The Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2013

• Citation: S.I. 2013/262
• Sections: 124

Section 1 Citation, commencement and interpretation

These Rules may be cited as the Civil Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2013.

Section 2 Citation, commencement and interpretation

These Rules shall come into force on 1st April 2013.

Section 3 Citation, commencement and interpretation

In these Rules—

(a) a reference to a Part or rule by number alone means the Part or rule so numbered in the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 ;

(b) a reference to an Order by number and prefixed by “ RSC ” means the RSC Order so numbered in Schedule 1 to those Rules; and

(c) a reference to an Order by number and prefixed by “ CCR ” means the CCR Order so numbered in Schedule 2 to those Rules.

Section 4 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In rule 1.1—

(a) In paragraph (1), after “justly” insert “and at proportionate cost”; and

(b) In paragraph (2)—

(i) after “justly” insert “and at proportionate cost”;

(ii) at the end of sub-paragraph (d), omit “and”;

(iii) at the end of sub-paragraph (e), for “.” substitute “; and”; and

(iv) after sub-paragraph (e) insert the following sub-paragraph—

(f) enforcing compliance with rules, practice directions and orders.

Section 5 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In Part 3—

(a) in the heading to the Part, after “CASE” insert “AND COSTS”;

(b) in the Table of Contents of the Part—

(i) before the entry for rule 3.1, insert the Section heading—

(ii) after the entry for rule 3.10, insert the following entry—

; and

(iii) after the entry for rule 3.11, insert the following Section headings and rules—

(c) before the heading for rule 3.1, insert the Section heading—

Case Management

(d) after rule 3.1(7), insert—

(8) The court may contact the parties from time to time in order to monitor compliance with directions. The parties must respond promptly to any such enquiries from the court.

(e) in—

(i) rule 3.7(1) and the words in the first set of parentheses that follow it; and

(ii) rule 3.7A(1)(b),

for “an allocation”, in each place that those words occur, substitute “a directions”;

(f) in rule 3.8, in the parentheses that follow paragraph (1), for “may” substitute “will”;

(g) for rule 3.9(1), substitute—

(1) On an application for relief from any sanction imposed for a failure to comply with any rule, practice direction or court order, the court will consider all the circumstances of the case, so as to enable it to deal justly with the application, including the need—

(a) for litigation to be conducted efficiently and at proportionate cost; and

(b) to enforce compliance with rules, practice directions and orders.

(h) after rule 3.11, insert—

Costs Management

Application of this Section and the purpose of costs management

(3.12)

(1) This Section and Practice Direction 3E apply to all multi-track cases commenced on or after 1 st April 2013 in—

(a) a county court; or

(b) the Chancery Division or Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court (except the Admiralty and Commercial Courts),

unless the proceedings are the subject of fixed costs or scale costs or the court otherwise orders. This Section and Practice Direction 3E shall apply to any other proceedings (including applications) where the court so orders.

(2) The purpose of costs management is that the court should manage both the steps to be taken and the costs to be incurred by the parties to any proceedings so as to further the overriding objective.

Filing and exchanging budgets

(3.13) Unless the court otherwise orders, all parties except litigants in person must file and exchange budgets as required by the rules or as the court otherwise directs. Each party must do so by the date specified in the notice served under rule 26.3(1) or, if no such date is specified, seven days before the first case management conference.

Failure to file a budget

(3.14) Unless the court otherwise orders, any party which fails to file a budget despite being required to do so will be treated as having filed a budget comprising only the applicable court fees.

Costs management orders

(3.15)

(1) In addition to exercising its other powers, the court may manage the costs to be incurred by any party in any proceedings.

(2) The court may at any time make a “costs management order”. By such order the court will—

(a) record the extent to which the budgets are agreed between the parties;

(b) in respect of budgets or parts of budgets which are not agreed, record the court’s approval after making appropriate revisions.

(3) If a costs management order has been made, the court will thereafter control the parties’ budgets in respect of recoverable costs.

Costs management conferences

(3.16)

(1) Any hearing which is convened solely for the purpose of costs management (for example, to approve a revised budget) is referred to as a “ costs management conference ”.

(2) Where practicable, costs management conferences should be conducted by telephone or in writing.

Court to have regard to budgets and to take account of costs

(3.17)

(1) When making any case management decision, the court will have regard to any available budgets of the parties and will take into account the costs involved in each procedural step.

(2) Paragraph (1) applies whether or not the court has made a costs management order.

Assessing costs on the standard basis where a costs management order has been made

(3.18) In any case where a costs management order has been made, when assessing costs on the standard basis, the court will—

(a) have regard to the receiving party’s last approved or agreed budget for each phase of the proceedings; and

(b) not depart from such approved or agreed budget unless satisfied that there is good reason to do so.

(Attention is drawn to rule 44.3(2)(a) and rule 44.3(5), which concern proportionality of costs.)

Costs Capping

Costs capping orders – General

(3.19)

(1) A costs capping order is an order limiting the amount of future costs (including disbursements) which a party may recover pursuant to an order for costs subsequently made.

(2) In this rule, “ future costs ” means costs incurred in respect of work done after the date of the costs capping order but excluding the amount of any additional liability.

(3) This rule does not apply to protective costs orders.

(4) A costs capping order may be in respect of –

(a) the whole litigation; or

(b) any issues which are ordered to be tried separately.

(5) The court may at any stage of proceedings make a costs capping order against all or any of the parties, if—

(a) it is in the interests of justice to do so;

(b) there is a substantial risk that without such an order costs will be disproportionately incurred; and

(c) it is not satisfied that the risk in subparagraph (b) can be adequately controlled by–

(i) case management directions or orders made under this Part; and

(ii) detailed assessment of costs.

