MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS

• Citation: 24 CFR Part 3280
• Sections: 121

§ 3280.1 Scope.

This standard covers all equipment and installations in the design, construction, transportation, fire safety, plumbing, heat-producing and electrical systems of manufactured homes which are designed to be used as dwelling units. This standard seeks to the maximum extent possible to establish performance requirements. In certain instances, however, the use of specific requirements is necessary.

§ 3280.2 Definitions.

Definitions in this subpart are those common to all subparts of the standard and are in addition to the definitions provided in individual parts. The definitions are as follows:

Approved, when used in connection with any material, appliance or construction, means complying with the requirements of the Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Attached accessory building or structure means any awning, cabana, deck, ramada, storage cabinet, carport, windbreak, garage or porch for which the attachment of such is designed by the home manufacturer to be structurally supported by the manufactured home.

Bay window —a window assembly whose maximum horizontal projection is not more than two feet from the plane of an exterior wall and is elevated above the floor level of the home.

Certification label means the approved form of certification by the manufacturer that, under § 3280.11, is permanently affixed to each transportable section of each manufactured home manufactured for sale in the United States.

Dwelling means any structure that contains one to a maximum of four dwelling units, designed to be permanently occupied for residential living purposes.

Dwelling unit means a single unit that provides complete independent living facilities for one or more persons, where the occupancy is primarily permanent in nature, including permanent provisions for separate living, sleeping, cooking, eating, and sanitation.

Equipment includes materials, appliances, devices, fixtures, fittings or accessories both in the construction of, and in the fire safety, plumbing, heat-producing and electrical systems of manufactured homes.

Federal manufactured home construction and safety standard means a reasonable standard for the construction, design, and performance of a manufactured home which meets the needs of the public including the need for quality, durability, and safety.

Installations means all arrangements and methods of construction, as well as fire safety, plumbing, heat-producing and electrical systems used in manufactured homes.

Labeled means a label, symbol or other identifying mark of a nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency, or other organization concerned with product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, and by whose labeling is indicated compliance with nationally recognized standards or tests to determine suitable usage in a specified manner.

Length of a manufactured home means its largest overall length in the traveling mode, including cabinets and other projections which contain interior space. Length does not include bay windows, roof projections, overhangs, or eaves under which there is no interior space, nor does it include drawbars, couplings or hitches.

Listed or certified means included in a list published by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency, or other organization concerned with product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials, and whose listing states either that the equipment or material meets nationally recognized standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified manner.

Manufacturer means any person engaged in manufacturing or assembling manufactured homes, including any person engaged in importing manufactured homes for resale.

Manufactured home means a structure, transportable in one or more sections, which in the traveling mode is 8 body feet or more in width or 40 body feet or more in length or which when erected on-site is 320 or more square feet, and which is built on a permanent chassis and designed to be used as a dwelling with or without a permanent foundation when connected to the required utilities, and includes the plumbing, heating, air-conditioning, and electrical systems contained in the structure. This term includes all structures that meet the above requirements except the size requirements and with respect to which the manufacturer voluntarily files a certification pursuant to § 3282.13 of this chapter and complies with the construction and safety standards set forth in this part 3280. The term does not include any self-propelled recreational vehicle. Calculations used to determine the number of square feet in a structure will include the total of square feet for each transportable section comprising the completed structure and will be based on the structure's exterior dimensions measured at the largest horizontal projections when erected on site. These dimensions will include all expandable rooms, cabinets, and other projections containing interior space, but do not include bay windows. Nothing in this definition should be interpreted to mean that a manufactured home necessarily meets the requirements of HUD's Minimum Property Standards (HUD Handbook 4900.1) or that it is automatically eligible for financing under 12 U.S.C. 1709(b).

Manufactured home construction means all activities relating to the assembly and manufacture of a manufactured home including, but not limited to, those relating to durability, quality and safety.

Manufactured home safety means the performance of a manufactured home in such a manner that the public is protected against any unreasonable risk of the occurrence of accidents due to the design or construction of such manufactured home, or any unreasonable risk of death or injury to the user or to the public if such accidents do occur.

Multipurpose fire sprinkler system means a system that supplies domestic water to both plumbing fixtures and fire sprinklers.

Registered Engineer or Architect means a person licensed to practice engineering or architecture in a state and subject to all laws and limitations imposed by the state's Board of Engineering and Architecture Examiners and who is engaged in the professional practice of rendering service or creative work requiring education, training and experience in engineering sciences and the application of special knowledge of the mathematical, physical and engineering sciences in such professional or creative work as consultation, investigation, evaluation, planning or design and supervision of construction for the purpose of securing compliance with specifications and design for any such work.

Secretary means the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, or an official of the Department delegated the authority of the Secretary with respect to title VI of Pub. L. 93-383.

Stand-alone fire sprinkler system means a system that is separate and independent from the water distribution system.

State includes each of the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, the Canal Zone, and American Samoa.

Water resistive barrier means a material behind the exterior wall covering that is intended to prevent liquid water that has penetrated behind the exterior covering from intruding further into the exterior wall assembly.

Width of a manufactured home means its largest overall width in the traveling mode, including cabinets and other projections which contain interior space. Width does not include bay windows, roof projections, overhangs, or eaves under which there is no interior space.

§ 3280.3 Manufactured home procedural and enforcement regulations, and consumer manual requirements.

(a) A manufacturer must comply with the requirements of this part, part 3282 of this chapter, and 42 U.S.C. 5416.

(b) Consumer manuals must be in accordance with § 3282.207 of this chapter.

§ 3280.4 Incorporation by reference.

(a)(1) Certain material is incorporated by reference in this part with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To enforce any edition other than that specified in this section, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (Department) must publish a document in the Federal Register and the material must be available to the public. All approved incorporation by reference (IBR) material is available for inspection at the Department and at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Contact the Department at: Office of Manufactured Housing Programs, 451 Seventh Street SW, Washington, DC 20410; email [email protected]; [phone]. For information on the availability of this material at NARA, visit www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations or email [email protected].

(2) The IBR material may be obtained from the sources in this paragraph (a)(2) or from one or more private resellers listed in this paragraph (a)(2). For material that is no longer commercially available, contact the Office of Manufactured Housing Programs (see paragraph (a)(1) of this section).

(i) Accuris Standards Store, phone: [phone]; website: https://store.accuristech.com.

(ii) American National Standards Institute (see paragraph (h) of this section).

(iii) EverySpec LLC, 710 Lake Louise Ct., Gibsonia, PA 10544; website: http://everyspec.com. (Government and military standards only.)

(iv) GlobalSpec, 257 Fuller Road, Suite NFE 1100, Albany, NY 12203-3621; phone: [phone]; website: https://standards.globalspec.com.

(v) Nimonik Document Center, 401 Roland Way, Suite 224, Oakland, CA, 94624; phone [phone]; email: [email protected]; website: www.document-center.com.

(b) Air Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), 2311 Wilson Blvd., Suite 400, Arlington, VA 22201; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.ahrinet.org.

(1) ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240-2008 with Addenda 1 and 2, 2008 Standard for Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment, ANSI-approved December 2012; IBR approved for §§ 3280.511(b); 3280.703(d); 3280.714(a).

(2) [Reserved]

(c) Aluminum Association (AA), 1525 Wilson Blvd., Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22209; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.aluminum.org.

(1) Aluminum Design Manual, Specifications and Guidelines for Aluminum Structures, Part 1-A, Sixth Edition, October 1994; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(2) Aluminum Design Manual, Specifications and Guidelines for Aluminum Structures, Part 1-B, First Edition, October 1994; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(d) American Forest and Paper Association (AFPA), 1101 K Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20005; telephone: [phone]; website: www.afandpa.org.

(1) AFPA, Wood Structural Design Data, 1986 Edition with 1992 Revisions; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(2) [Reserved]

(e) American Gas Association (AGA), 400 North Capitol Street NW, Washington, DC 20001: telephone: [phone]; website: www.aga.org.

(1) AGA No. 3-87, Requirements for Gas Connectors for Connection of Fixed Appliances for Outdoor Installation, Park Trailers, and Manufactured (Mobile) Homes to the Gas Supply; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(2) [Reserved]

(f) American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), 130 East Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601-6219; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.aisc.org.

(1) ANSI/AISC 360-10, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Second Printing: February 2012 (AISC 360-10); IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.305(j).

(2) [Reserved]

(g) American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 25 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20001; telephone: [phone]; website: www.steel.org.

(1) AISI S100-12, North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, 2012 Edition, 2nd Printing—June 2014, including AISI S100-12-E3 errata dated December 10, 2014; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.305(j).

(2) [Reserved]

(h) American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10018; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.ansi.org.

(1) ANSI A112.14.1-1975, Backflow Valves; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(2) ANSI A112.19.5-1979, Trim for Water Closet, Bowls, Tanks, and Urinals; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(3) ANSI/AITC A190.1-1992, For wood products—Structural Glued Laminated Timber; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(4) ANSI A208.2-2002, Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) For Interior Applications, approved May 13, 2002; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(5) ANSI B16.18-1984, Cast Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Pressure Fittings; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(6) ANSI C72.1-1972, section 4.3.1, Household Automatic Electric Storage Type Water Heaters; IBR approved for § 3280.707(d).

(7) ANSI Z21.22-1999, Relief Valves for Hot Water Supply Systems; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(d).

(8) ANSI Z34.1-1993, Third-Party Certification Programs for Products, Processes, and Services; IBR approved for §§ 3280.403(e); 3280.405(e).

(9) ANSI Z97.1-2009 e , American National Standard for safety glazing materials used in buildings—safety performance specifications and methods of test, approved November 2009; IBR approved for §§ 3280.113(d); 3280.304(b); 3280.403(d); 3280.604(c); 3280.607(b); 3280.703(d).

(10) ANSI Z124.1-1987, Plastic Bathtub Units with Addendum Z124.1a-1990 and Z124.1b-1991; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(11) ANSI Z124.2-1987, Plastic Shower Receptors and Shower Stalls with Addendum Z124.2a-1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(12) ANSI Z124.3-1986, Plastic Lavatories with Addendum Z124.3a-1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(13) ANSI Z124.4-1986, Plastic Water Closets, Bowls, and Tanks with Addenda Z124.4a-1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(14) ANSI Z124.5-1997, Plastic Toilet (Water Closets) Seats; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(15) ANSI Z124.7-1997, Prefabricated Plastic Spa Shells; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(16) ANSI Z-124.9-1994, Plastic Urinal Fixtures; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(i) American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191; telephone: [phone]; website: www.asce.org.

(1) ANSI/ASCE 7-88, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, IBR approved for §§ 3280.5(f); 3280.304(b); 3280.305(c).

(2) SEI/ASCE 8-02, Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members, 2002; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.305(j).

(3) ASCE 19-96, Structural Applications of Steel Cables for Buildings; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(j) American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.ashrae.org/home/.

(1) 1997 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, chapters 22 through 27, (except for the following parts of this standard that are not incorporated by reference: 23.1 Steel Frame Construction; 23.2 Masonry Construction; 23.3 Foundations and Floor Systems; 23.15 Pipes; 23.17 Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment; 23.18 Refrigerated Rooms and Buildings; 24.18 Mechanical and Industrial Systems; 25.19 Commercial Building Envelope Leakage; 27.9 Calculation of Heat Loss from Crawl Spaces), Inch-Pound Edition, 1997; IBR approved for §§ 3280.508(a) and (e); 3280.511(a).

(2) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings, approved January 30, 2013 (ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2); IBR approved for §§ 3280.103(d) and (e); 3280.703(d).

(k) American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990; telephone: [phone]; website: www.asme.org/.

(1) ASME A112.1.2-1991, Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(2) ANSI/ASME A112.4.1-1993, Water Heater Relief Valve Drain Tubes; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(3) ANSI/ASME A112.4.3-1999, Plastic Fittings for Connecting Water Closets to the Sanitary Drainage System; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(4) ASME/ANSI A112.18.1M-1989, Plumbing Fixture Fittings; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(5) ASME A112.18.3M-1996, Performance Requirements for Backflow Protection Devices and Systems in Plumbing Fixture Fittings; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(6) ASME A112.18.6-1999, Flexible Water Connectors; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(7) ASME A112.18.7-1999, Deck Mounted Bath/Shower Transfer Valves with Integral Backflow Protection; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(8) ANSI/ASME A112.19.1M-1987, Enameled Cast Iron Plumbing Fixtures; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(9) ANSI/ASME A112.19.2(M)-1990, Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(10) ANSI/ASME A112.19.3M-1987, Stainless Steel Plumbing Fixtures (Designed for Residential Use); IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(11) ANSI/ASME A112.19.4(M)-1984, Porcelain Enameled Formed Steel Plumbing Fixtures; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(12) ASME A112.19.6-1995, Hydraulic Performance Requirements for Water Closets and Urinals; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(13) ASME/ANSI A112.19.7M-1987, Whirlpool Bathtub Appliances; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(14) ASME/ANSI A112.19.8M-1989, Suction Fittings for Use in Swimming Pools, Wading Pools, Spas, Hot Tubs, and Whirlpool Bathtub Appliances; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(15) ASME A112.19.9M-1991, Non-Vitreous Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(16) ASME A112.19.10-1994, Dual Flush Devices for Water Closets; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(17) ANSI/ASME A112.21.3M-1985, Hydrants for Utility and Maintenance Use; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(18) ANSI/ASME B1.20.1-2013, Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch), reaffirmed 2018; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(b); 3280.705(e); 3280.706(d).

