distress signals or distress messages sent or received;

(iv) particulars of any action taken upon the receipt of a distress signal or distress message; and

(v) particulars of any failure or interruption of radio communications and the cause thereof.

(b) A telecommunication log book shall not be required to be kept in respect of communication by radiotelephone with a radio station on land or on a ship which provides a radio service for aircraft.

(6) The flight radio operator maintaining radio watch shall sign the entries in the telecommunication log book indicating the times at which he began and ended the maintenance of such watch.

(7) The telecommuincation log book shall be preserved by the operator of the aircraft until a date six months after the date of the last entry therein.

(8) In any flying machine registered in the United Kingdom which is engaged on a flight for the purpose of public transport the pilot and the flight engineer (if any) shall not make use of a hand-held microphone (whether for the purpose of radio communication or of intercommunication within the aircraft) whilst the aircraft is flying in controlled airspace below flight level 150 or is taking off or landing.

Section 42 Minimum navigation performance

(1) An aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall not fly in airspace prescribed for the purposes of this article unless:

(a) it is equipped with navigation systems which enable the aircraft to maintain the prescribed navigation perfomance capability;

(b) the navigation systems required by paragraph (a) hereof are approved by the Authority and installed and maintained in a manner approved by the Authority;

(c) the operating procedures for the navigation systems required by paragraph (a) hereof are approved by the Authority; and

(d) the equipment is operated in accordance with the approved procedures while the aircraft is flying in the said airspace.

(2) An approval granted by the Authority for the purposes of this article shall be in writing and may be subject to such conditions as the Authority thinks fit.

Section 43 Area navigation equipment—aircraft registered in the United kingdom

(1) An aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall not fly in controlled airspace notifed for the purposes of this paragraph of this article as an area navigation route or area unless:

(a) it is equipped with area navigation equipment which is approved by the Authority in relation to the purpose for which it is to be used, and which is installed and maintained in a manner approved by the Authority; and

(b) the said equipment is capable of being operated so as to enable the aircraft to maintain the navigation accuracy notified in respect of the airspace in which the aircraft is flying, and it is so operated.

(2) An aircraft registered in the United Kingdom shall not, when flying in controlled airspace notified for the purposes of this paragraph, not being an area navigation route or area, be navigated by means of area navigation equipment unless:

(a) the said equipment is approved by the Authority in relation to the purpose for which it is to be used, and is installed and maintained in a manner approved by the Authority; and

(b) the said equipment is capable of being operated so as to enable the aircraft to maintain the navigation accuracy notified in respect of the airspace in which the aircraft is flying, and it is so operated.

(3) For the purposes of this article, an approval shall be in writing and may be subject to such conditions as the Authority thinks fit. Such an approval may be granted in respect of any aircraft or specified class or category of aircraft or in respect of a specified type or types of equipment.

Section 44 Area navigation equipment—aircraft not registered in the United Kingdom

(1) An aircraft which is not registered in the United Kingdom shall not fly in controlled airspace notified for the purposes of paragraph (1) of article 43 unless:

(a) it is so equipped with area navigation equipment as to comply with the law of the country in which the aircraft is registered in so far as that law requires it to be equipped when flying within any specified areas; and

(b) the said equipment is capable of being operated so as to enable the aircraft to maintain the navigation accuracy notified in respect of the airspace in which the aircraft is flying, and it is so operated.

(2) An aircraft which is not registered in the United Kingdom shall not, when flying in controlled airspace notified for the purposes of paragraph (2) of article 43, be navigated by means of area navigation equipment unless:

(a) the said equipment complies with the law of the country in which the aircraft is registered in so far as that law requires it to be so equipped when flying within any specified areas; and

(b) the said equipment is capable of being operated so as to enable the aircraft to maintain the navigation accuracy notified in respect of the airspace in which the aircraft is flying, and it is so operated.

Section 45 Use of flight recording systems and preservation of records

(1) On any flight on which a flight data recorder or a cockpit voice recorder or a combined cockpit voice recorder/flight data recorder is required by sub-paragraph 4(4), (5), (6) or (7) of Schedule 4 to this Order to be carried in an aeroplane, it shall always be in use from the beginning of the take-off run to the end of the landing run.

(2) The operator of the aeroplane shall at all times, subject to the provisions of article 70 of this Order, preserve:

(a) the last 25 hours of recording made by any flight data recorder required by or under this Order to be carried in an aeroplane; and

(b) a record of not less than one representative flight, that is to say, a recording of a flight made within the last 12 months which includes a take-off, climb, cruise, descent, approach to landing and landing, together with a means of identifying the record with the flight to which it relates;

and shall preserve such records for such period as the Authority may in a particular case direct.