(6) In considering whether to exercise its discretion under this rule, the court will consider all the circumstances of the case, including—

(a) whether there is a substantial imbalance between the financial position of the parties;

(b) whether the costs of determining the amount of the cap are likely to be proportionate to the overall costs of the litigation;

(c) the stage which the proceedings have reached; and

(d) the costs which have been incurred to date and the future costs.

(7) A costs capping order, once made, will limit the costs recoverable by the party subject to the order unless a party successfully applies to vary the order. No such variation will be made unless—

(a) there has been a material and substantial change of circumstances since the date when the order was made; or

(b) there is some other compelling reason why a variation should be made.

Application for a costs capping order

(3.20)

(1) An application for a costs capping order must be made on notice in accordance with Part 23.

(2) The application notice must –

(a) set out –

(i) whether the costs capping order is in respect of the whole of the litigation or a particular issue which is ordered to be tried separately; and

(ii) why a costs capping order should be made; and

(b) be accompanied by a budget setting out –

(i) the costs (and disbursements) incurred by the applicant to date; and

(ii) the costs (and disbursements) which the applicant is likely to incur in the future conduct of the proceedings.

(3) The court may give directions for the determination of the application and such directions may –

(a) direct any party to the proceedings –

(i) to file a schedule of costs in the form set out in paragraph 3 of Practice Direction 3F – Costs capping;

(ii) to file written submissions on all or any part of the issues arising;

(b) fix the date and time estimate of the hearing of the application;

(c) indicate whether the judge hearing the application will sit with an assessor at the hearing of the application; and

(d) include any further directions as the court sees fit.

Application to vary a costs capping order

(3.21) An application to vary a costs capping order must be made by application notice pursuant to Part 23.

Section 6 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In rule 16.3, in paragraph (2)(b)(i) and (ii), for “£5,000” substitute “£10,000”.

Section 7 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In Part 21—

(a) in rule 21.10—

(i) in paragraph (3), for “Section VI” substitute “Section III”; and

(ii) in the parentheses after paragraph (3), for “48.5” substitute “46.4”;

(b) in rule 21.12—

(i) in paragraph (2)—

(aa) in sub-paragraph (a), for “an insurance policy, as defined by rule 43.2(1)(m)”, substitute “a premium in respect of a costs insurance policy (as defined by section 58C(5) of the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990)” ; and

(bb) in sub-paragraph (b), for “an insurance premium” substitute “a premium in respect of a costs insurance policy”; and

(ii) in the parentheses after paragraph (3)—

(aa) for “43.2(1)(a)” substitute “44.1(1)(a)”; and

(bb) for “48.5(2)” substitute “46.4(2)”; and

(iii) in paragraph (4), for “44.5(3)” substitute “44.4(3)”.

Section 8 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In Part 26—

(a) in the Table of Contents of the Part, in the entry for “Allocation questionnaire”, for “Allocation” substitute “Directions”;

(b) in rule 26.2A—

(i) in paragraph (2)—

(aa) omit “before the service of a notice by the court under rule 26.3(1A)”; and

(bb) after “the preferred court” insert “or the defendant’s home court as appropriate”;

(ii) in paragraph (5), for “allocation” substitute “directions”; and

(iii) for paragraph (6) substitute—

(6) The relevant time for the purposes of this rule is when—

(a) all parties have filed their directions questionnaires;

(b) any stay ordered by the court or period to attempt settlement through mediation has expired; or

(c) if the claim falls within Practice Direction 7D—

(i) the defence is filed; or

(ii) enforcement of a default judgment other than by a warrant of execution is requested,

whichever occurs first.

(c) in rule 26.3—

(i) in the heading, for “Allocation”, substitute “Directions”;

(ii) for paragraph (1) substitute—

(1) If a defendant files a defence—

(a) a court officer will—

(i) provisionally decide the track which appears to be most suitable for the claim; and

(ii) serve on each party a notice of proposed allocation; and

(b) the notice of proposed allocation will—

(i) specify any matter to be complied with by the date specified in the notice;

(ii) require the parties to file a completed directions questionnaire and serve copies on all other parties;

(iii) state the address of the court or the court office to which the directions questionnaire must be returned;

(iv) inform the parties how to obtain the directions questionnaire; and

(v) if a case appears suitable for allocation to the fast track or multi-track, require the parties to file proposed directions by the date specified in the notice.

(iii) omit paragraph (1A);

(iv) in paragraph (1B), for “allocation” substitute “directions”;

(v) in paragraph (2), for “(1A)” substitute “(1)”;

(vi) for paragraph (3), substitute—

(3) If proceedings are automatically transferred under rule 26.2 or rule 26.2A the court in which the proceedings have been commenced—

(a) will serve the notice of proposed allocation before the proceedings are transferred; and

(b) will not transfer the proceedings until all parties have complied with the notice or the time for doing so has expired.

(vii) for paragraph (4), substitute—

(4) If rule 15.10 or rule 14.5 applies, the court will not serve a notice under rule 26.3(1) until the claimant has filed a notice requiring the proceedings to continue.

(viii) omit paragraph (5);

(ix) for paragraph (6), substitute—

(6) If a notice is served under rule 26.3(1)—

(a) each party must file at court, and serve on all other parties, the documents required by the notice by no later than the date specified in it; and

(b) the date specified will be—

(i) if the notice relates to the small claims track, at least 14 days; or

(ii) if the notice relates to the fast track or multi-track, at least 28 days,

after the date when it is deemed to be served on the party in question.

(x) for paragraph (6A), substitute—

(6A) The date for complying with a notice served under rule 26.3(1) may not be varied by agreement between the parties.

(xi) in paragraph (7), for “an allocation” substitute “a directions”;

(xii) after paragraph (7), insert—

(7A) If a claim is a designated money claim and a party does not comply with the notice served under rule 26.3(1) by the date specified—

(a) the court will serve a further notice on that party, requiring them to comply within 7 days; and

(b) if that party fails to comply with the notice served under subparagraph (a), the party’s statement of case will be struck out without further order of the court.