(19) ANSI/ASME B16.3-1992, Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(20) ANSI/ASME B16.4-1992, Gray Iron Threaded Fittings; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(21) ANSI/ASME B16.15-1985, Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(22) ASME/ANSI B16.22-1989, Wrought-Copper and Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Pressure Fitting; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(23) ASME B16.23-1992, Cast Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Drainage Fittings-DWV; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(24) ASME/ANSI B16.26-1988, Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(25) ASME/ANSI B16.29-1986, Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Drainage Fittings-DWV; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(26) ANSI/ASME B36.10-2004, Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe, ANSI-approved June 23, 2004; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(b), 3280.705(b); 3280.706(b).

(l) American Society of Sanitary Engineering (ASSE), 901 Canterbury, Suite A, Westlake, OH 44145; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.asse-plumbing.org.

(1) ASSE 1001, Performance Requirements for Pipe Applied Atmospheric Type Vacuum Breakers, ANSI-approved 1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(2) ASSE 1002 (ANSI/ASSE-1979), Performance Requirements for Water Closet Flush Tank Fill Valves (Ballcocks), Revision 5, 1986; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(3) ASSE 1006, Plumbing Requirements for Residential Use (Household) Dishwashers, ASSE/ANSI-1986; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(4) ASSE 1007-1986, Performance Requirements for Home Laundry Equipment; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(5) ASSE 1008-1986, Performance Requirements for Household Food Waste Disposer Units; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(6) ASSE 1011-1981, Performance Requirements for Hose Connection Vacuum Breakers, ANSI-approved 1982; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(7) ASSE 1014-1989, Performance Requirements for Hand-held Showers, ANSI-approved 1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(8) ASSE 1016-2005, Performance Requirements for Automatic Compensating Values for Individual Shower and Tub/Shower Combinations, approved January 2005; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.607(b).

(9) ASSE 1017-1986, Performance Requirements for Temperature Activated Mixing Valves for Primary Domestic Use, 1986; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(10) ANSI/ASSE 1019-1978, Performance Requirements for Wall Hydrants, Frost Proof Automatic Draining, Anti-Backflow Types, 1978; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(11) ASSE 1023, Performance Requirements for Hot Water Dispensers, Household Storage Type Electrical, ANSI/ASSE-1979; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(12) ASSE 1025, Performance Requirements for Diverters for Plumbing Faucets with Hose Spray, Anti-Siphon Type, Residential Applications, ANSI/ASSE-1978; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(13) ASSE 1037-1990, Performance Requirements for Pressurized Flushing Devices (Flushometers) for Plumbing Fixtures, ANSI-approved 1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(14) ASSE 1051, Performance Requirements for Air Admittance Valves for Plumbing Drainage Systems—Fixture and Branch Devices Revised 1996, ANSI-approved 1998; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(15) ASSE 1070-2004, Performance Requirements for Water Temperature Limiting Devices, 2004; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.607(b).

(m) APA—The Engineered Wood Association (APA) (formerly the American Plywood Association), 7011 South 19th Street, Tacoma, WA 98411; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.apawood.org.

(1) APA D510C, Panel Design Specification, copyright 2012; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(2) APA E30P-1996, APA Design/Construction Guide, Residential and Commercial Structures; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(3) APA E30V, Engineered Wood Construction Guide, copyright 2011; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(4) APA H815G, Plywood Design Specification Supplement 5-12, Design and Fabrication of All-Plywood Beams, December 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(5) APA S811P, Plywood Design Specification Supplement 1-12, Design and Fabrication of Plywood Curved Panels, December 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(6) APA S812S, Plywood Design Specification Supplement 2-12, Design and Fabrication of Glued Plywood-Lumber Beams, December 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(7) APA U813M, Plywood Design Specification Supplement 3-12, Design and Fabrication of Plywood Stressed-Skin Panels, December 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(8) APA U814J, Plywood Design Specification Supplement 4-12, Design and Fabrication of Plywood Sandwiched Panels, December 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(9) APA Y510, Plywood Design, January 1997; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(n) ASTM, International (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959; telephone:[phone] (USA & Canada); fax: [phone]; website: www.astm.org.

(1) ASTM A53/A53M-12, Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless, approved March 1, 2012; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(b).

(2) ASTM A74-92, Standard Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings, 1992; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(3) ASTM A539-99, Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas and Fuel Oil Lines, 1999; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(b); 3280.705(b); 3280.706(b).

(4) ASTM B42-10, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, Standard Sizes, approved October 1, 2010; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(c).

(5) ASTM B43-91, Standard Specification for Seamless Red Brass Pipe, Standard Sizes, 1991; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.705(b).

(6) ASTM B88-14, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube, approved September 1, 2014; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(c); 3280.705(b); 3280.706(b).

(7) ASTM B251-10, Standard Specification for General Requirements for Wrought Seamless Copper and Copper-Alloy Tube, approved October 1, 2010; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(c).

(8) ASTM B280-13, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Field Service, approved April 1, 2013; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(c); 3280.705(b); 3280.706(b).

(9) ASTM B306-92, Standard Specification for Copper Drainage Tube (DWV), 1992; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(10) ASTM C564-97, Standard Specification for Rubber Gaskets for Case Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings, approved December 10, 1997; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.611(d).

(11) ASTM C920-02, Standard Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants, approved January 10, 2002; IBR approved for § 3280.611(d).

(12) ASTM C1396/C1396M-14a, Standard Specification for Gypsum Board, approved October 1, 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(13) ASTM D781-68 (Reapproved 1973), Standard Test Methods for Puncture and Stiffness of Paperboard, and Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard, 1973; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.305(g).

(14) ASTM D2235-88, Standard Specification for Solvent Cement for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastic Pipe and Fittings, 1988; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(15) ASTM D2564-91a, Standard Specification for Solvent Cements for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping Systems, 1991; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(16) ASTM D2661-91, Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings, 1991; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(17) ASTM D2665-91b, Standard Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings, 1991; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(18) ASTM D2846-92, Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems, 1992; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(19) ASTM D3309-92a, Standard Specification for Polybutylene (PB) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems, 1992; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(20) ASTM D3311-92, Standard Specification for Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV) Plastic Fittings Patterns, 1992; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(21) ASTM D3679-09a, Standard Specification for Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding, approved November 1, 2009; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.309(b).

(22) ASTM D3953-97, Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel, and Seals, approved April 10, 1997; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.306(g).

(23) ASTM D4442-07, Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials, approved November 15, 2007; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(24) ASTM D4444-13, Standard Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters, approved April 1, 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(25) ASTM D4635-01, Standard Specification for Polyethylene Films Made from Low-Density Polyethylene for General Use and Packaging Applications, approved June 10, 2001; IBR approved for § 3280.611(d).

(26) ASTM D4756-06, Standard Practice for Installation of Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding and Soffit, approved April 1, 2006; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.309(c).

(27) ASTM D6007-14, Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air from Wood Products Using a Small Air Chamber, approved October 1, 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.406(b).

(28) ASTM D7254-07, Standard Specification for Polypropylene (PP) Siding, January 1, 2007; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.309(c).

(29) ASTM E84-01, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, 2001; IBR approved for § 3280.203(a).

(30) ASTM E90-09, Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Elements, approved July 1, 2009; IBR approved for § 3280.115(b).

(31) ASTM E96/E96M-13, Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials, approved November 1, 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.504(a) and (c).

(32) ASTM E119-14, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, approved October 1, 2014; IBR approved for §§ 3280.215(a) and (d); 3280.304(b); 3280.1003(a).

(33) ASTM E162-94, Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, 1994; IBR approved for § 3280.203(a).

(34) ASTM E492-09, Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Impact Sound Transmission Through Floor-Ceiling Assemblies Using the Tapping Machine, approved April 1, 2009; IBR approved for § 3280.115(b).

(35) ASTM E773-97, Standard Test Methods for Accelerated Weathering of Sealed Insulating Glass Units, 1997; IBR approved for § 3280.403(d).

(36) ASTM E774-97, Standard Specification for the Classification of the Durability of Sealed Insulating Glass Units, 1997; IBR approved for § 3280.403(d).

(37) ASTM E814-13, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems, approved November 1, 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.215(d).

(38) ASTM E1333-14, Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood Products Using a Large Air Chamber, approved October 1, 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.406(b).

(39) ASTM F628-91, Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40, Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe with a Cellular Core, 1991; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(40) ASTM F876-10, Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing, approved February 10, 2010; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(41) ASTM F877-07, Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems, approved February 1, 2007; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(o) American Wood Council (AWC), 222 Catoctin Circle SE, Suite 201, Leesburg, VA 20175; telephone: [phone]; website: www.awc.org.

(1) AWC NDS-2015, National Design Specifications for Wood Construction with Supplement; IBR approved for §§ 3280.215(a); 3280.304(b):

(i) ANSI/AWC NDS-2015, 2015 Edition, ANSI-approved September 30, 2014; and

(ii) NDS Supplement, Design Values for Wood Construction, 2015 Edition, November 2014.

(2) Span Tables for Joists and Rafters: American Softwood Lumber Standard (PS 20-10) Sizes, 2012 Edition (AWC-2012—Span Tables for Joists and Rafters); IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(3) Design Values for Joists and Rafters, Supplement to Span Tables for Joists and Rafters (2012 Edition), March 2013 (AWC-2012 Design Values for Joists and Rafters); IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(p) Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute (CISPI), 1064 Delaware Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30316; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.cispi.org/.

(1) CISPI-301-90, Standard Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(2) CISPI-HSN-85, Specification for Neoprene Rubber Gaskets for HUB and Spigot Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c), 3280.611(d).

(q) Composite Panel Association (formerly the American Hardboard Association), 19465 Deerfield Ave, Suite 306, Leesburg, VA 20176; telephone: [phone]; website: compositepanel.org.

(1) ANSI A135.4-2012, Basic Hardboard, approved June 8, 2012; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(2) ANSI A135.5-2012, Prefinished Hardboard Paneling, approved March 29, 2012; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(3) ANSI A135.6-2012 (R2020), Engineered Wood Siding, Reaffirmation approved March 13, 2020; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(4) ANSI A208.1-2009, Particleboard, approved February 2, 2009; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(r) CSA Group, formerly known as the Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Boulevard, Toronto, ON, M9W 1R3, Canada; telephone: [phone]; website: www.csagroup.org.

(1) AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-17, North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights, revised September 2018; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.403(b) and (e); 3280.404(b) and (e); 3280.405(b) and (e).

(2) ANSI LC 1-2014/CSA 6.26-2014, Fuel gas piping systems using corrugated stainless steel tubing, Published March 2014 (ANSI LC 1); IBR approved for § 3280.705(b).

(3) ANSI Z21.1-2016/CSA 1.1-2016, household cooking gas appliances, Published February 2016 (ANSI Z21.1); IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(4) ANSI Z21.5.1-2015/CSA 7.1-2015, gas clothes dryers, volume I, type 1 clothes dryers, Published January 2015 (ANSI Z21.5.1); IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(5) ANSI Z21.10.1-2014/CSA 4.1-2014, Gas water heaters, volume I, storage water heaters with input ratings of 75,000 BTU per hour or less, Published November 2014 (ANSI Z21.10.1); IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(a); 3280.707(d).

(6) ANSI Z21.10.3-2014/CSA 4.3-2014, Gas-fired water heaters, volume III, storage water heaters with input ratings above 75,000 BTU per hour, circulating and instantaneous, Published August 2014 (ANSI Z21.10.3); IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(7) ANSI Z21.15-2009 (reaffirmed 2019)/CSA 9.1-2009 (reaffirmed 2019), American National Standard/CSA Standard for Manually Operated Gas Valves for Appliances, Appliance Connector Valves and Hose End Valves, Second Edition—2009, Published July 2009 (ANSI Z21.15); IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(c); 3280.705(c) and (l).

(8) ANSI Z21.19-2014/CSA1.4-2014, Refrigerators using gas fuel, Published May 2014 (ANSI Z21.19); IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(9) ANSI Z21.20-2014 (reaffirmed 2019)/CAN/CSA C22.2 No.60730-2-5-14 (reaffirmed 2019), Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 2-5: Particular requirements for automatic electrical burner control systems, Reprinted September 30, 2019 (ANSI Z21.20); IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(10) ANSI Z21.21-2012/CSA 6.5-2012, Automatic valves for gas appliances, Fourth Edition—2012, Published November 2012 (ANSI Z21.21); IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(11) ANSI Z21.23, Gas Appliance Thermostats and addenda; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d):

(i) ANSI Z21.23-2000, Tenth Edition—2000, ANSI-approved September 27, 2000;

(ii) ANSI Z21.23a-2003, Addenda to the Tenth Edition of Gas Appliance Thermostats, ANSI-approved September 17, 2003; and

(iii) ANSI Z21.23b-2005, Addenda to the Tenth Edition of ANSI Z21.23-2000 and Addenda Z21.23a-2003: Gas Appliance Thermostats, ANSI-approved March 9, 2005.

(12) ANSI Z21.24-2006/CSA 6.10-2006 (reaffirmed 2011), Connectors for Gas Appliances, Third Edition—2006, Published February 2007 (ANSI Z21.24); IBR approved for § 3280.703(c).

(13) ANSI Z21.40.1-1996/CGA 2.91-M96, Gas-Fired, Heat Activated Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Appliances); IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(a); 3280.714(a).

(14) ANSI Z21.47-2012/CSA 2.3-2012, Gas-fired central furnaces, Sixth Edition—2012, ANSI-approved March 27, 2012 (ANSI Z21.47); IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(15) ANSI Z21.75-2007/CSA 6.27-2007 (reaffirmed 2012), Connectors for Outdoor Gas Appliances And Manufactured Homes, Second Edition, Published 2007 (ANSI Z21.75); IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(s) Decorative Hardwoods Association (formerly HPVA), 42777 Trade West Drive, Sterling, VA 20166; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.decorativehardwoods.org.