(3) On any flight on which a cockpit voice recorder or a flight data recorder or a combined cockpit voice recorder/flight data recorder is required by paragraph 4(14) of Schedule 4 to this Order to be carried in a helicopter, it shall always be in use from the time the rotors first turn for the purpose of taking off until the rotors are next stopped.

(4) The operator of the helicopter shall at all times, subject to article 70 of this Order, preserve:

(a) the last 8 hours of recording made by any flight data recorder specified at sub-paragraph (i) or (ii) of Scale SS of paragraph 5 of Schedule 4 to this Order and required by or under this Order to be carried in the helicopter;

(b) in the case of a combined cockpit voice recorder/flight data recorder specified at sub-paragraph (iii) of the said Scale SS and required by or under this Order to be carried in a helicopter either:

(i) the last 8 hours of recording; or

(ii) the last 5 hours of recording or the duration of the last flight, whichever is the greater, together with an additional period of recording for either:

(aa) the period immediately preceding the last five hours of recording or the duration of the last flight, whichever is the greater; or

(bb) such period or periods as the Authority may permit in any particular case or class of cases or generally.

(5) The additional recording retained pursuant to sub-paragraphs (b)(ii)(aa) and (bb) above shall, together with the recording required to be retained pursuant to sub-paragraph (b)(ii) above, total a period of 8 hours and shall be retained in accordance with arrangements approved by the Authority.

(6) An approval granted by the Authority for the purposes of this article shall be in writing and may be subject to such conditions as the Authority thinks fit.

Section 46 Towing of gliders

(1) An aircraft in flight shall not tow a glider unless the certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered valid in respect of the towing aircraft under the law of the country in which that aircraft is registered includes an express provision that it may be used for that purpose.

(2) The length of the combination of towing aircraft, tow rope and glider in flight shall not exceed 150 metres.

(3) The commander of an aircraft which is about to tow a glider shall satisfy himself, before the towing aircraft takes off:

(a) that the tow rope is in good condition and is of adequate strength for the purpose, and that the combination of towing aircraft and glider, having regard to its performance in the conditions to be expected on the intended flight and to any obstructions at the place of departure and on the intended route, is capable of safely taking off, reaching and maintaining a safe height at which to separate the combination and that thereafter the towing aircraft can make a safe landing at the place of intended destination;

(b) that signals have been agreed and communication established with persons suitably stationed so as to enable the glider to take off safely; and

(c) that emergency signals have been agreed between the commander of the towing aircraft and the commander of the glider, to be used, respectively, by the commander of the towing aircraft to indicate that the tow should immediately be released by the glider, and by the commander of the glider to indicate that the tow cannot be released.

(4) The glider shall be attached to the towing aircraft by means of the tow rope before the aircraft takes off.

Section 47 Towing, picking up and raising of persons and articles

(1) Subject to the provisions of this article, an aircraft in flight shall not, by means external to the aircraft, tow any article, other than a glider, or pick up or raise any person, animal or article, unless the certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered valid in respect of that aircraft under the law of the country in which the aircraft is registered includes an express provision that it may be used for that purpose.

(2) An aircraft shall not launch or pick up tow ropes, banners or similar articles other than at an aerodrome.

(3) An aircraft in flight shall not tow any article, other than a glider, at night or when flight visibility is less than one nautical mile.

(4) The length of the combination of towing aircraft, tow rope, and article in tow, shall not exceed 150 metres.

(5) A helicopter shall not fly at any height over a congested area of a city, town or settlement at any time when any article, person or animal is suspended from the helicopter.

(6) A passenger shall not be carried in a helicopter at any time when an article, person or animal is suspended therefrom, other than a passenger who has duties to perform in connection with the article, person or animal or a passenger who has been picked up or raised by means external to the helicopter or a passenger who it is intended shall be lowered to the surface by such means.

(7) Nothing in this article shall:

(a) prohibit the towing in a reasonable manner by an aircraft in flight of any radio aerial, any instrument which is being used for experimental purposes, or any signal, apparatus or article required or permitted by or under this Order to be towed or displayed by an aircraft in flight;

(b) prohibit the picking up or raising of any person, animal or article in an emergency or for the purpose of saving life;

(c) apply to any aircraft while it is flying in accordance with the “B Conditions” set forth in Schedule 2 to this Order; or

(d) be taken to permit the towing or picking up of a glider otherwise than in accordance with article 46 of this Order.