(xiii) in paragraph (8), for “Where a party does not file an allocation questionnaire by the date specified” substitute “If a claim is not a designated money claim and a party does not comply with the notice served under rule 26.3(1) by the date specified”;

(xiv) omit paragraph (9); and

(xv) in paragraph (10)—

(aa) for “26.3(8)” substitute “26.3(7A)(b) or 26.3(8)”; and

(bb) for “any party who was not in default” substitute “any other party”;

(d) in rule 26.4—

(i) in paragraph (1), for “allocation” substitute “directions”; and

(ii) for paragraph (2) substitute—

(2) If all parties request a stay the proceedings will be stayed for one month and the court will notify the parties accordingly.

(2A) If the court otherwise considers that such a stay would be appropriate, the court will direct that the proceedings, either in whole or in part, be stayed for one month, or for such other period as it considers appropriate.

(e) in rule 26.5—

(i) for paragraph (1), substitute—

(1) The court will allocate the claim to a track—

(a) when all parties have filed their directions questionnaires; or

(b) when giving directions pursuant to rule 26.3(8),

unless it has stayed the proceedings under rule 26.4.

(ii) omit paragraph (5);

(f) in rule 26.6, in—

(i) paragraph (1)(a)(i); and

(ii) paragraph (3),

for “£5,000” substitute “£10,000”;

(g) omit rule 26.7(3); and

(h) in rule 26.9—

(i) omit paragraph (2); and

(ii) at the end of the rule, in the words in parentheses, for “his” substitute “their”.

Section 9 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In Part 27—

(a) in rule 27.1, after paragraph (2), in the words in parentheses, for “£5,000” in each place it occurs, substitute “£10,000”;

(b) in rule 27.5, for “27.14(3)(d)”, substitute “27.14(2)(f)”; and

(c) in rule 27.14—

(i) in paragraph (1) omit “unless paragraph (5 ) applies”; and

(ii) omit paragraphs (5) and (6).

Section 10 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In Part 29—

(a) after the parentheses that follow rule 29.1, insert—

(2) When drafting case management directions both the parties and the court should take as their starting point any relevant model directions and standard directions which can be found online at www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil and adapt them as appropriate to the circumstances of the particular case.

(b) at the end of rule 29.2(1)(a), after “or” insert “may”;

(c) for rule 29.4 substitute—

(29.4) The parties must endeavour to agree appropriate directions for the management of the proceedings and submit agreed directions, or their respective proposals to the court at least seven days before any case management conference. Where the court approves agreed directions, or issues its own directions, the parties will be so notified by the court and the case management conference will be vacated.

(d) for rule 29.8(c)(ii), substitute—

(ii) confirm the date for trial or the week within which the trial is to begin; and

Section 11 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

For rule 31.5, substitute—

(31.5)

(1) In all claims to which rule 31.5(2) does not apply—

(a) an order to give disclosure is an order to give standard disclosure unless the court directs otherwise;

(b) the court may dispense with or limit standard disclosure; and

(c) the parties may agree in writing to dispense with or to limit standard disclosure.

(2) Unless the court otherwise orders, paragraphs (3) to (8) apply to all multi-track claims, other than those which include a claim for personal injuries.

(3) Not less than 14 days before the first case management conference each party must file and serve a report verified by a statement of truth, which—

(a) describes briefly what documents exist or may exist that are or may be relevant to the matters in issue in the case;

(b) describes where and with whom those documents are or may be located;

(c) in the case of electronic documents, describes how those documents are stored;

(d) estimates the broad range of costs that could be involved in giving standard disclosure in the case, including the costs of searching for and disclosing any electronically stored documents; and

(e) states which of the directions under paragraphs (7) or (8) are to be sought.

(4) In cases where the Electronic Documents Questionnaire has been exchanged, the Questionnaire should be filed with the report required by paragraph (3).

(5) Not less than seven days before the first case management conference, and on any other occasion as the court may direct, the parties must, at a meeting or by telephone, discuss and seek to agree a proposal in relation to disclosure that meets the overriding objective.

(6) If—

(a) the parties agree proposals for the scope of disclosure; and

(b) the court considers that the proposals are appropriate in all the circumstances,

the court may approve them without a hearing and give directions in the terms proposed.

(7) At the first or any subsequent case management conference, the court will decide, having regard to the overriding objective and the need to limit disclosure to that which is necessary to deal with the case justly, which of the following orders to make in relation to disclosure—

(a) an order dispensing with disclosure;

(b) an order that a party disclose the documents on which it relies, and at the same time request any specific disclosure it requires from any other party;

(c) an order that directs, where practicable, the disclosure to be given by each party on an issue by issue basis;

(d) an order that each party disclose any documents which it is reasonable to suppose may contain information which enables that party to advance its own case or to damage that of any other party, or which leads to an enquiry which has either of those consequences;

(e) an order that a party give standard disclosure;

(f) any other order in relation to disclosure that the court considers appropriate.

(8) The court may at any point give directions as to how disclosure is to be given, and in particular—

(a) what searches are to be undertaken, of where, for what, in respect of which time periods and by whom and the extent of any search for electronically stored documents;

(b) whether lists of documents are required;

(c) how and when the disclosure statement is to be given;

(d) in what format documents are to be disclosed (and whether any identification is required);

(e) what is required in relation to documents that once existed but no longer exist; and

(f) whether disclosure shall take place in stages.

(9) To the extent that the documents to be disclosed are electronic, the provisions of Practice Direction 31B – Disclosure of Electronic Documents will apply in addition to paragraphs (3) to (8).

Section 12 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

After rule 32.2(2), insert—

(3) The court may give directions—

(a) identifying or limiting the issues to which factual evidence may be directed;

(b) identifying the witnesses who may be called or whose evidence may be read; or

(c) limiting the length or format of witness statements.