(1) ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2009, American National Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood, approved January 26, 2010; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(2) HP-SG-96, Structural Design Guide for Hardwood Plywood Wall Panels, revised 1996; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(t) FS—Federal Specifications, General Services Administration, Specifications Branch, Room 6039, GSA Building, 7th and D Streets SW, Washington, DC 20407.

(1) FS WW-P-541E/GEN-1980, Plumbing Fixtures (General Specifications); IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(2) FS ZZ-R-765B-1970, Silicone Rubber, (with 1971 Amendment); IBR approved for § 3280.611(d).

(3) TT-P-1536A, Plumbing Fixture Setting Compound, July 8, 1975; IBR approved for § 3280.604(b).

(u) Fenestration and Glazing Industry Alliance (FGIA) (formerly known as American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA)), 1900 E Golf Road, Schaumburg, Illinois 60173; website: www.fgiaonline.org.

(1) AAMA 1503.1-88, Voluntary Test Method for Thermal Transmittance and Condensation Resistance of Windows, Doors, and Glazed Wall Sections; IBR approved for § 3280.508(e).

(2) AAMA 1600/I.S.7-00, Voluntary Specification for Skylights, 2003; IBR approved for § 3280.305(c).

(3) AAMA 1701.2-12, Voluntary Standard for Utilization in Manufactured Housing for Primary Windows and Sliding Glass Doors, published November 2012; IBR approved for §§ 3280.403(b) and (e); 3280.404(b) and (e).

(4) AAMA 1702.2-12, Voluntary Standard for Utilization in Manufactured Housing for Swinging Exterior Passage Doors, published November 2012, including errata dated February 16, 2015 and March 29, 2017; IBR approved for §§ 3280.403(e); 3280.405(b) and (e).

(5) AAMA 1704-12, Voluntary Standard Egress Window Systems for Utilization in Manufactured Housing, published November 2012; IBR approved for § 3280.404(b) and (e).

(v) HUD User, 11491 Sunset Hills Road, Reston, VA 20190-5254; telephone: [phone]; website: www.huduser.gov.

(1) HUD User No. 0005945, Overall U-values and Heating/Cooling Loads—Manufactured Homes, February 1992; IBR approved for § 3280.508(b).

(2) [Reserved]

(w) IIT Research Institute (IITRI), 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, IL 60616; telephone: [phone]; website: www.iitri.org/.

(1) IITRI Fire and Safety Research Project J-6461 “Development of Mobile Home Fire Test Methods to Judge the Fire-Safe Performance of Foam Plastic Sheathing and Cavity Insulation”, 1979; IBR approved for § 3280.207(a).

(2) [Reserved]

(x) International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO), 4755 East Philadelphia Street, Ontario, CA 91716; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.iapmo.org.

(1) IAPMO PS 2-89, Material and Property Standard for Cast Brass and Tubing P-Traps. 1989; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(2) IAPMO PS 4-90, Material and Property Standard for Drains for Prefabricated and Precast Showers, 1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(3) IAPMO PS 5-84, Material and Property Standard for Special Cast Iron Fittings, 1984; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(4) IAPMO PS 9-84, Material and Property Standard for Diversion Tees and Twin Waste Elbow, 1984; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(5) IAPMO PS 14-89, Material and Property Standard for Flexible Metallic Water Connectors, 1989; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(6) IAPMO PS 23-89, Material and Property Standard for Dishwasher Drain Airgaps, 1989; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(7) IAPMO PS 31-91, Material and Property Standards for Backflow Prevention Assemblies, 1989; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(8) IAPMO TS 9-2003, Standard for Gas Supply Connectors for Manufactured Homes, revised 2003; IBR approved for § 3280.703(c).

(9) IAPMO TSC 22-85, Standard for Porcelain Enameled Formed Steel Plumbing Fixtures; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(y) International Code Council Evaluation Service (ICC-ES), 3060 Saturn Street, Suite 100, Brea, CA 92821; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.icc-es.org.

(1) ESR 1539, ICC-ES Evaluation Report; Power Driven Staples and Nails, reissued June 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(2) [Reserved]

(z) International Organization for Standardization, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401—1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland; telephone: [phone]; website: www.iso.org.

(1) ISO/IEC 17065:2012(E) Conformity assessment—requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services, approved September 15, 2012; IBR approved for §§ 3280.403(e); 3280.404(e); 3280.405(e).

(2) [Reserved]

(aa) Military Specifications and Standards, Naval Publications and Forms Center (MIL), 5801 Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120; website: www.dsp.dla.mil/.

(1) MIL-L-10547E-1975, Liners, Case, and Sheet, Overwrap; Water-Vapor Proof or Waterproof, Flexible, 1975; IBR approved for § 3280.611(d).

(2) [Reserved]

(bb) National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1752, Arlington, VA 22209; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.nema.org/Pages/default.aspx.

(1) ANSI/NEMA WD-6-1997 Wiring Devices-Dimensional Specifications, 1997; IBR approved for § 3280.803(f).

(2) [Reserved]

(cc) National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC), 6305 Ivy Lane, Suite 140, Greenbelt, MD 20770; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.nfrc.org.

(1) NFRC 100, Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U-factors, 1997 Edition, 1997; IBR approved for § 3280.508(e).

(2) [Reserved]

(dd) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.nfpa.org.

(1) NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two- Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, 2010 Edition, approved August 26, 2009; IBR approved for § 3280.214(b), (e) and (o).

(2) NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment, 2011 Edition, approved January 3, 2011; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 3280.707(f).

(3) NFPA 54/ANSI Z223.1, National Fuel Gas Code, 2015 Edition, approved September 3, 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(4) NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2014 Edition, approved August 1, 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(5) NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, 2014 Edition, approved August 21, 2013; IBR approved for §§ 3280.607(c); 3280.801(b); 3280.803(k); 3280.804(a) and (k); 3280.805(a); 3280.806(a) and (d); 3280.807(c); 3280.808(a), (l), and (p); 3280.810(b); 3280.811(b).

(6) NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems, 2015 Edition, approved May 19, 2015; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(7) NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, Chapter 2: definitions of “limited combustible” and “noncombustible material”, 1995 Edition; IBR approved for § 3280.202.

(8) NFPA 253, Standard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, 2000; IBR approved for § 3280.207(c).

(9) NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, 1996; IBR approved for §§ 3280.203(a); 3280.207(a).

(10) NFPA 720, Standard for Installation of Carbon Monoxide Detection (CO) Detection and Warning Equipment, 2015 Edition, Copyright 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.211(b).

(ee) U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Office of Engineering Standards, Room A-166, Technical Building, Washington, DC 20234 and Voluntary Product Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 2100, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2100; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.nist.gov.

(1) Voluntary Product Standard PS 1-09, Structural Plywood (With Typical APA Trademarks), effective May 1, 2009 (NIST PS 1); IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(2) Voluntary Product Standard PS 2-04, Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-Use Panels, December 2004 (NIST PS 2); IBR approval for § 3280.304(b).

(ff) National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; telephone: [phone] fax: [phone]; website: www.nsf.org.

(1) ANSI/NSF 14-1990, Plastic Piping Components and Related Materials; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(2) ANSI/NSF 24-1988, Plumbing System Components for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c).

(3) ANSI/NSF 61-2001, Drinking Water System Components-Health Effects; IBR approved for § 3280.604(b).

(gg) Resources, Applications, Designs, & Controls (RADCO), 3220 East 59th Street, Long Beach, CA 90805; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.radcoinc.com.

(1) RADCO DS-010-91, Decorative Gas Appliances for Installation in Solid Fuel Burning Fireplaces, May 1991; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(2) [Reserved]

(hh) Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096; telephone: [phone]; website: www.sae.org/.

(1) SAE J533 (REV SEP 2007), (R) Flares for Tubing, revised September 2007; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 3280.705(f).

(2) [Reserved]

(ii) Steel Joist Institute (SJI), 234 West Cheves Street, Florence, SC 29501; telephone: [phone]; website: www.steeljoist.org.

(1) SJI 1994, Standard Specifications Load Tables and Weight Tables for Steel Joists and Girders, Fortieth Edition, 1994; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b).

(2) [Reserved]

(jj) Truss Plate Institute (TPI), 2670 Crain Highway, Suite 203, Waldorf, MD 20601; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.tpinst.org.

(1) TPI 1, National Design Standard for Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss Construction, Commentary, and Appendices, copyright 2008; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b):

(i) ANSI/TPI 1-2007;

(ii) TPI 1-2007 Commentary and Appendices.

(2) [Reserved]

(kk) Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. (UL), 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.ul.com.

(1) UL 94-1996, with 2001 revisions, Test for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances, Fifth Edition; IBR approved for § 3280.715(e).

(2) UL 103, Standard for Safety, Factory-Built Chimneys for Residential Type and Building Heating Appliances, Eleventh Edition, dated October 15, 2010; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(3) UL 109, Tube Fittings for Flammable and Combustible Fluids, Refrigeration Service, and Marine Use, Sixth Edition, dated June 19, 1997, including revisions through January 11, 2005; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(4) UL 127-1996, with 1999 revisions, Factory-Built Fireplaces, Seventh Edition; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(5) UL 174, Standard for Safety Household Electric Storage Tank Water Heaters, Eleventh Edition, dated April 29, 2004, including revisions through December 15, 2016; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(6) UL 181, Standard for Safety Factory-Made Air Ducts and Air Connectors, Eleventh Edition, dated July 25, 2013, including revisions through April 18, 2017; IBR approved for §§ 3280.702, 3280.703(d); 3280.715(a) and (e).

(7) UL 181A, Standard for Safety Closure Systems for Use with Rigid Air Ducts, Fourth Edition, dated January 8, 2013, including revisions through March 22, 2017; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 3280.715(c).

(8) UL 181B, Standard for Safety Closure Systems for use with Flexible Air Ducts and Air Connectors, First Edition, 1995, with 1998 revisions; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 3280.715(c).

(9) UL 217, Single and Multiple Station Smoke Alarms, Fifth Edition, dated January 4, 1999; IBR approved for §§ 3280.209(a); 3280.211(a).

(10) UL 263, Standard for Safety Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, Fourteenth Edition, dated June 21, 2011, including revisions through January 31, 2019; IBR approved for § 3280.215(a) and (d).

(11) UL 268, Smoke Detectors for Fire Protective Signaling Systems, Fourth Edition, dated December 30, 1996, including revisions through January 4, 1999; IBR approved for §§ 3280.209(a); 3280.703(a).

(12) UL 307A, Liquid Fuel Burning Heating Appliances for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles, Eighth Edition, dated February 25, 2009; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(a); 3280.707(f).

(13) UL 307B, Gas Burning Heating Appliances for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles, Fifth Edition, dated October 31, 2006, including revisions through September 17, 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(14) UL 311, Roof Jacks for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles, Eighth Edition, 1994, with 1998 revisions; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(15) UL 441, Gas Vents, Tenth Edition, dated March 5, 2010, including revisions through June 12, 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(16) UL 499, Standard for Safety Electric Heating Appliances, Fourteenth Edition, dated November 7, 2014, including revisions through February 23, 2017; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(17) UL 569, Standard for Safety Pigtails and Flexible Hose Connectors for LP-Gas, 2013; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 3280.705(l).

(18) UL 737, Fireplace Stoves, Eighth Edition, 1996, with 2000 revisions; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(19) UL 923 Microwave Cooking Appliances, Fifth Edition, May 23, 2002; IBR approved for § 3280.204(c).

(20) UL 1042, Standards for Safety Electric Baseboard Heating Equipment, Fifth Edition, dated August 31, 2009, including revisions through December 14, 2016; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(21) UL 1096, Electric Central Air Heating Equipment, Fourth Edition, 1986, with revisions July 16, 1986, and January 30, 1988; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(22) UL 1479, Fire Tests of Penetration Firestops, Fourth Edition, dated June 10, 2015; IBR approved for § 3280.215(d).

(23) UL 1482, Solid-Fuel Type Room Heaters, Fifth Edition, 1996, with 2000 revisions; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d).

(24) UL 2021-1997. Fixed and Location-Dedicated Electric Room Heaters, Second Edition, with 1998 revisions; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(25) UL 2034, Standard for Safety Single and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide Alarms, Fourth Edition, dated March 31, 2017; IBR approved for §§ 3280.209(a); 3280.211(a); 3280.703(a).

(26) UL 60335-2-40-2012, Standard for Safety: Household and Similar Electrical Appliances—Part 2-40: Particular Requirements for Electrical Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioners and Dehumidifiers, First Edition, dated November 30, 2012; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a).

(ll) Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada (ULC), 7 Underwriters Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1 R 3A9; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; website: www.ul.com/canada/eng/pages/.

(1) CAN/ULC S102.2-M88, Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Floor Coverings and Miscellaneous Materials and Assemblies, Fourth Edition, April 1988; IBR approved for § 3280.207(b).

(2) [Reserved]

(mm) Window and Door Manufacturers Association (WDMA), 2001 K Street NW, 3rd Floor North, Washington, DC 20006; telephone: [phone]; website: www.wdma.com.

(1) WDMA I.S.4-09, Industry Specification for Preservative Treatment for Millwork, copyright 2009; IBR approved for § 3280.405(c).

(2) [Reserved]

§ 3280.5 Data plate.