Section 48 Dropping of articles and animals

(1) Articles and animals (whether or not attached to a parachute) shall not be dropped, or permitted to drop, from an aircraft in flight so as to endanger persons or property.

(2) Subject to paragraph (3), except under and in accordance with the terms of an aerial application certificate granted under article 50 of this Order, articles and animals (whether or not attached to a parachute) shall not be dropped, or permitted to drop, to the surface from an aircraft flying over the United Kingdom.

(3) Paragraph (2) shall not apply to the dropping of articles by, or with the authority of, the commander of the aircraft in any of the following circumstances:

(a) the dropping of articles for the purpose of saving life;

(b) the jettisoning, in case of emergency, of fuel or other articles in the aircraft;

(c) the dropping of ballast in the form of fine sand or water;

(d) the dropping of articles solely for the purpose of navigating the aircraft in accordance with ordinary practice or with the provisions of this Order.

(e) the dropping at an aerodrome of tow ropes, banners, or similar articles towed by aircraft;

(f) the dropping of articles for the purposes of public health or as a measure against weather conditions, surface icing or oil pollution, or for training for the dropping of articles for any such purposes, if the articles are dropped with the permission of the Authority and in accordance with any conditions subject to which that permission may have been given; or

(g) the dropping of wind drift indicators for the purpose of enabling parachute descents to be made if the wind drift indicators are dropped with the permission of the Authority and in accordance with any conditions subject to which that permission may have been given.

(4) For the purposes of this article dropping includes projecting and lowering.

(5) Nothing in this article shall prohibit the lowering of any article or animal from a helicopter to the surface, if the certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered valid in respect of the helicopter under the law of the country in which it is registered includes an express provision that it may be used for that purpose.

Section 49 Dropping of persons

(1) A person shall not drop, be dropped or permitted to drop to the surface or jump from an aircraft flying over the United Kingdom except under and in accordance with the terms of either a police air operator’s certificate or a written permission granted by the Authority under this article.

(2) For the purposes of this article dropping includes projecting and lowering.

(3) Notwithstanding the grant of a police air operator’s certificate or a permission under paragraph (1), a person shall not drop, be dropped or be permitted to drop from an aircraft in flight so as to endanger persons or property.

(4) An aircraft shall not be used for the purpose of dropping persons unless:

(a) the certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered valid in respect of that aircraft under the law of the country in which the aircraft is registered includes an express provision that it may be used for that purpose and the aircraft is operated in accordance with a written permission granted by the Authority under this article; or

(b) the aircraft is operated under and in accordance with the terms of a police air operator’s certificate.

(5) Every applicant for and every holder of a permission shall make available to the Authority if requested to do so a parachuting manual and shall make such amendments or additions to such manual as the Authority may require. The holder of a permission shall make available to every employee or person who is or may engage in parachuting activities conducted by him the manual which shall contain all such information and instructions as may be necessary to enable such employees or persons to perform their duties.

(6) Nothing in this article shall apply to the descent of persons by parachute from an aircraft in an emergency.

(7) Nothing in this article shall prohibit the lowering of any person in an emergency or for the purpose of saving life.

(8) Nothing in this article shall prohibit the lowering of any person from a helicopter to the surface, if the certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered valid in respect of the helicopter under the law of the country in which it is registered includes an express provision that it may be used for that purpose.

Section 50 Issue of aerial application certificates

(1) An aircraft shall not be used for the dropping of articles for the purposes of agriculture, horticulture or forestry or for training for the dropping of articles for any of such purposes, otherwise than under and in accordance with the terms of an aerial application certificate granted to the operator of the aircraft under paragraph (2).

(2) The Authority shall grant to any person applying therefor an aerial application certificate if it is satisfied that that person is a fit person to hold the certificate and is competent, having regard in particular to his previous conduct and experience, his equipment, organisation, staffing and other arrangements, to secure the safe operation of the aircraft specified in the certificate on flights for the purposes specified in paragraph (1). The certificate may be granted subject to such conditions as the Authority thinks fit including without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, conditions for ensuring that the aircraft and any article dropped from it do not endanger persons or property in the aircraft or elsewhere, and shall, subject to the provisions of article 71 of this Order, remain in force for the period specified in the certificate.

(3) Every applicant for and holder of an aerial application certicate shall make available to the Authority upon application and to every member of his operating staff upon the certificate being granted, an aerial application manual which shall contain all such information and instructions as may be necessary to enable the operating staff to perform their duties as such. The holder of a certificate shall make such amendments of or additions to the manual as the Authority may require.

(4) For the purposes of this article “operating staff” has the meaning ascribed to it in article 27(4) of this Order.