Section 13 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In Part 35, in rule 35.4—

(a) in paragraph (2), after “must” insert “provide an estimate of the costs of the proposed expert evidence and”;

(b) in paragraph (2)(a), after “required” insert “and the issues which the expert evidence will address”; and

(c) at the end of paragraph (3), after “paragraph (2).” insert “The order granting permission may specify the issues which the expert evidence should address.”.

Section 14 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In Part 36, in rule 36.14(3)—

(a) in subparagraph (b)—

(i) omit “his”; and

(ii) at the end, omit “and”;

(b) in subparagraph (c), for the full stop substitute “; and”; and

(c) after subparagraph (c), insert—

(d) an additional amount, which shall not exceed £75,000, calculated by applying the prescribed percentage set out below to an amount which is—

(i) where the claim is or includes a money claim, the sum awarded to the claimant by the court; or

(ii) where the claim is only a non-monetary claim, the sum awarded to the claimant by the court in respect of costs—

Amount awarded by the court

Prescribed percentage

Section 15 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

Part 43 is revoked.

Section 16 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

For Parts 44 to 48, substitute Parts 44 to 48 as set out in the Schedule to these Rules.

Section 17 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In Part 52—

(a) in the contents of the Part, after the entry for rule 52.9, insert—

; and

(b) after rule 52.9, insert—

Orders to limit the recoverable costs of an appeal

(52.9A)

(1) In any proceedings in which costs recovery is normally limited or excluded at first instance, an appeal court may make an order that the recoverable costs of an appeal will be limited to the extent which the court specifies.

(2) In making such an order the court will have regard to—

(a) the means of both parties;

(b) all the circumstances of the case; and

(c) the need to facilitate access to justice.

(3) If the appeal raises an issue of principle or practice upon which substantial sums may turn, it may not be appropriate to make an order under paragraph (1).

(4) An application for such an order must be made as soon as practicable and will be determined without a hearing unless the court orders otherwise.

Section 18 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In rule 54.6(1)—

(a) at the end of subparagraph (b), omit “and”;

(b) in subparagraph (c), for the full stop substitute “; and”; and

(c) after subparagraph (c) insert—

(d) where appropriate, the grounds on which it is contended that the claim is an Aarhus Convention claim.

(Rules 45.41 to 45.44 make provision about costs in Aarhus Convention claims.)

Section 19 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In Part 63, in rule 63.27(1)(b), for “£5,000” substitute “£10,000”.

Section 20 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In CCR Order 27, omit rule 7A(3).

Section 21 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules 1998

In the Glossary—

(a) after the entry for “Base rate”, insert—

; and

(b) after the entry for “Exemplary damages”, insert—

Section 22 Transitional provisions

(1) The following amendments do not apply where a defence is received before 1 April 2013—

(a) the amendments made by rules 5(e), 8(a) to (e) and (h) of these Rules; and

(b) the amendments made by paragraphs 3 and 9(a) to (j) and (m) and (n) of the 60 th Update - Practice Direction amendments, that amends the Practice Directions supplementing the Civil Procedure Rules.

(2) The amendments made by rule 5(f) and (g) of these Rules do not apply to applications made before 1 April 2013 for relief from any sanction imposed for a failure to comply with any rule, practice direction or court order.

(3) The following amendments do not apply to claims issued before 1 April 2013—

(a) the amendments made by rules 6, 8(f) and (g), 9(a) and 19 of these Rules; and

(b) the amendments made by paragraphs 9(k) and (l)(i) and 10(c) of the 60 th Update - Practice Direction amendments that amends the Practice Directions supplementing the Civil Procedure Rules.

(4) The amendment made by rule 10(c) of these Rules does not apply where any case management conference takes place or is due to take place before 9 April 2013.

(5) The amendment made by rule 11 of these Rules does not apply where the first case management conference takes place or is due to take place before 16 April 2013.

(6) The amendments made by rule 13 of these Rules do not apply in relation to an application for permission made before 1 April 2013.

(7) The amendments made by rule 14 of these Rules do not apply in relation to a claimant’s Part 36 offer which was made before 1 April 2013.

(8) The amendments made by rule 18 and the provision made by rules 45.41 to 45.44 in the Schedule (costs limits in Aarhus Convention claims) do not apply in relation to a claim commenced before 1 April 2013.

(9) The provision made by rule 47.14(7) in the Schedule (when time for appealing against assessment starts to run) of these Rules does not apply where the final hearing was concluded before 1 April 2013.

(10) The provision made by rule 47.20(1) to (5) and (7) in the Schedule (liability for costs of detailed assessment proceedings) does not apply to detailed assessments commenced before 1 April 2013 and in relation to such detailed assessments, rules 47.18 and 47.19 as they were in force immediately before 1 April 2013 apply instead.

(11) The amendment made by rule 47.20(6) in the Schedule to these Rules (interest on the costs of detailed assessment proceedings) does not apply where the date of the default, interim or final costs certificate (as the case may be) is before 1 April 2013.

(12) Any defamation proceedings commenced before 1 April 2013 within the scope of the Defamation Proceedings Costs Management Scheme provided for by Practice Direction 51D supporting Part 51 will proceed and be completed in accordance with that scheme.

(13) Any detailed assessment commenced before 1 April 2013 under the County Court Provisional Assessment Pilot Scheme provided for by Practice Direction 51E supporting Part 51 will proceed and be completed in accordance with that scheme.

(14) Any proceedings in the Mercantile Courts and the Construction Courts commenced before 1 April 2013 that are within the scope of the Costs Management in Mercantile Courts and Construction Courts Pilot Scheme provided for by Practice Direction 51G supporting Part 51 will proceed and be completed in accordance with that scheme.