Each dwelling unit of a manufactured home must bear a data plate affixed in a permanent manner near the main electrical panel or other readily accessible and visible location. Each data plate shall be made of material what will receive typed information as well as preprinted information, and which can be cleaned of ordinary smudges or household dirt without removing information contained on the data plate; or the data plate shall be covered in a permanent manner with materials that will make it possible to clean the data plate of ordinary dirt and smudges without obscuring the information. Each data plate shall contain not less than the following information:

(a) The name and address of the manufacturing plant in which the manufactured home was manufactured.

(b) The serial number and model designation of the unit, and the date the unit was manufactured.

(c) The applicable statement:

This manufactured home is designed to comply with the Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards in force at the time of manufacture.or

This manufactured home has been substantially completed in accordance with an approved design and has been inspected (except for the components specifically identified in the instructions for completion on-site) in accordance with the Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards and the requirements of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in effect on the date of manufacture.

(d) The applicable statement:

This manufactured home IS designed to accommodate the additional loads imposed by the attachment of an attached accessory building or structure in accordance with the manufacturer installation instructions. The additional loads are in accordance with the design load(s) identified on this Data Plate; or

This manufactured home IS NOT designed to accommodate the additional loads imposed by the attachment of an attached accessory building or structure in accordance with the manufacturer installation instructions.

(e) A list of the certification label(s) number(s) that are affixed to each transportable manufactured section under § 3280.8.

(f) A list of major factory-installed equipment, including the manufacturer's name and the model designation of each appliance.

(g) Reference to the roof load zone and wind load zone for which the home is designed and duplicates of the maps as set forth in § 3280.305(c). This information may be combined with the heating/cooling certificate and insulation zone map required by §§ 3280.510 and 3280.511. The Wind Zone Map on the Data Plate shall also contain the statement:

This home has not been designed for the higher wind pressures and anchoring provisions required for ocean/coastal areas and should not be located within 1500′ of the coastline in Wind Zones II and III, unless the home and its anchoring and foundation system have been designed for the increased requirements specified for Exposure D in ANSI/ASCE 7-88.

(h) The statement:

This home has—has not—(appropriate blank to be checked by manufacturer) been equipped with storm shutters or other protective coverings for windows and exterior door openings. For homes designed to be located in Wind Zones II and III, which have not been provided with shutters or equivalent covering devices, it is strongly recommended that the home be made ready to be equipped with these devices in accordance with the method recommended in the manufacturers printed instructions.

(i) The statement: “Design Approval by”, followed by the name of the agency that approved the design.

(j) The statement: The manufacturer certifies this home is compliant with the Title VI, Toxic Substances Control Act.

§ 3280.6 Serial number.

(a) A manufactured home serial number which will identify the manufacturer and the state in which the manufactured home is manufactured, must be stamped into the foremost cross member. Letters and numbers must be

3/8 inch minimum in height. Numbers must not be stamped into hitch assembly or drawbar.

§ 3280.7 Excluded structures.

Certain structures may be excluded from these Standards as modular homes under 24 CFR 3282.12.

§ 3280.8 Waivers.

(a) Where any material piece of equipment, or system which does not meet precise requirements or specifications set out in the standard is shown, to the satisfaction of the Secretary, to meet an equivalent level of performance, the Secretary may waive the specifications set out in the Standard for that material, piece of equipment, or system.

(b) Where the Secretary is considering issuing a waiver to a Standard, the proposed waiver shall be published in the Federal Register for public comment, unless the Secretary, for good cause, finds that notice is impractical, unnecessary or contrary to the public interest, and incorporates into the waiver that finding and a brief statement of the reasons therefor.

(c) Each proposed and final waiver shall include:

(1) A statement of the nature of the waiver; and

(2) Identification of the particular standard affected.

(d) All waivers shall be published in the Federal Register and shall state their effective date. Where a waiver has been issued, the requirements of the Federal Standard to which the waiver relates may be met either by meeting the specifications set out in the Standard or by meeting the requirements of the waiver published in the Federal Register.

§ 3280.9 Interpretative bulletins.

Interpretative bulletins may be issued for the following purposes:

(a) To clarify the meaning of the Standard; and

(b) To assist in the enforcement of the Standard.

§ 3280.10 Use of alternative construction.

Requests for alternative construction can be made pursuant to 24 CFR 3282.14 of this chapter.

§ 3280.11 Certification label.

(a) A permanent label shall be affixed to each transportable section of each manufactured home for sale or lease in the United States. This label shall be separate and distinct from the data plate which the manufacturer is required to provide under § 3280.5 of the standards.

(b) The label shall be approximately 2 in. by 4 in. in size and shall be permanently attached to the manufactured home by means of 4 blind rivets, drive screws, or other means that render it difficult to remove without defacing it. It shall be etched on 0.32 in. thick aluminum plate. The label number shall be etched or stamped with a 3 letter designation which identifies the production inspection primary inspection agency and which the Secretary shall assign. Each label shall be marked with a 6 digit number which the label supplier shall furnish. The labels shall be stamped with numbers sequentially.

(c) The label shall read as follows:

As evidenced by this label No. ABC 000001, the manufacturer certifies to the best of the manufacturer's knowledge and belief that this manufactured home has been inspected in accordance with the requirements of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and is constructed in conformance with the Federal manufactured home construction and safety standards in effect on the date of manufacture. See date plate.

(d) The label must be located at the taillight end of each transportable section of the manufactured home approximately 1 foot up from the floor and 1 foot in from the road side, or as near that location on a permanent part of the exterior of the manufactured home section as practicable. The road side is the right side of the manufactured home when one views the manufactured home from the tow bar end of the manufactured home. If locating the label on the taillight end of a transportable section will prevent the label from being visible after the manufactured home section is installed at the installation site, the label must be installed on a permanent part of the exterior of the manufactured home section, in a visible location as specified in the approved design.

§ 3280.101 Scope.

Subpart B states the planning requirements in manufactured homes. The intent of this subpart is to assure the adequacy of architectural planning considerations which assist in determining a safe and healthful environment.

§ 3280.102 Definitions.

Air, exhaust means air discharged from any space to the outside by an exhaust system.

Air, outdoor means air from outside the building taken into a ventilation system or air from outside the building that enters a space through infiltration or natural ventilation openings.

Exhaust system means one or more exhaust fans that remove air from the building, causing outdoor air to enter by ventilation inlets or normal leakage paths through the building envelope.

Gross floor area means all space, wall to wall, including recessed entries not to exceed five (5) square feet and areas under built-in vanities and similar furniture. When the ceiling height is less than that specified in § 3280.104, the floor area under such ceilings must not be included in the gross floor area. Floor area of closets must also not be included in the gross floor area.

Habitable room means a room or enclosed floor space arranged for living, eating, food preparation, or sleeping purposes not including bathrooms, foyers, hallways, and other accessory floor space.

Laundry area means an area containing or designed to contain a laundry tray, clothes washer and/or clothes dryer.

Mechanical ventilation means the active process of supplying air to or removing air from an indoor space by powered equipment such as motor-driven fans and blowers but not by devices such as wind-turbine ventilators and mechanically operated windows.

Natural ventilation means ventilation occurring as a result of natural forces, such as wind pressure or differences in air density, through intentional openings such as open windows or doors.

Supply system means one or more fans that supply outdoor air to the building, causing indoor air to leave by normal air leakage through the building envelope.

Ventilation means the process of supplying outdoor air to or removing indoor air from the manufactured home by natural or mechanical means. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.

§ 3280.103 Light and ventilation.

(a) Lighting. Each habitable room shall be provided with exterior windows and/or doors having a total glazed area of not less than 8 percent of the gross floor area.

(1) Kitchens, bathrooms, toilet compartments, laundry areas, and utility rooms may be provided with artificial light in place of windows.

(2) Rooms and areas may be combined for the purpose of providing the required natural lighting provided that at least one half of the common wall area is open and unobstructed, and the open area is at least equal to 10 percent of the combined floor area or 25 square feet whichever is greater.

(b) Whole-house ventilation. Each dwelling unit of a manufactured home must be provided with a whole-house mechanical ventilation having the capability to provide a minimum capacity of 0.035 ft

3 /min/ft

2 of interior floor space or its hourly average equivalent. This ventilation capacity must be in addition to any openable window area. In no case shall the installed ventilation capacity of the system be less than 50 cfm. The following criteria must be adhered to:

(1) The ventilation capacity must be provided by a mechanical ventilation system or a combination natural and mechanical ventilation system.

(2) The ventilation system or provisions for ventilation must exchange air directly with the exterior of the home, except the ventilation system, or provisions for ventilation must not draw or expel air with the space underneath the home. The ventilation system or provisions for ventilation must not draw or expel air into the floor, wall, or ceiling/roof systems, even if those systems are vented. The ventilation system must be designed to ensure that outside air is distributed to all bedrooms and main living areas. The combined use of undercut doors or transom grills connecting those areas to the room where the mechanical system is located is deemed to meet this requirement.

(3) The ventilation supply system or a portion of the ventilation supply system is permitted to be integral with the home's heating or cooling system. The supply system must be capable of operating independently of the heating and cooling modes. A mechanical ventilation supply system that is integral with the heating and cooling system is to be listed as part of the heating and cooling system or listed as suitable for use with that system.

(4) A mechanical ventilation system, or mechanical portion thereof, must be provided with a manual control, and must be permitted to be provided with automatic timers or humidistats.

(5) A whole-house ventilation label must be attached to the whole-house ventilation control, must be permanent, and must state: “WHOLE-HOUSE VENTILATION”.

(6) Instructions for correctly operating and maintaining whole-house ventilation systems must be included with the homeowner's manual. The instructions must encourage occupants to operate these systems whenever the home is occupied, and must refer to the labeled whole-house ventilation control.

(c) Additional ventilation. (1) At least half of the minimum required glazed area in paragraph (a) of this section shall be openable directly to the outside of the manufactured home for unobstructed ventilation. These same ventilation requirements apply to rooms combined in accordance with § 3280.103(a)(2).

(2) Kitchens must be provided with a local exhaust system that is capable of exhausting 100 cfm to the outside of the home. The local exhaust system must be located as close as possible to the range or cook top, but in no case farther than 3 feet horizontally from the range or cooktop.

(3) Each bathroom and separate toilet compartment must be provided with a local exhaust system capable of exhausting 50 cfm to the outside of the home. A separate toilet compartment may be provided with 1.5 square feet of openable glazed area in place of a local exhaust system, except in Uo value Zone 3.

(d) Optional ventilation provisions. As an option to complying with the provisions of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, ventilation systems complying with ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) may be used.

(e) Airflow rating. During the design stage, the airflow rating at a pressure of 0.25 inch water column may be used, provided the duct sizing meets the prescriptive requirements of table 5.3 in ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or ventilation system manufacturer's design criteria.

§ 3280.104 Ceiling heights.

(a) Every habitable room and bathroom shall have a minimum ceiling height of not less than 7 feet, 0 inches for a minimum of 50 percent of the room's floor area. The remaining area may have a ceiling with a minimum height of 5 feet, 0 inches. Minimum height under dropped ducts, beams, etc. shall be 6 feet, 4 inches.

(b) Hallways and foyers shall have a minimum ceiling height of 6 feet, 6 inches.

§ 3280.105 Exit facilities; exterior doors.

(a) Number and location of exterior doors. Each dwelling unit of a manufactured home must have a minimum of two exterior doors located remotely from each other.

(1) Required egress doors shall not be located in rooms where a lockable interior door must be used in order to exit.

(2) In order for exit doors to be considered remote from each other, they must comply with all of the following:

(i) Both of the required doors must not be in the same room. Rooms are defined by their use or purpose.

(ii) Single wide units. Doors may not be less than 12 ft. c-c from each other as measured in any straight line direction regardless of the length of path of travel between doors.

(iii) Double wide units. Doors may not be less than 20 ft. c-c from each other as measured in any straight line direction regardless of the length of path of travel between doors.

(iv) One of the required exit doors must be accessible from the doorway of each bedroom without traveling more than 35 feet. The travel distance to the exit door must be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the center-line of the natural and unobstructed path of travel starting at the center of the bedroom door, curving around any corners or permanent obstructions with a one-foot clearance from, and ending at, the center of the exit door.

(b) Door design and construction. (1) Exterior swinging doors shall be constructed in accordance with § 3280.405 the “Standard for Swinging Exterior Passage Doors for Use in Manufactured Homes”. Exterior sliding glass doors shall be constructed in accordance with § 3280.403 the “Standard for Windows and Sliding Glass Doors Used in Manufactured Homes”.

(2) All exterior swinging doors must provide a minimum 28 inch wide by 74 inch high clear opening. Door seals and/or door stops are permitted to reduce the opening, either vertically or horizontally, by a maximum of one inch, except for the one egress door where door seals and/or door stops are not permitted to reduce the opening. All exterior sliding glass doors must provide a minimum 28 inch wide by 72 inch high clear opening. At least one exterior egress door must provide a minimum of 32 inch wide by 74 inch high clear opening and door seals and/or door stops are not permitted to reduce the opening.

(3) Each swinging exterior door other than screen or storm doors shall have a key-operated lock that has a deadlocking latch or a key-operated dead bolt with a passage latch. Locks shall not require the use of a key for operation from the inside.

(4) All exterior doors, including storm and screen doors, opening outward shall be provided with a safety door check.

§ 3280.106 Exit facilities; egress windows and devices.

(a) Every room designed expressly for sleeping purposes, unless it has an exit door ( see § 3280.105), shall have at least one outside window or approved exit device which meets the requirements of § 3280.404, the “Standard for Egress Windows and Devices for Use in Manufactured Homes.”