Section 44.1 Interpretation and application

(1) In Parts 44 to 47, unless the context otherwise requires—

“ authorised court officer ” means any officer of—

a county court;

a district registry;

the Principal Registry of the Family Division; or

the Costs Office,

whom the Lord Chancellor has authorised to assess costs;

“ conditional fee agreement ” means an agreement enforceable under section 58 of the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 ;

“ costs ” includes fees, charges, disbursements, expenses, remuneration, reimbursement allowed to a litigant in person under rule 46.5 and any fee or reward charged by a lay representative for acting on behalf of a party in proceedings allocated to the small claims track;

“ costs judge ” means a taxing master of the Senior Courts;

“ Costs Office ” means the Senior Courts Costs Office;

“ costs officer ” means—

a costs judge;

a district judge; or

an authorised court officer;

“ detailed assessment ” means the procedure by which the amount of costs is decided by a costs officer in accordance with Part 47;

“ the Director (legal aid) ” means the person designated as the Director of Legal Aid Casework pursuant to section 4 of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 , or a person entitled to exercise the functions of the Director;

“ fixed costs ” means costs the amounts of which are fixed by these rules whether or not the court has a discretion to allow some other or no amount, and include—

the amounts which are to be allowed in respect of legal representatives’ charges in the circumstances set out in Section I of Part 45;

fixed recoverable costs calculated in accordance with rule 45.11;

the additional costs allowed by rule 45.18;

fixed costs determined under rule 45.21;

costs fixed by rules 45.37 and 45.38;

“ free of charge ” has the same meaning as in section 194(10) of the 2007 Act;

“ fund ” includes any estate or property held for the benefit of any person or class of person and any fund to which a trustee or personal representative is entitled in that capacity;

“HMRC” means HM Revenue and Customs;

“ legal aid ” means civil legal services made available under arrangements made for the purposes of Part 1of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012;

“ paying party ” means a party liable to pay costs;

“ the prescribed charity ” has the same meaning as in section 194(8) of the 2007 Act;

“ pro bono representation ” means legal representation provided free of charge;

“ receiving party ” means a party entitled to be paid costs;

“ summary assessment ” means the procedure whereby costs are assessed by the judge who has heard the case or application;

“VAT” means Value Added Tax;

“the 2007 Act” means the Legal Services Act 2007 .

(“ Legal representative ” has the meaning given in rule 2.3).

(2) The costs to which Parts 44 to 47 apply include—

(a) the following costs where those costs may be assessed by the court—

(i) costs of proceedings before an arbitrator or umpire;

(ii) costs of proceedings before a tribunal or other statutory body; and

(iii) costs payable by a client to their legal representative; and

(b) costs which are payable by one party to another party under the terms of a contract, where the court makes an order for an assessment of those costs.

(3) Where advocacy or litigation services are provided to a client under a conditional fee agreement, costs are recoverable under Parts 44 to 47 notwithstanding that the client is liable to pay the legal representative’s fees and expenses only to the extent that sums are recovered in respect of the proceedings, whether by way of costs or otherwise.

Section 44.2 Court’s discretion as to costs

(1) The court has discretion as to—

(a) whether costs are payable by one party to another;

(b) the amount of those costs; and

(c) when they are to be paid.

(2) If the court decides to make an order about costs—

(a) the general rule is that the unsuccessful party will be ordered to pay the costs of the successful party; but

(b) the court may make a different order.

(3) The general rule does not apply to the following proceedings—

(a) proceedings in the Court of Appeal on an application or appeal made in connection with proceedings in the Family Division; or

(b) proceedings in the Court of Appeal from a judgment, direction, decision or order given or made in probate proceedings or family proceedings.

(4) In deciding what order (if any) to make about costs, the court will have regard to all the circumstances, including—

(a) the conduct of all the parties;

(b) whether a party has succeeded on part of its case, even if that party has not been wholly successful; and

(c) any admissible offer to settle made by a party which is drawn to the court’s attention, and which is not an offer to which costs consequences under Part 36 apply.

(5) The conduct of the parties includes—

(a) conduct before, as well as during, the proceedings and in particular the extent to which the parties followed the Practice Direction – Pre-Action Conduct or any relevant pre-action protocol;

(b) whether it was reasonable for a party to raise, pursue or contest a particular allegation or issue;

(c) the manner in which a party has pursued or defended its case or a particular allegation or issue; and

(d) whether a claimant who has succeeded in the claim, in whole or in part, exaggerated its claim.

(6) The orders which the court may make under this rule include an order that a party must pay—

(a) a proportion of another party’s costs;

(b) a stated amount in respect of another party’s costs;

(c) costs from or until a certain date only;

(d) costs incurred before proceedings have begun;

(e) costs relating to particular steps taken in the proceedings;

(f) costs relating only to a distinct part of the proceedings; and

(g) interest on costs from or until a certain date, including a date before judgment.

(7) Before the court considers making an order under paragraph (6)(f), it will consider whether it is practicable to make an order under paragraph (6)(a) or (c) instead.

(8) Where the court orders a party to pay costs subject to detailed assessment, it will order that party to pay a reasonable sum on account of costs, unless there is good reason not to do so.

Section 44.3 Basis of assessment

(1) Where the court is to assess the amount of costs (whether by summary or detailed assessment) it will assess those costs—

(a) on the standard basis; or

(b) on the indemnity basis,

but the court will not in either case allow costs which have been unreasonably incurred or are unreasonable in amount.

(Rule 44.5 sets out how the court decides the amount of costs payable under a contract.)

(2) Where the amount of costs is to be assessed on the standard basis, the court will—

(a) only allow costs which are proportionate to the matters in issue. Costs which are disproportionate in amount may be disallowed or reduced even if they were reasonably or necessarily incurred; and

(b) resolve any doubt which it may have as to whether costs were reasonably and proportionately incurred or were reasonable and proportionate in amount in favour of the paying party.

(Factors which the court may take into account are set out in rule 44.4.)

(3) Where the amount of costs is to be assessed on the indemnity basis, the court will resolve any doubt which it may have as to whether costs were reasonably incurred or were reasonable in amount in favour of the receiving party.

(4) Where—

(a) the court makes an order about costs without indicating the basis on which the costs are to be assessed; or

(b) the court makes an order for costs to be assessed on a basis other than the standard basis or the indemnity basis,

the costs will be assessed on the standard basis.

(5) Costs incurred are proportionate if they bear a reasonable relationship to—

(a) the sums in issue in the proceedings;

(b) the value of any non-monetary relief in issue in the proceedings;

(c) the complexity of the litigation;

(d) any additional work generated by the conduct of the paying party; and

(e) any wider factors involved in the proceedings, such as reputation or public importance.

(6) Where the amount of a solicitor’s remuneration in respect of non-contentious business is regulated by any general orders made under the Solicitors Act 1974 , the amount of the costs to be allowed in respect of any such business which falls to be assessed by the court will be decided in accordance with those general orders rather than this rule and rule 44.4.

(7) Paragraphs (2)(a) and (5) do not apply in relation to cases commenced before 1 April 2013 and in relation to such cases, rule 44.4(2)(a) as it was in force immediately before 1 April 2013 will apply instead.

Section 44.4 Factors to be taken into account in deciding the amount of costs

(1) The court will have regard to all the circumstances in deciding whether costs were—

(a) if it is assessing costs on the standard basis—

(i) proportionately and reasonably incurred; or

(ii) proportionate and reasonable in amount, or

(b) if it is assessing costs on the indemnity basis—

(i) unreasonably incurred; or

(ii) unreasonable in amount.

(2) In particular, the court will give effect to any orders which have already been made.

(3) The court will also have regard to—

(a) the conduct of all the parties, including in particular—

(i) conduct before, as well as during, the proceedings; and

(ii) the efforts made, if any, before and during the proceedings in order to try to resolve the dispute;

(b) the amount or value of any money or property involved;

(c) the importance of the matter to all the parties;

(d) the particular complexity of the matter or the difficulty or novelty of the questions raised;

(e) the skill, effort, specialised knowledge and responsibility involved;

(f) the time spent on the case;

(g) the place where and the circumstances in which work or any part of it was done; and

(h) the receiving party’s last approved or agreed budget.

(Rule 35.4(4) gives the court power to limit the amount that a party may recover with regard to the fees and expenses of an expert.)

Section 44.5 Amount of costs where costs are payable under a contract

(1) Subject to paragraphs (2) to (4), where the court assesses (whether by summary or detailed assessment) costs which are payable by the paying party to the receiving party under the terms of a contract, the costs payable under those terms are, unless the contract expressly provides otherwise, to be presumed to be costs which—

(a) have been reasonably incurred; and

(b) are reasonable in amount,

and the court will assess them accordingly.

(2) The presumptions in paragraph (1) are rebuttable. Practice Direction 44 – General rules about costs sets out circumstances where the court may order otherwise.

(3) Paragraph (1) does not apply where the contract is between a solicitor and client.

Section 44.6 Procedure for assessing costs

(1) Where the court orders a party to pay costs to another party (other than fixed costs) it may either—

(a) make a summary assessment of the costs; or

(b) order detailed assessment of the costs by a costs officer,

unless any rule, practice direction or other enactment provides otherwise.

(Practice Direction 44 – General rules about costs sets out the factors which will affect the court’s decision under paragraph (1).)

(2) A party may recover the fixed costs specified in Part 45 in accordance with that Part.

Section 44.7 Time for complying with an order for costs

(1) A party must comply with an order for the payment of costs within 14 days of—

(a) the date of the judgment or order if it states the amount of those costs;

(b) if the amount of those costs (or part of them) is decided later in accordance with Part 47, the date of the certificate which states the amount; or

(c) in either case, such other date as the court may specify.

(Part 47 sets out the procedure for detailed assessment of costs.)

Section 44.8 Legal representative’s duty to notify the party

Where—

(a) the court makes a costs order against a legally represented party; and

(b) the party is not present when the order is made,

the party’s legal representative must notify that party in writing of the costs order no later than 7 days after the legal representative receives notice of the order.

(Paragraph 10.1 of Practice Direction 44 defines “ party ” for the purposes of this rule.)

Section 44.9 Cases where costs orders deemed to have been made

(1) Subject to paragraph (2), where a right to costs arises under—

(a) rule 3.7 (defendant’s right to costs where claim is struck out for non-payment of fees);

(b) rule 36.10(1) or (2) (claimant’s entitlement to costs where a Part 36 offer is accepted); or

(c) rule 38.6 (defendant’s right to costs where claimant discontinues),

a costs order will be deemed to have been made on the standard basis.

(2) Paragraph 1(b) does not apply where a Part 36 offer is accepted before the commencement of proceedings.

(3) Where such an order is deemed to be made in favour of a party with pro bono representation, that party may apply for an order under section 194(3) of the 2007 Act.

(4) Interest payable under section 17 of the Judgments Act 1838 or section 74 of the County Courts Act 1984 on the costs deemed to have been ordered under paragraph (1) will begin to run from the date on which the event which gave rise to the entitlement to costs occurred.

Section 44.10 Where the court makes no order for costs

(1) Where the court makes an order which does not mention costs—

(a) subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), the general rule is that no party is entitled—

(i) to costs; or

(ii) to seek an order under section 194(3) of the 2007 Act,

in relation to that order; but

(b) this does not affect any entitlement of a party to recover costs out of a fund held by that party as trustee or personal representative, or under any lease, mortgage or other security.

(2) Where the court makes—

(a) an order granting permission to appeal;

(b) an order granting permission to apply for judicial review; or

(c) any other order or direction sought by a party on an application without notice,

and its order does not mention costs, it will be deemed to include an order for applicant’s costs in the case.