(b) The bottom of the window opening shall not be more than 36 inches above the floor.

(c) Locks, latches, operating handles, tabs, and any other window screen or storm window devices which need to be operated in order to permit exiting, shall not be located in excess of 54 inches from the finished floor.

(d) Integral rolled-in screens shall not be permitted in an egress window unless the window is of the hinged-type.

§ 3280.107 Interior privacy.

Bathroom and toilet compartment doors shall be equipped with a privacy lock.

§ 3280.108 Interior passage.

(a) Interior doors having passage hardware without a privacy lock, or with a privacy lock not engaged, shall open from either side by a single movement of the hardware mechanism in any direction.

(b) Each manufactured home interior door, when provided with a privacy lock, shall have a privacy lock that has an emergency release on the outside to permit entry when the lock has been locked by a locking knob, lever, button, or other locking device on the inside.

(c) All interior swinging doors must have a minimum clear opening of 27 inches except doors to toilet compartments in single-section homes (see § 3280.111(b)), and doors to closets and pantries.

§ 3280.109 Room requirements.

(a) Each dwelling unit of a manufactured home must have at least one living area with a minimum of 150 square feet of gross floor area.

(b) Rooms designed for sleeping purposes shall have a minimum gross square foot floor area as follows:

(1) All bedrooms shall have at least 50 sq. ft. of floor area.

(2) Bedrooms designed for two or more people shall have 70 sq. ft. of floor area plus 50 sq. ft. for each person in excess of two.

(c) Every room designed for sleeping purposes shall have accessible clothes hanging space with a minimum inside depth of 22 inches and shall be equipped with a rod and shelf.

§ 3280.110 Minimum room dimensions.

The gross floor area required by § 3280.110 (a) and (b) shall have no clear horizontal dimension less than 5 feet except as permitted by § 3280.102(a).

§ 3280.111 Toilet compartments.

(a) Each toilet compartment must be a minimum of 30 inches wide, except, when the toilet is located adjacent to the short dimension of the tub, the distance from the tub, to the center line of the toilet must not be less than 12 inches. At least 21 inches of clear space must be provided in front of each toilet.

(b) All bathroom passage doors in single-section homes must have a minimum clear opening width of 23 inches, and bathroom passage doors in multi-section homes must have a minimum clear opening width of 27 inches.

§ 3280.112 Hallways.

Hallways must have a minimum horizontal dimension of 28 inches measured from the interior finished surface to the interior finished surface of the opposite wall. For manufactured homes with 14 feet of inside width or more, hallways must have a minimum horizontal dimension of 30 inches measured from the interior finished surface to the interior finished surface of the opposite wall. When appliances are installed in a laundry area, the measurement must be from the front of the appliance to the opposite finished interior surface. When appliances are not installed and a laundry area is provided, the area must have a minimum clear depth of 27 inches in addition to the 28 inches, or 30 inches for manufactured homes with 14 feet of inside width or greater, required for passage. In addition, a notice of the available clearance for washer/dryer units must be posted in the laundry area. Minor protrusions into the minimum hallway width by doorknobs, trim, smoke alarms or light fixtures are permitted.

§ 3280.113 Glass and glazed openings.

(a) Windows and sliding glass doors. All windows and sliding glass doors shall meet the requirements of § 3280.403 the “Standard for Windows and Sliding Glass Doors Used in Manufactured Homes”.

(b) Required glazed openings shall be permitted to face into a roofed porch where the porch abuts a street, yard, or court and the longer side of the porch is at least 65 percent open and unobstructed and the ceiling height is not less than 7 feet.

(c) Hazardous locations requiring safety glazing. Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, the following locations and areas require the use of safety glazing conforming to the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section:

(1) Glazing in all entrance or exit doors;

(2) Glazing in fixed and sliding panels of sliding glass doors;

(3) Glazing in storm-type doors;

(4) Glazing in unframed side-hinged swinging doors;

(5) Glazing in doors and fixed panels less than 60 inches above the room floor level that enclose bathtubs, showers, hydromassage tubs, hot tubs, whirlpools, saunas;

(6) Glazing within 12 inches horizontally, as measured from the edge of the door in the closed position, and 60 inches vertically as measured from the room floor level, adjacent to and in the same plane of a door;

(7) Glazing within 36 inches of an interior room walking surface when the glazing meets all of the following:

(i) Individual glazed panels exceed 9 square feet in area in an exposed surface area;

(ii) The bottom edge of the exposed glazing is less than 19 inches above the room floor level; and

(iii) The top edge of the exposed glazing is greater than 36 inches above the room floor level.

(8) Glazing in rails and guardrails; and

(9) Glazing in unbacked mirrored wardrobe doors (i.e., mirrors that are not secured to a backing that is capable of being the door itself).

(d) Safety glazing is any glazing material capable of meeting the requirements of Consumer Product Safety Commission 16 CFR part 1201, or ANSI Z97.1 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

(e) Glazing in the following locations is not required to meet the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section:

(1) Openings in doors through which a 3-inch sphere is unable to pass;

(2) Leaded and decorative glazed panels;

(3) Glazing in jalousie-type doors;

(4) Glazing as described in paragraph (b)(6) of this section when an intervening wall or other permanent barrier exists between the door and the glazing;

(5) Glazing as described in paragraph (b)(7) of this section when a protective bar or member is installed horizontally between 34 inches and 38 inches above the room floor level, as long as the bar or member is a minimum of 1

1/2 inches in height and capable of resisting a horizontal load of 50 pounds per lineal foot; and

(6) Mirrors mounted on a flush door surface or solid wall surface.

§ 3280.114 Stairways.

(a) Stairways —(1) General. These minimum standards apply to stairways that are designed and constructed as part of the factory-completed transportable section(s) of a manufactured home, such as interior stairways for multi-level or multi-story homes or external stairways for multi-level construction features that are designed and constructed in the factory on a transportable section and integral to the access and egress needs within the transportable section(s) of a home. These standards do not apply to exterior stairways that are built at the home site or stairways to basement areas that are not designed and built as part of a transportable section of a manufactured home.

(2) Width. Stairways must not be less than 36 inches in clear width at all points above permitted handrail height and below the required headroom height. Handrails must not project more than 4

1/2 inches on either side of the stairway and the minimum clear width of the stairway at and below the handrail height, including treads and landings, must not be less than 31

1/2 inches where a handrail is installed on one side and 27 inches where handrails are provided on both sides.

(3) Stair treads and risers —(i) Riser height and tread depth. The maximum riser height must not exceed 8

1/4 inches and the minimum tread depth must not be less than 9 inches. The riser height must be measured vertically between leading edges of the adjacent treads. The tread depth must be measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread's leading edge. The walking surface of treads and landings of a stairway must be sloped no steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (a 2-percent slope). The greatest riser height within any flight of stairs must not exceed the smallest by more than

3/8 inch. The greatest tread depth within any flight of stairs must not exceed the smallest by more than

3/8 inch.

(ii) Profile. The radius of curvature at the leading edge of the tread must not be greater than

9/16 inch. A nosing not less than

3/4 inch but not more than 1

1/4 inches shall be provided on stairways with solid risers. The greatest nosing projection must not exceed the smallest nosing projection by more than

3/4 inch between two stories, including the nosing at the level of floors and landings. Beveling of nosing must not exceed

1/2 inch. Risers must be vertical or sloped from the underside of the leading edge of the tread above at an angle not more than 30 degrees from the vertical. Open risers are permitted, provided that the opening between treads does not permit the passage of a 4-inch diameter sphere. A nosing is not required where the tread depth is a minimum of 11 inches. The opening between adjacent treads is not limited on stairs with a total rise of 30 inches or less.

(4) Headroom. The minimum headroom in all parts of the stairway must not be less than 6 feet 8 inches, measured vertically from the sloped plane adjoining the tread nosing or from the floor surface of the landing or platform.

(5) Winders (winding stairways). Winders are permitted, provided that the width of the tread at a point not more than 12 inches from the side where the treads are narrower is not less than 10 inches and the minimum width of any tread is not less than 6 inches. Within any flight of stairs, the greatest winder tread depth at the 12-inch walk line must not exceed the smallest by more than

3/8 inch. The continuous handrail required by paragraph (c)(3) of this section must be located on the side where the tread is narrower.

(6) Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways are permitted provided the minimum width is a minimum 26 inches with each tread having 7

1/2 inch minimum tread width at 12 inches from the narrow edge. All treads must be identical, and the rise must be no more than 9

1/2 inches. Minimum headroom of 6 feet, 6 inches must be provided.

(7) Circular stairways. Circular stairways must have a tread depth at a point not more than 12 inches from the side where the treads are narrower of not less than 11 inches and the minimum depth of any tread must not be less than 6 inches. Tread depth at any walking line, measured a consistent distance from a side of the stairway, must be uniform as specified in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section.

(b) Landings. Every landing must have a minimum dimension of 36 inches measured in the direction of travel. Landings must be located as follows:

(1) There must be a floor or landing at the top and bottom of each stairway, except at the top of an interior flight of basement stairs, provided a door does not swing over the stairs.

(2) A landing or floor must be located on each side of an interior doorway and exterior doorway, to the extent the external stairway is designed by the home manufacturer and constructed in the factory, and the width of each landing must not be less than the door it serves. The maximum threshold height above the floor or landing must be 1

1/2 -inches.

(c) Handrails —(1) General. A minimum of one handrail meeting the requirements of this section must be installed on all stairways consisting of four or more risers. Handrails must be securely attached to structural framing members. A minimum space of 1

1/2 inches must be provided between the adjoining wall surface and the handrail.

(2) Handrail height. Handrails must be installed between 34 inches and 38 inches measured vertically from the leading edge of the stairway treads except that handrails installed up to 42 inches high must be permitted if serving as the upper rails of guards required by paragraph (d) of this section.

(3) Continuity. Required handrails must be continuous from a point directly above the leading edge of the lowest stair tread to a point directly above the leading edge of the landing or floor surface at the top of the stairway. If the handrail is extended at the top of the stairway flight, the extension must parallel the floor or landing surface and must be at the same height as the handrail above the leading edges of the treads. If the handrail is extended at the base of the stair, it must continue to slope parallel to the stair flight for a distance of one tread depth, measured horizontally, before being terminated or returned or extended horizontally. The ends of handrails must return into a wall or terminate in a safety terminal or newel post.

(4) Graspability. Required handrails must, if circular in cross section, have a minimum 1

1/4 -inch and a maximum 2-inch diameter dimension. Handrails with a noncircular cross section must have a perimeter dimension of at least 4 inches and not more than 6

1/4 inches (with a maximum cross-section dimension of not more than 2

1/4 inches). The handgrip portion of the handrail must have a smooth surface. Edges must have a minimum

1/8 -inch radius. Handrails must be continuously graspable along their entire length except that brackets or balusters are not considered obstructions to graspability if they do not project horizontally beyond the sides of the handrail within 1

1/2 inches of the bottom of the handrail.

(5) Required resistance of handrails. Handrails must be designed to resist a load of 20 lb./ft applied in any direction at the top and to transfer this load through the supports to the structure. All handrails must be able to resist a single concentrated load of 200 lbs., applied in any direction at any point along the top, and have attachment devices and supporting structures to transfer this loading to appropriate structural elements of the building. This load is not required to be assumed to act concurrently with the loads specified in this section.

(d) Guards. (1) Porches, balconies, or raised floor surfaces located more than 30 inches above the floor or grade below must have guards not less than 36 inches in height. Open sides of stairs with a total rise of more than 30 inches above the floor or grade below must have guards not less than 34 inches in height measured vertically from the nosing of the treads. Balconies and porches on the second floor or higher must have guards a minimum of 42 inches in height.

(2) Required guards on open sides of stairways, raised floor areas, balconies, and porches must have intermediate rails or ornamental closures that do not allow passage of a sphere 4 inches in diameter.

(i) The triangular openings formed by the riser, tread and bottom rail of a guard at the open side of the stairway must be of such a size that a sphere of 6 inches cannot pass through.

(ii) Guard systems must be designed to resist a load of 20 lb./ft applied in any direction at the top and to transfer this load through the supports to the structure. All guard systems must be able to resist a single concentrated load of 200 lb., applied in any direction at any point along the top and have attachment devices and supporting structures to transfer this loading to appropriate structural elements of the building. This load is not required to be assumed to act concurrently with the loads specified in this section.

(e) Stairway illumination. All interior and exterior stairways must be provided with a means to illuminate the stairways, including the landings and treads.

(1) Interior stairways must be provided with an artificial light source located in the immediate vicinity of each landing of the stairway. For interior stairs, the artificial light sources must be capable of illuminating treads and landings to levels not less than one (1) foot-candle measured at the center of treads and landings. The control and activation of the required interior stairway lighting must be accessible at the top and bottom of each stairway without traversing any steps.

(2) Exterior stairways designed by the home manufacturer and constructed in the factory must be provided with an artificial light source located in the immediate vicinity of the top landing of the stairway. An artificial light source is not required at the top and bottom landing, provided an artificial light source is located directly over each stairway section. The illumination of exterior stairways must be controlled from inside the home.

§ 3280.115 Sound transmission between multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes.

(a) Scope. This section applies to common interior walls, partitions, and floor/ceiling assemblies between adjacent dwelling units.

(b) Air-borne sound. Walls, partitions, and floor/ceiling assemblies between stories separating dwelling units from each other must have a sound transmission class (STC) of not less than 34 for air-borne noise when tested in accordance with ASTM E90 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or calculated. Penetrations or openings in construction assemblies for piping; electrical devices; recessed cabinets; bathtubs; soffits; or heating, ventilating, or exhaust ducts must be sealed, lined, insulated or otherwise treated to maintain the required ratings. This requirement does not apply to dwelling unit entrance doors; however, such doors must be tight fitting to the frame and sill.