(3) Any party affected by a deemed order for costs under paragraph (2) may apply at any time to vary the order.

(4) The court hearing an appeal may, unless it dismisses the appeal, make orders about the costs of the proceedings giving rise to the appeal as well as the costs of the appeal.

(5) Subject to any order made by the transferring court, where proceedings are transferred from one court to another, the court to which they are transferred may deal with all the costs, including the costs before the transfer.

Section 44.11 Court’s powers in relation to misconduct

(1) The court may make an order under this rule where—

(a) a party or that party’s legal representative, in connection with a summary or detailed assessment, fails to comply with a rule, practice direction or court order; or

(b) it appears to the court that the conduct of a party or that party’s legal representative, before or during the proceedings or in the assessment proceedings, was unreasonable or improper.

(2) Where paragraph (1) applies, the court may—

(a) disallow all or part of the costs which are being assessed; or

(b) order the party at fault or that party’s legal representative to pay costs which that party or legal representative has caused any other party to incur.

(3) Where—

(a) the court makes an order under paragraph (2) against a legally represented party; and

(b) the party is not present when the order is made,

the party’s legal representative must notify that party in writing of the order no later than 7 days after the legal representative receives notice of the order.

Section 44.12 Set Off

(1) Where a party entitled to costs is also liable to pay costs, the court may assess the costs which that party is liable to pay and either—

(a) set off the amount assessed against the amount the party is entitled to be paid and direct that party to pay any balance; or

(b) delay the issue of a certificate for the costs to which the party is entitled until the party has paid the amount which that party is liable to pay.

Section 44.13 Qualified one-way costs shifting: scope and interpretation

(1) This Section applies to proceedings which include a claim for damages—

(a) for personal injuries;

(b) under the Fatal Accidents Act 1976 ; or

(c) which arises out of death or personal injury and survives for the benefit of an estate by virtue of section 1(1) of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934 ,

but does not apply to applications pursuant to section 33 of the Senior Courts Act 1981 or section 52 of the County Courts Act 1984 (applications for pre-action disclosure), or where rule 44.17 applies.

(2) In this Section, “ claimant ” means a person bringing a claim to which this Section applies or an estate on behalf of which such a claim is brought, and includes a person making a counterclaim or an additional claim.

Section 44.14 Effect of qualified one-way costs shifting

(1) Subject to rules 44.15 and 44.16, orders for costs made against a claimant may be enforced without the permission of the court but only to the extent that the aggregate amount in money terms of such orders does not exceed the aggregate amount in money terms of any orders for damages and interest made in favour of the claimant.

(2) Orders for costs made against a claimant may only be enforced after the proceedings have been concluded and the costs have been assessed or agreed.

(3) An order for costs which is enforced only to the extent permitted by paragraph (1) shall not be treated as an unsatisfied or outstanding judgment for the purposes of any court record.

Section 44.15 Exceptions to qualified one-way costs shifting where permission not required

Orders for costs made against the claimant may be enforced to the full extent of such orders without the permission of the court where the proceedings have been struck out on the grounds that—

(a) the claimant has disclosed no reasonable grounds for bringing the proceedings;

(b) the proceedings are an abuse of the court’s process; or

(c) the conduct of—

(i) the claimant; or

(ii) a person acting on the claimant’s behalf and with the claimant’s knowledge of such conduct,

is likely to obstruct the just disposal of the proceedings.

Section 44.16 Exceptions to qualified one-way costs shifting where permission required

(1) Orders for costs made against the claimant may be enforced to the full extent of such orders with the permission of the court where the claim is found on the balance of probabilities to be fundamentally dishonest.

(2) Orders for costs made against the claimant may be enforced up to the full extent of such orders with the permission of the court, and to the extent that it considers just, where—

(a) the proceedings include a claim which is made for the financial benefit of a person other than the claimant or a dependant within the meaning of section 1(3) of the Fatal Accidents Act 1976 (other than a claim in respect of the gratuitous provision of care, earnings paid by an employer or medical expenses); or

(b) a claim is made for the benefit of the claimant other than a claim to which this Section applies.

(3) Where paragraph (2)(a) applies, the court may, subject to rule 46.2, make an order for costs against a person, other than the claimant, for whose financial benefit the whole or part of the claim was made.

Section 44.17 Transitional provision

This Section does not apply to proceedings where the claimant has entered into a pre-commencement funding arrangement (as defined in rule 48.2).

Section 44.18 Award of costs where there is a damages-based agreement

(1) The fact that a party has entered into a damages-based agreement will not affect the making of any order for costs which otherwise would be made in favour of that party.

(2) Where costs are to be assessed in favour of a party who has entered into a damages-based agreement—

(a) the party’s recoverable costs will be assessed in accordance with rule 44.3; and

(b) the party may not recover by way of costs more than the total amount payable by that party under the damages-based agreement for legal services provided under that agreement.

Section 45.1 Scope of this Section

(1) This Section sets out the amounts which, unless the court orders otherwise, are to be allowed in respect of legal representatives’ charges.

(2) This Section applies where—

(a) the only claim is a claim for a specified sum of money where the value of the claim exceeds £25 and—

(i) judgment in default is obtained under rule 12.4(1);

(ii) judgment on admission is obtained under rule 14.4(3);

(iii) judgment on admission on part of the claim is obtained under rule 14.5(6);

(iv) summary judgment is given under Part 24;

(v) the court has made an order to strike out a defence under rule 3.4(2)(a) as disclosing no reasonable grounds for defending the claim; or

(vi) rule 45.4 applies;

(b) the only claim is a claim where the court gave a fixed date for the hearing when it issued the claim and judgment is given for the delivery of goods, and the value of the claim exceeds £25;

(c) the claim is for the recovery of land, including a possession claim under Part 55, whether or not the claim includes a claim for a sum of money and the defendant gives up possession, pays the amount claimed, if any, and the fixed commencement costs stated in the claim form;

(d) the claim is for the recovery of land, including a possession claim under Part 55, where one of the grounds for possession is arrears of rent, for which the court gave a fixed date for the hearing when it issued the claim and judgment is given for the possession of land (whether or not the order for possession is suspended on terms) and the defendant—

(i) has neither delivered a defence, or counterclaim, nor otherwise denied liability; or

(ii) has delivered a defence which is limited to specifying his proposals for the payment of arrears of rent;

(e) the claim is a possession claim under Section II of Part 55 (accelerated possession claims of land let on an assured shorthold tenancy) and a possession order is made where the defendant has neither delivered a defence, or counterclaim, nor otherwise denied liability;

(f) the claim is a demotion claim under Section III of Part 65 or a demotion claim is made in the same claim form in which a claim for possession is made under Part 55 and that demotion claim is successful; or

(g) a judgment creditor has taken steps under Parts 70 to 73 to enforce a judgment or order.

(Practice Direction 7B sets out the types of case where a court will give a fixed date for a hearing when it issues a claim.)

(3) No sum in respect of legal representatives’ charges will be allowed where the only claim is for a sum of money or goods not exceeding £25.

(4) Any appropriate court fee will be allowed in addition to the costs set out in this Section.

(5) The claim form may include a claim for fixed commencement costs.

Section 45.2 Amount of fixed commencement costs in a claim for the recovery of money or goods

(1) The amount of fixed commencement costs in a claim to which rule 45.1(2)(a) or (b) applies—

(a) will be calculated by reference to Table 1; and

(b) the amount claimed, or the value of the goods claimed if specified, in the claim form is to be used for determining the band in Table 1 that applies to the claim.

(2) The amounts shown in Table 4 are to be allowed in addition, if applicable.

Where –

the claim form is served personally by the claimant; and

there is only one defendant

Where—

the value of the claim exceeds £25 but does not exceed £500

Where—

the value of the claim exceeds £500 but does not exceed £1,000

Where—

the value of the claim exceeds £1,000 but does not exceed £5,000; or

the only claim is for delivery of goods and no value is specified or stated on the claim form

Where—

the value of the claim exceeds £5,000

Section 45.3 When defendant only liable for fixed commencement costs

Where—

(a) the only claim is for a specified sum of money; and

(b) the defendant pays the money claimed within 14 days after being served with the particulars of claim, together with the fixed commencement costs stated in the claim form,

the defendant is not liable for any further costs unless the court orders otherwise.

Section 45.4 Costs on entry of judgment in a claim for the recovery of money or goods

Where—

(a) the claimant has claimed fixed commencement costs under rule 45.2; and

(b) judgment is entered in a claim to which rule 45.1(2)(a) or (b) applies in the circumstances specified in Table 2, the amount to be included in the judgment for the claimant’s legal representative’s charges is the total of—

(i) the fixed commencement costs; and

(ii) the relevant amount shown in Table 2.

Section 45.5 Amount of fixed commencement costs in a claim for the recovery of land or a demotion claim

(1) The amount of fixed commencement costs in a claim to which rule 45.1(2)(c), (d) or (f) applies will be calculated by reference to Table 3.

(2) The amounts shown in Table 4 are to be allowed in addition, if applicable.

Where—

the claim form is served personally by the claimant; and

there is only one defendant

Section 45.6 Costs on entry of judgment in a claim for the recovery of land or a demotion claim

(1) Where—

(a) the claimant has claimed fixed commencement costs under rule 45.5; and

(b) judgment is entered in a claim to which rule 45.1(2)(d) or (f) applies, the amount to be included in the judgment for the claimant’s legal representative’s charges is the total of—

(i) the fixed commencement costs; and

(ii) the sum of £57.25.

(2) Where an order for possession is made in a claim to which rule 45.1(2)(e) applies, the amount allowed for the claimant’s legal representative’s charges for preparing and filing—

(a) the claim form;

(b) the documents that accompany the claim form; and

(c) the request for possession,

is £79.50.

Section 45.7 Miscellaneous fixed costs

Table 4 shows the amount to be allowed in respect of legal representative’s charges in the circumstances mentioned.

Section 45.8 Fixed enforcement costs

Table 5 shows the amount to be allowed in respect of legal representatives’ costs in the circumstances mentioned. The amounts shown in Table 4 are to be allowed in addition, if applicable.

Section 45.9 Scope and interpretation

(1) Subject to paragraph (3), this Section sets out the costs which are to be allowed in—

(a) proceedings to which rule 46.14(1) applies (costs-only proceedings); or

(b) proceedings for approval of a settlement or compromise under rule 21.10(2),

in cases to which this Section applies.

(2) This Section applies where—

(a) the dispute arises from a road traffic accident occurring on or after 6 October 2003;

(b) the agreed damages include damages in respect of personal injury, damage to property, or both;

(c) the total value of the agreed damages does not exceed £10,000; and

(d) if a claim had been issued for the amount of the agreed damages, the small claims track would not have been the normal track for that claim.

(3) This Section does not apply where—

(a) the claimant is a litigant in person; or

(b) Section III of this Part applies.

(4) In this Section—

“ road traffic accident ” means an accident resulting in bodily injury to any person or damage to property caused by, or arising out of, the use of a motor vehicle on a road or other public place in England and Wales;

“ motor vehicle ” means a mechanically propelled vehicle intended for use on roads; and

“ road ” means any highway and any other road to which the public has access and includes bridges over which a road passes.

Section 45.10 Application of fixed recoverable costs

Subject to rule 45.13, the only costs which are to be allowed are—

(a) fixed recoverable costs calculated in accordance with rule 45.11; and

(b) disbursements allowed in accordance with rule 45.12.

(Rule 45.13 provides for where a party issues a claim for more than the fixed recoverable costs.)