(c) Structure-borne sound. Floor/ceiling assemblies between stories separating dwelling units must have an impact insulation class (IIC) rating of not less than 34 when tested in accordance with ASTM E492 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

§ 3280.201 Scope.

The purpose of this subpart is to set forth requirements that will assure reasonable fire safety to the occupants by reducing fire hazards and by providing measures for early detection.

§ 3280.202 Definitions.

The following definitions are applicable to subparts C, H, and I of the Standards:

Combustible material: Any material not meeting the definition of limited-combustible or non-combustible material.

Flame-spread rating: The measurement of the propagation of flame on the surface of materials or their assemblies as determined by recognized standard tests conducted as required by this subpart.

Interior finish: The surface material of walls, fixed or movable partitions, ceilings, columns, and other exposed interior surfaces affixed to the home's structure including any materials such as paint or wallpaper and the substrate to which they are applied. Interior finish does not include:

(1) Trim and sealant 2 inches or less in width adjacent to the cooking range and in furnace and water heater spaces provided it is installed in accordance with the requirements of § 3280.203(b)(3) or (4), and trim 6 inches or less in width in all other areas;

(2) Windows and frames;

(3) Single doors and frames and a series of doors and frames not exceeding 5 feet in width;

(4) Skylights and frames;

(5) Casings around doors, windows, and skylights not exceeding 4 inches in width;

(6) Furnishings which are not permanently affixed to the home's structure;

(7) Baseboards not exceeding 6 inches in height;

(8) Light fixtures, cover plates of electrical receptacle outlets, switches, and other devices;

(9) Decorative items attached to walls and partitions (i.e., pictures, decorative objects, etc.) constituting no more than 10% of the aggregate wall surface area in any room or space not more than 32 square feet in surface area, whichever is less;

(10) Plastic light diffusers when suspended from a material which meets the interior finish provisions of § 3280.203(b);

(11) Coverings and surfaces of exposed wood beams; and

(12) Decorative items including the following:

(i) Non-structural beams not exceeding 6 inches in depth and 6 inches in width and spaced not closer than 4 feet on center;

(ii) Non-structural lattice work;

(iii) Mating and closure molding; and

(iv) Other items not affixed to the home's structure.

Limited combustible: A material meeting:

(1) The definition contained in Chapter 2 of NFPA 220-1995, Standard on Types of Building Construction; or

(2)

5/16 -inch or thicker gypsum board.

Noncombustible material: A material meeting the definition contained in Chapter 2 of NFPA 220-1995, Standard on Types of Building Construction.

Smoke alarm: An alarm device that is responsive to smoke.

Tactile notification appliance: A notification appliance that alerts by the sense of touch or vibration.

§ 3280.203 Flame spread limitations and fire protection requirements.

(a) Establishment of flame spread rating. The surface flame spread rating of interior-finish material must not exceed the value shown in § 3280.203(b) when tested by Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, ASTM E84-01, 2001, or Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials NFPA 255, 1996, except that the surface flame spread rating of interior-finish materials required by § 3280.203(b)(5) and (6) may be determined by using the Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, ASTM E 162-94. However, the following materials need not be tested to establish their flame spread rating unless a lower rating is required by the standards in this part:

(1) Flame-spread rating—76 to 200.

(i) .035-inch or thicker high pressure laminated plastic panel countertop;

(ii)

1/4 -inch or thicker unfinished plywood with phenolic or urea glue;

(iii) Unfinished dimension lumber (1-inch or thicker nominal boards);

(iv)

3/8 -inch or thicker unfinished particleboard with phenolic or urea binder;

(v) Natural gum-varnished or latex- or alkyd-painted:

(A)

1/4 -inch or thicker plywood, or

(B)

3/8 -inch or thicker particleboard, or

(C) 1-inch or thicker nominal board;

(vi)

5/16 -inch gypsum board with decorative wallpaper; and

(vii)

1/4 -inch or thicker unfinished hardboard,

(2) Flame-spread rating-25 to 200,

(i) Painted metal;

(ii) Mineral-base acoustic tile;

(iii)

5/16 -inch or thicker unfinished gypsum wallboard (both latex- or alkyd-painted); and

(iv) Ceramic tile.

(The above-listed material applications do not waive the requirements of § 3280.203(c) or § 3280.204 of this subpart.)

(b) Flame-spread rating requirements.

(1) The interior finish of all walls, columns, and partitions shall not have a flame spread rating exceeding 200 except as otherwise specified herein.

(2) Ceiling interior finish shall not have a flame spread rating exceeding 75.

(3) Walls adjacent to or enclosing a furnace or water heater and ceilings above them shall have an interior finish with a flame spread rating not exceeding 25. Sealants and other trim materials 2 inches or less in width used to finish adjacent surfaces within these spaces are exempt from this provision provided that all joints are completely supported by framing members or by materials having a flame spread rating not exceeding 25.

(4) Exposed interior finishes adjacent to the cooking range shall have a flame spread rating not exceeding 50, except that backsplashes not exceeding 6 inches in height are exempted. Adjacent surfaces are the exposed vertical surfaces between the range top height and the overhead cabinets and/or ceiling and within 6 horizontal inches of the cooking range. (Refer also to § 3280.204(a), Kitchen Cabinet Protection.) Sealants and other trim materials 2 inches or less in width used to finish adjacent surfaces are exempt from this provision provided that all joints are completely supported by a framing member.

(5) Kitchen cabinet doors, countertops, backsplashes, exposed bottoms, and end panels shall have a flame spread rating not to exceed 200. Cabinet rails, stiles, mullions, and top strips are exempted.

(6) Finish surfaces of plastic bathtubs, shower units, and tub or shower doors shall not exceed a flame spread rating of 200.

(c) Fire protective requirements.

(1) Materials used to surface the following areas shall be of limited combustible material (e.g.,

5/16 -inch gypsum board, etc.):

(i) The exposed wall adjacent to the cooking range (see § 3280.203(b)(4));

(ii) Exposed bottoms and sides of kitchen cabinets as required by § 3280.204 except that non-horizontal surfaces above the horizontal plane formed by the bottom of the range hood are not considered exposed;

(iii) Interior walls and ceilings enclosing furnace and/or water heater spaces; and

(iv) Combustible doors which provide interior or exterior access to furnace and/or water heater spaces. The surface may be interrupted for louvers ventilating the enclosure. However, the louvers shall not be constructed of a material of greater combustibility than the door itself (e.g., plastic louvers on a wooden door).

(2) No burner of a surface cooking unit shall be closer than 12 horizontal inches to a window or an exterior door with glazing.

§ 3280.204 Kitchen cabinet protection.

(a) The exposed bottom and sides of combustible kitchen cabinets over cooking ranges to a horizontal distance of 6 inches from the outside edge of the cooking range must be protected with at least

5/16 inch thick gypsum board or equivalent limited combustible material. One-inch nominal framing members and trim are exempted from this requirement. The cabinet area over the cooking range or cooktops shall be protected by a metal hood (26-gauge sheet metal, or .017 stainless steel, or .024 aluminum, or .020 copper) with not less than a 3-inch eyebrow projecting horizontally from the front cabinet face. The

5/16 -inch thick gypsum board or equivalent material which is above the top of the hood may be supported by the hood. A

3/8 -inch enclosed air space shall be provided between the bottom surface of the cabinet and the gypsum board or equivalent material. The hood shall be at least as wide as the cooking range.

(b) The 3-inch metal eyebrow required by paragraph (a) of this section will project from the front and rear cabinet faces when there is no adjacent surface behind the range, or the

5/16 -inch thick gypsum board or equivalent material shall be extended to cover all exposed rear surfaces of the cabinet.

(c) Alternative compliance. When all exposed surfaces along the bottoms and sides of combustible kitchen cabinets are protected as described in paragraph (a) of this section, the metal hood, the

5/16 -inch thick gypsum board or equivalent material, and the

3/8 -inch airspace required by paragraph (a) of this section can be omitted, provided that:

(1) A microwave oven is installed between the cabinet and the range; and

(2) The microwave oven is equivalent in fire protection to the metal range hood required by paragraph (a) of this section; and

(3) The microwave oven is certified to be in conformance with Microwave Cooking Appliances, UL 923-2002 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

(d) When a manufactured home is designed for the future installation of a cooking range, the metal hood and cabinet protection required by paragraph (a) of this section and the wall-surfacing protection behind the range required by § 3280.203 shall be installed in the factory.

(e) Vertical clearance above cooking top. Ranges shall have a vertical clearance above the cooking top of not less than 24 inches to the bottom of combustible cabinets.

(f) Range hood finish materials must be installed with at least

5/16 inch thick gypsum board or equivalent limited combustible material between the metal range hood and finish materials. Except for sealants and other trim materials 2 inches or less in width, finish materials shall have a flame spread rating not exceeding the Flame Spread Index of 200.

§ 3280.205 Carpeting.

Carpeting shall not be used in a space or compartment designed to contain only a furnace and/or water heater. Carpeting may be used in other areas where a furnace or water heater is installed, provided that it is not located under the furnace or water heater.

§ 3280.206 Fireblocking.

(a) General. Fireblocking must comply with the requirements of this section. The integrity of all fireblocking materials must be maintained.

(b) Fireblocking materials. Fireblocking must consist of the following materials:

(1) Minimum one inch nominal lumber,

5/16 inch thick gypsum board, or equivalent fire resistive materials; or

(2) Other Listed or Approved Materials;

(c) Fireblocking locations. (1) Fireblocking must be installed in concealed spaces of stud walls, partitions, and furred spaces at the floor and ceiling levels. Concealed spaces must not communicate between floor levels. Concealed spaces must not communicate between a ceiling level and a concealed roof area, or an attic space.

(2) Fireblocking must be installed at the interconnection of a concealed vertical space and a concealed horizontal space that occurs:

(i) Between a concealed wall cavity and the ceiling joists above; and

(ii) At soffits, drop ceilings, cover ceilings, and similar locations.

(3) Fireblocking must be installed around the openings for pipes, vents, and other penetrations in walls, floors, and ceilings of furnace and water heater spaces. Pipes, vents, and other penetrations that cannot be moved freely within their opening are considered to be fireblocked. Materials used to fireblock heat producing vent penetrations must be noncombustible or limited combustible types.

§ 3280.207 Requirements for thermal insulating materials.

(a) General. Except for foam plastic materials and as provided in this section, exposed and concealed thermal insulating materials, including any facings, must be tested in accordance with NFPA 255-96, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and must have a flame spread index of 25 or less and a smoke developed index of 450 or less. The flame spread and smoke developed limitations do not apply to:

(1) Coverings and facings of insulation batts or blankets installed in concealed spaces when the facings are in substantial contact with the unexposed surface of wall, floor, or ceiling finish; or

(2) Cellulose loose-fill insulation that complies with paragraph (b) of this section.

(b) Loose-fill insulation. (1) Cellulose loose-fill insulation that is not spray-applied or self-supporting must comply with, and each package must be labeled in accordance with the Consumer Product Safety Commission requirements in 16 CFR parts 1209 and 1404.

(2) Other loose-fill insulation that cannot be mounted in the NFPA 255-96, test apparatus without a screen or other artificial support must be tested in accordance with CAN/ULC S102.2-M88, Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Floor Coverings and Miscellaneous Materials and Assemblies (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), and must have a flame spread index of 25 or less and a smoke developed index of 450 or less.

(c) Attic locations. Exposed insulation installed on the floor or ceiling forming the lower boundary of the attic must be tested in accordance with NFPA 253-2000, Standard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and must have a critical radiant flux of not less than 0.12 watt/cm

2 .

§ 3280.208 Requirements for foam plastic thermal insulating materials.

(a) General. Foam plastic thermal insulating materials shall not be used within the cavity of walls (not including doors) or ceilings or be exposed to the interior of the home unless:

(1) The foam plastic insulating material is protected by an interior finish of

5/16 -inch thick gypsum board or equivalent material for all cavities where the material is to be installed; or

(2) The foam plastic is used as a sheathing or siding backerboard, and it:

(i) Has a flame spread rating of 75 or less and a smoke-developed rating of 450 or less (not including outer covering of sheathing);

(ii) Does not exceed

3/8 -inch in thickness; and

(iii) Is separated from the interior of the manufactured home by a minimum of 2 inches of mineral fiber insulation or an equivalent thermal barrier; or

(3) The foam plastic insulating material has been previously accepted by the Department for use in wall and/or ceiling cavities of manufactured homes, and it is installed in accordance with any restrictions imposed at the time of that acceptance; or

(4) The foam plastic insulating material has been tested as required for its location in wall and/or ceiling cavities in accordance with testing procedures described in the Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute (IIT) Report, “Development of Mobile Home Fire Test Methods to Judge the Fire-Safe Performance of Foam Plastic Sheathing and Cavity Insulation, IITRI Fire and Safety Research Project J-6461, 1979” or other full-scale fire tests accepted by HUD, and it is installed in a manner consistent with the way the material was installed in the foam plastic test module. The materials must be capable of meeting the following acceptance criteria required for their location:

(i) Wall assemblies. The foam plastic system shall demonstrate equivalent or superior performance to the control module as determined by:

(A) Time to reach flashover (600 °C in the upper part of the room);

(B) Time to reach an oxygen (O 2 ) level of 14% (rate of O 2 depletion), a carbon monoxide (CO) level of 1%, a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) level of 6%, and a smoke level of 0.26 optical density/meter measured at 5 feet high in the doorway; and

(C) Rate of change concentration for O 2 , CO, CO 2 and smoke measured 3 inches below the top of the doorway.

(ii) Ceiling assemblies. A minimum of three valid tests of the foam plastic system and one valid test of the control module shall be evaluated to determine if the foam plastic system demonstrates equivalent or superior performance to the control module. Individual factors to be evaluated include intensity of cavity fire (temperature-time) and post-test damage.

(iii) Post-test damage assessment for wall and ceiling assemblies. The overall performance of each total system shall also be evaluated in determining the acceptability of a particular foam plastic insulating material.

(b) All foam plastic thermal insulating materials used in manufactured housing shall have a flame spread rating of 75 or less (not including outer covering or sheathing) and a maximum smoke-developed rating of 450.

§ 3280.209 Smoke alarm requirements.

(a) Labeling. Each smoke alarm required under paragraph (b) of this section must conform with the requirements of UL 217 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or UL 268 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), and must bear a label to evidence conformance. Combination smoke and carbon monoxide alarms shall be listed and must bear a label to evidence conformance with UL 217 and UL 2034.

(b) Combination alarms. Combination smoke and carbon monoxide alarms shall be permitted to be used in lieu of smoke alarms. If installed, such alarms must meet location requirements for both smoke alarms and carbon monoxide alarms.

(c) Required smoke alarm locations. (1) At least one smoke alarm must be installed in each of the following locations:

(i) To protect both the living area and kitchen space. Manufacturers are encouraged to locate the alarm in the living area remote from the kitchen and cooking appliances. A smoke alarm located within 20 feet horizontally of a cooking appliance must incorporate a temporary silencing feature or be of a photoelectric type.

(ii) In each room designed for sleeping.

(iii) On the ceiling of the upper level near the top or above each stairway, other than a basement stairway, in any multistory home completed in accordance with this part or part 3282 of this chapter. The alarm must be located so that smoke rising in the stairway cannot be prevented from reaching the alarm by an intervening door or obstruction.

(2) For each home designed to be placed over a basement, the manufacturer must provide a smoke alarm for the basement and must install at the factory an electrical junction box for the installation of this smoke alarm and for its interconnection to other smoke alarms required by this section. The instructions for installers and information for homeowners required in paragraph (f) of this section must clearly indicate that a smoke alarm should be installed and is to be located on the basement ceiling near the stairway.

(3) A smoke alarm required under this section must not be placed in a location that impairs its effectiveness or in any of the following locations:

(i) Within 3 feet horizontally from any discharge grille when a home is equipped or designed for future installation of a roof-mounted evaporative cooler or other equipment discharging conditioned air through a ceiling grille into the living space; and

(ii) In any location or environment that is prohibited by the terms of its listing, except as permitted by this section.

(d) Mounting requirements. (1) Except in rooms with peaked sloping or shed sloping ceilings with a slope of more than 1.5/12 or as permitted pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section, smoke alarms must be mounted either:

(i) On the ceiling at least 4 inches from each wall; or

(ii) On a wall with the top of the alarm not less than 4 inches below the ceiling, and not farther from the ceiling than 12 inches or the distance from the ceiling specified in the smoke alarm manufacturer's listing and instructions, whichever is less.

(2) Except as permitted pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section, in rooms with peaked sloping ceilings with a slope of more than 1.5/12, smoke alarms must be mounted on the ceiling within 3 feet, measured horizontally, from the peak of the ceiling; at least 4 inches, measured vertically, below the peak of the ceiling; and at least 4 inches from any projecting structural element.

(3) Except as permitted pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section, in rooms with shed sloping ceilings with a slope of more than 1.5/12, smoke alarms must be mounted on the ceiling within 3 feet, measured horizontally, of the high side of the ceiling, and not closer than 4 inches from any adjoining wall surface and from any projecting structural element.

(e) Connection to power source. (1) Each smoke alarm must be powered from:

(i) The electrical system of the home as the primary power source and a battery as a secondary power source; or

(ii) A battery rated for a 10-year life, provided the smoke alarm is listed for use with a 10-year battery.

(2) Each smoke alarm whose primary power source is the home electrical system must be mounted on an electrical outlet box and connected by a permanent wiring method to a general electrical circuit. More than one smoke alarm is permitted to be placed on the same electrical circuit. The wiring circuit for the alarm must not include any switches between the over-current protective device and the alarm, and must not be protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter.

(3) Smoke alarms required under this section must be interconnected such that the activation of any one smoke alarm causes the alarm to be triggered in all required smoke alarms in the home.

(f) Visible and tactile notification appliances. (1) In addition to the smoke alarms required pursuant to this section, the manufacturer must provide visible and listed tactile notification appliances if these appliances are ordered by the purchaser or retailer before the home enters the first stage of production. These appliances are required to operate from the primary power source, but are not required to operate from a secondary power source.

(2) A visible notification appliance in a room designed for sleeping must have a minimum rating of 177 candela, except that when the visible notification appliance is wall-mounted or suspended more than 24 inches below the ceiling, a minimum rating of 110 candela is permitted.

(3) A visible notification appliance in an area other than a room designed for sleeping must have a minimum rating of 15 candela.

(g) Testing and maintenance. (1) Each required smoke alarm installed at the factory must be operationally tested, after conducting the dielectric test specified in § 3280.810(a), in accordance with the alarm manufacturer's instructions. A smoke alarm that does not function as designed during the test and is not fixed so that it functions properly in the next retest must be replaced. Any replacement smoke alarm must be successfully tested in accordance with this paragraph.

(2) Home manufacturers must provide specific written instructions for installers on how to inspect and test the operation of smoke alarms during installation of the home. These instructions must indicate that any smoke alarm that does not meet the inspection or testing requirements needs to be replaced and retested.

(3) Home manufacturers must provide the homeowner with the alarm manufacturer's information describing the operation, method and frequency of testing, and proper maintenance of the smoke alarm. This information must be provided in same manner and location as the consumer manual required by § 3282.207 of this chapter, but does not have to be incorporated into the consumer manual. No dealer, distributor, construction contractor, or other person shall interfere with the distribution of this information

§ 3280.210 Fire testing.

All fire testing conducted in accordance with this subpart shall be performed by nationally recognized testing laboratories which have expertise in fire technology. In case of dispute, the Secretary shall determine if a particular agency is qualified to perform such fire tests.

§ 3280.211 Carbon monoxide alarm requirements.

(a) Labeling. Carbon monoxide alarms shall be listed and must bear a label to evidence conformance with UL 2034 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Combination carbon monoxide and smoke alarms shall be listed and must bear a label to evidence conformance with UL 2034 and UL 217 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

(b) Required carbon monoxide alarm locations. Carbon monoxide alarms must be installed in each home containing either a fuel burning appliance or designed by the home manufacturer to include an attached garage. Carbon monoxide alarms must be installed outside of each separate sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms and in accordance with the alarm manufacturer's installation instructions. Where a fuel-burning appliance is located within a bedroom or its attached bathroom, a carbon monoxide alarm must be installed within the bedroom and in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions. Carbon monoxide alarms must be installed in conformance with NFPA 720 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

(c) Interconnectivity. Where more than one carbon monoxide alarm is required to be installed, the alarm devices shall be interconnected in such a manner that the actuation of one alarm will activate all the alarms installed.

(d) Connection to power source. Each carbon monoxide alarm must be powered from the electrical system of the home as the primary power source and a battery as a secondary power source.

(e) Combination alarms. Combination carbon monoxide and smoke alarms shall be permitted to be used in lieu of carbon monoxide alarms. When combination carbon monoxide and smoke alarms are used, they shall be installed to also comply with § 3280.209.

(f) Basement applications. For each home designed to be placed over a basement, the manufacturer must provide a carbon monoxide alarm for the basement and must install the electrical junction box for the installation of this carbon monoxide alarm for its interconnection with other alarms required by this section.

(g) Testing. Each required carbon monoxide alarm installed at the factory must be operationally tested, after conducting the dielectric test specified in § 3280.810(a), in accordance with the alarm manufacturer's instructions. A carbon monoxide alarm that does not function as designed during the test and is not satisfactorily repaired so that it functions properly in the next retest must be replaced. Any replacement carbon monoxide alarm must be successfully tested in accordance with this section.

§ 3280.212 Factory constructed or site-built attached garages.

(a) When a manufactured home is designed for factory construction with an attached garage or is designed for construction of an attached site-built garage that is not self-supported, the manufacturer must design the manufactured home to accommodate all appropriate live and dead loads from the attached garage structure that will be transferred through the manufactured home structure to the home's support and anchoring systems.

(b) The design must specify the following home and garage characteristics including maximum width, maximum sidewall height, maximum roof slope, live and dead loads, and other design limitations or restrictions using loads provided by this Code.

(c) When a manufactured home is factory constructed with an attached garage or is constructed for the attachment of a site-built garage, provisions must be made to provide fire separation between the garage and the manufactured home.

(1) The garage must be separated from the manufactured home and its attic by not less than

1/2 -inch gypsum board or equivalent applied to the garage side of the manufactured home, separation shall be from the underside of the floor to the underside of the roof deck and may be provided on-site as part of an On Site Completion of Construction approval. Garages beneath habitable rooms must be separated from all habitable rooms by

5/8 -inch, Type X gypsum board or equivalent. Where the separation is a floor ceiling assembly, the structure supporting the separation must also be protected by not less than

1/2 -inch gypsum board or equivalent. The design approval and the manufacturer's installation instructions must also include provision for equivalent vertical or horizontal separation between the garage and the manufactured home as appropriate.

(2) [Reserved]

(d) Openings from a garage directly into a room designated for sleeping purposes are not permitted.

(e) Other openings between the garage and the manufactured home must:

(1) Be equipped with solid wood doors not less than 1

3/8 inch in thickness, or solid or honeycomb steel doors not less than 1

3/8 inch in thickness, or 20-minute fire-rated doors, and all doors shall be of the self-closing type; and

(2) Be in addition to the two exterior doors required by § 3280.105.

(f) Ducts penetrating the walls or ceilings separating the manufactured home from the garage must be constructed of a minimum No. 26 gauge steel or other approved material and must have no openings into the garage.

(g) Installation instructions shall be provided by the home manufacturer that, in addition to addressing the fire separation as required in this section, shall identify acceptable attachment locations, indicate design limitations for the attachment of the garage including acceptable live and dead loads for which the home has been designed to accommodate, and provide support and anchorage designs as necessary to transfer all imposed loads to the ground in accordance with §§ 3285.301 and 3285.401 of this chapter.

(h) A site-built, self-supported garage is considered an add-on, per 3282.8(j)(1), that does not affect the ability of the manufactured home to comply with the Construction and Safety Standards. The design and construction of the garage is subject to state and or local authorities having jurisdiction.

§ 3280.213 Factory constructed or site-built attached carports.

(a) When a manufactured home is designed for factory construction with an attached carport or is designed for construction of an attached site-built carport, the manufacturer must design the manufactured home to accommodate all appropriate live and dead loads from the attached carport structure that will be transferred through the manufactured home structure to the home's support and anchoring systems.

(b) The design, including the home's installation instructions, must specify the following home and carport characteristics including maximum width, maximum sidewall height, live and dead loads, and other design limitations or restrictions.

(1) Alternatively, the manufacturer may provide, by design and home installation instructions, the maximum live and dead loads, and the applied loading locations, that the home is designed to resist from the carport, and other design limitations or restrictions.

(2) [Reserved].

(c) Homes may be designed with a factory-installed host beam ( i.e., ledger board) or specific roof truss rail for the attachment of the carport to the exterior wall of the home. The host beam ( i.e., ledger board) must be designed to transmit the appropriate live and dead loads at the interface between the carport and the manufactured home. In cases where the carport is designed to be supported by the roof truss overhang, the roof trusses must be designed to support the additional live and dead loads from the carport.

(1) Any portion of the host beam ( i.e., ledger board) and all fasteners exposed to the weather shall be protected in accordance with § 3280.307.

(2) [Reserved].

(d) To ensure that the attachment of the carport does not interfere with roof or attic ventilation, the manufacturer must provide specific instructions to ensure continued compliance with the manufactured home roof or attic ventilation requirements in accordance with § 3280.504(d).

(e) Installation instructions shall be provided by the home manufacturer that identify acceptable attachment locations, indicate design limitations for the attachment of the carport including acceptable live and dead loads for which the home has been designed to accommodate, and provide support and anchorage designs as necessary to transfer all imposed loads to the ground in accordance with §§ 3285.301 and 3285.401 of this chapter.

(1) The manufacturer must ensure that any anchoring system designs incorporating anchorage to resist combined shear wall and carport uplift loads are evaluated for adequacy to resist the combined loads, taking into consideration the limitations of the ground anchor test and certification.

(2) [Reserved].

(f) A site-built, self-supported carport is considered an add-on, as provided by § 3282.8(j)(1), that does not affect the ability of the manufactured home to comply with the standards. The design and construction of the carport is subject to state and or local authorities having jurisdiction.

§ 3280.214 Fire sprinkler system requirements.

(a) General. (1) Fire sprinkler systems are not required by this subpart; however, when a manufacturer installs a fire sprinkler system as an optional feature selected by the consumer or to meet State or local laws and regulations, this section establishes the requirements for the installation of a fire sprinkler system in a manufactured home.

(2) This section applies to both stand-alone and multipurpose fire sprinkler systems that do not include the use of antifreeze.

(3) A back-flow preventer is not required to separate a stand-alone sprinkler system from the water distribution system.

(b) Design. The design of the fire sprinkler system itself shall be in accordance with NFPA 13D (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or a design which is deemed to be equivalent to the design method used in NFPA 13D.

(c) Sprinkler location. Sprinklers must be installed to protect all areas inside the manufactured home except:

(1) Attics and normally unoccupied concealed spaces;

(2) Closets not exceeding 24 square feet in area, with the smallest dimension not greater than three feet and having at least one base layer of minimum 5/16 inch thick gypsum board on wall and ceiling surfaces;

(3) Bathrooms not more than 55 square feet in area;

(4) Garages, carports, open attached porches and similar structures; and

(5) Closets or alcoves containing heat-producing appliance, regardless of size if the closet or alcove complies with § 3280.203(b)(3).

(d) Sprinklers. Sprinklers shall be new, listed residential sprinklers and shall be installed in accordance with the sprinkler manufacturer's installation instructions.

(e) Temperature rating and separation from heat sources. Sprinklers are to have a temperature rating and be separated from heat sources as follows:

(1) Sprinklers separated from heat sources as required by the sprinkler manufacturer's installation instructions are to a have a temperature rating of no less than 135 °F (57 °C) and not more than 170 °F (77 °C).

(2) Sprinklers located within the distance to a heat source as specified in table 7.5.5.3 of NFPA 13D (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) are to have an intermediate temperature rating not less than 175 °F (79 °C) and not more than 225 °F (107 °C) when installed in the following locations:

(i) Attics;

(ii) Concealed spaces located directly beneath a roof; and

(iii) Directly under skylights where the sprinkler is exposed to direct sunlight.

(f) Freezing areas. Piping must be protected from freezing as required by § 3280.603(b)(4). Where sprinklers are required in areas subject to freezing, dry-sidewall or dry-pendent sprinklers extending from nonfreezing area into a freezing area, must be installed.

(g) Sprinkler area of coverage. The area of coverage of a single sprinkler shall not exceed 400 square feet and shall be based on the sprinkler listing and the sprinkler manufacturer's installation instructions. Sprinkler discharge shall not be blocked by obstructions unless additional sprinklers are installed to protect the obstructed area. Sprinkler separation from obstructions shall comply with the minimum distances specified in the sprinkler manufacturer's instructions. Pendent sprinklers within 3 feet of the center of a ceiling fan, surface-mounted ceiling light or other similar object shall be considered to be obstructed and additional sprinklers shall be installed, except that in all closets 50 square feet or less in size, one sprinkler shall be sufficient. Sidewall sprinklers within 5 feet of the center of a ceiling fan, surface-mounted ceiling light or other similar object shall be considered to be obstructed and additional sprinklers shall be installed.

(h) Sprinkler installation on systems assembled with solvent cement. The solvent cementing of threaded adapter fittings shall be completed and threaded adapters for sprinklers shall be verified as being clear of excess cement prior to the installation of sprinklers on systems assembled with solvent cement.

(i) Painting, caulking or modifying sprinklers is prohibited. Painted, caulked, modified, or damaged sprinklers shall be replaced.

(j) Sprinkler piping support. Sprinkler piping shall be supported in accordance with § 3280.608. Sprinkler piping must comply with all requirements for cold-water distribution piping. For multipurpose piping systems, the sprinkler piping shall connect to and be part of the cold-water distribution piping system. Nonmetallic pipe and tubing, such as CPVC and PEX, shall be listed for use in residential fire sprinkler systems. Nonmetallic pipe and tubing systems shall be protected from exposure to the living space by a layer of not less than

5/16 inch thick gypsum wallboard, 1/2 inch thick plywood, or other material having a 15 minute fire rating. Pipe protection shall not be required where exposed piping is permitted by the pipe listing and in areas that do not require protection with sprinklers as specified in paragraph (c) of this section.

(k) Shutoff valves. Shutoff valves shall not be installed in any location where the valve would isolate piping serving one or more sprinklers, except for shutoff valves installed for the entire water distribution system.

(l) Means of drainage. A means to drain the sprinkler system shall be provided on the system side of the water supply inlet.

(m) Minimum flow rate. The sprinkler system must provide at least the flow rate required to produce a minimum discharge density of 0.05 gpm/ft

2 from each sprinkler and be determined by using the sprinkler manufacturer's published data for the specific sprinkler model based on the area of coverage, ceiling configuration, temperature rating and any other conditions specified by the sprinkler manufacturer.

(n) Design flow rate. The design flow rate for the sprinkler system shall be based on the following:

(1) The design flow rate for a room having only one sprinkler shall be the flow rate required for that sprinkler, as determined by paragraph (m) of this section.

(2) The design flow rate for a room having two or more sprinklers shall be determined by identifying the sprinkler in that room with the highest required flow rate, based on paragraph (m) of this section, and multiplying that flow rate by two.

(3) Where the sprinkler manufacturer's instructions specify different criteria for ceiling configurations that are not smooth, flat and horizontal, the required design flow rate for the room shall comply with the sprinkler manufacturer's instructions.

(4) The design flow rate for the sprinkler system shall be the flow required by the room with the largest flow rate, based on paragraph (n)(1), (2), or (3) of this section.

(5) For the purposes of this section, it shall be permissible to reduce the design flow rate for a room by subdividing the space into two or more rooms, where each room is evaluated separately with respect to the required design flow rate. Walls and a ceiling shall bound each room. Openings in walls shall have a lintel (header) not less than 8 inches in depth and each lintel shall form a solid barrier between the ceiling and the top of the opening.

(o) Pipe sizing and minimum required supply pressure. (1) The piping to sprinklers shall be sized for the flow required by paragraph (n) of this section. The flow rate required to supply the plumbing fixtures shall not be required to be added to the sprinkler design flow rate. The minimum pipe size from the water supply inlet to any sprinkler shall be

3/4 inch diameter. Threaded adapter fittings at the point where sprinklers are attached to the piping shall be a minimum of

1/2 inch diameter.

(2) Piping shall be sized by determining the Available Pressure to offset friction loss in piping and identifying a piping material, diameter and length in accordance with the following:

(i) Minimum supply pressure required. The following equation shall be used to determine the required supply pressure at the fire sprinkler system supply inlet.

Equation 1 to Paragraph (o)(2)(i):

PSUP = PT+PLE+PSP

Where:

PSUP = Pressure required at the fire sprinkler system supply inlet. ( Note: This is the pressure which is entered on the Fire Sprinkler System Certificate under “Minimum Water Supply Required.”)

PT = Pressure loss in the fire sprinkler system piping.

PLE = Pressure loss from elevation change. ( Note: Normally 4.4 psi for single story houses and 8.7 psi for two story houses).

PSP = Maximum pressure required by a sprinkler.

(ii) [Reserved]

(3) Determination of PSUP shall be in accordance with the following procedure:

(i) Step 1. Determine PT. For the specific design in question determine the distance (developed length) from the fire sprinkler system supply inlet to the most remote sprinkler. Refer to tables 8.4.10.2(d) through (i) of NFPA 13D (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and select the correct table for the fire sprinkler system pipe material and pipe size used. Using the system design flow rate from paragraph (n) of this section find the “Allowable length of pipe” column, which is closest to, but not less than, the developed length for the design in question. The “Available Pressure” in the column heading is PT. ( Note: Interpolation between “Allowable length of pipe” (developed length) and “Available Pressure” (PT) is permitted. Example: Using table 8.4.10.2(d) of NFPA 13D, Sprinkler Flow Rate = 16 gpm, developed length = 70 feet, Available Pressure (PT) = 17.5 psi.)

(ii) Step 2. Determine PLE. Refer to table 8.4.10.2.(c) of NFPA 13D. The elevation used in applying the table shall be the difference between the highest sprinkler and the fire sprinkler system supply inlet. Interpolation is permitted. ( Note: If the highest sprinkler is lower than the fire sprinkler system supply inlet then subtract this value in equation 1 to paragraph (o)(2)(i), instead of adding it.)

(iii) Step 3. Determine PSP. Determine the maximum pressure required by any individual sprinkler based on the flow rate for each sprinkler as set forth in paragraph (n) of this section. The required pressure is provided in the data provided by the sprinkler manufacturer for the specific model based on the selected flow rate.

(p) Testing. The fire sprinkler system piping shall be subject to the same test as the water distribution system in § 3280.612(a). For multipurpose fire sprinkler systems, it shall be permitted to test the fire sprinkler system piping simultaneously with the domestic water distribution system.

(q) Fire Sprinkler System Certificate. The manufacturer must permanently affix a Fire Sprinkler System Certificate adjacent to the data plate. The manufacturer must specify on the Fire Sprinkler System Certificate the minimum required pressure in pounds per square inch (psi) and flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm) for the water supply system. The Fire Sprinkler System Certificate is to include all the statements and required information arranged in substantially the same layout as shown in the following example.

Example 1 to Paragraph ( q )—Example Certificate

Fire Sprinkler System Certificate

Note:

This label contains important information about the fire sprinkler system installed in this home. Please do not remove, alter, or cover this label.

General Information

Name of Manufacturer:

Manufactured Home Serial Number:

The residential fire sprinkler system installed in this dwelling unit is in compliance with 24 CFR part 3280.214 Fire Sprinkler System Requirements. The manufactured home installer must ensure that water supply testing is completed by a fire protection technician, as required below at the home site.

Warning: When necessary, replace components only with identical components or those determined to have equivalent performance characteristics with respect to flows and pressures.

Minimum Water Supply Required

Warning: For this system to operate properly, the following minimum supply of water must be available at the point of connection to the residential fire sprinkler system (to be completed by the home manufacturer):

gpm (gallons per minute) at not less than___

psi (pounds per square inch)

The water supply shall have the capacity to provide the above required design flow rate for the sprinklers for a period of time as follows:

1. Seven minutes for manufactured homes one story in height and less than 2,000 square feet in area.

2. Ten minutes for manufactured homes two or more stories in height or equal to or greater than 2,000 square feet in area.

Where a water supply tank, a well system or a combination thereof is used, any combination of tank storage or well system shall be permitted to meet the capacity requirement.

An installer shall ensure that a fire protection technician completes and signs this Fire Sprinkler System Certificate and shall maintain a copy of the test report from the onsite testing in accordance with the home manufacturer's instructions and that the above listed required minimum water supply is available.

Company and/or Individual Name of Fire Protection Technician:

License/Certification Number of Technician:

Address of Technician:

Date Water Supply Tested:

Warning: This structure contains a residential fire sprinkler system. Do not alter or make additions to the water supply without first contacting the home manufacturer or a fire protection technician. Any control valve(s) on the water supply to the residential fire sprinkler system must be in the full, open position for the system to operate properly. If the valves must be closed temporarily to service the sprinkler, verify that they are left fully open and secured when service is complete.

(r) Sign or valve tag. A sign or valve tag shall be installed at the fire sprinkler system supply inlet stating the following:

Warning, the water supply system supplies fire sprinklers that require specific flows and pressures to fight a fire. Devices that restrict the flow or decrease the pressure or automatically shut off the water to the fire sprinkler system, such as water filtration systems, water softeners and automatic shutoff valves, shall not be added to this system during installation without HUD approval. Later actions that may impact the water supply system should not be completed without first contacting the home manufacturer or a fire protection technician. Please do not remove this sign.

(s) Component instructions. If the manufacturer of a fire sprinkler system component used in a system provides written instructions and procedures for the operation, maintenance, periodic testing, and/or repair of the component, a copy of the instructions and procedures shall be left in each home for the consumer.

(t) Manufacturer's installation instructions for fire sprinkler systems. Manufacturer's installation instructions must provide the following:

(1) Specific instructions for the inspection and testing of the fire sprinkler system during the installation of the home. Testing requirements are to be consistent with § 3280.612(a).

(2) Required statement. If this manufactured home contains a fire sprinkler system, an installer shall ensure a fire protection technician tests the water supply at the site and completes the Fire Safety System Certificate and that the test reports the minimum conditions described on the Fire Sprinkler System Certificate in the home (located next to the data plate).

§ 3280.215 Multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes.

(a) General. In manufactured homes with more than one dwelling unit, each dwelling unit must be separated from each other by wall and floor assemblies having not less than a 1 hour fire resistance rating when tested in accordance with ASTM E119 or UL 263 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or having a fire resistance rating of not less than a 1 hour when calculated in accordance with chapter 16 of the AWC National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction, with Supplement (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

(b) Fire resistance walls. Fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling and wall assemblies must extend to and be tight against the exterior wall, and wall assemblies must extend from the foundation to the underside of the roof sheathing except as follows:

(1) Wall assemblies need not extend through attic spaces where the ceiling is protected by not less than

5/8 inch Type X gypsum board and attic draftstop constructed as specified in § 3280.216 is provided above and along the wall assembly separating the dwelling units; and

(2) The structural framing supporting the ceiling is protected by not less than

1/2 inch gypsum board or equivalent.

(3) A fire resistance rating of

1/2 hour shall be permitted in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with § 3280.214.

(c) Supporting construction. Where floor assemblies are required to be fire resistant rated by this section, the supporting construction of such assemblies must have an equal or greater fire resistance rating.

(d) Dwelling unit rated penetrations. Penetrations of wall or floor-ceiling assemblies in multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes are required to be fire-resistance rated in accordance with this section.

(1) Through penetrations. (i) Through penetrations must be installed as tested in the approved fire-resistance rated assembly; or

(ii) Through penetrations must be protected by an approved penetration fire stop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 1479 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), with a positive pressure differential of not less than 0.01 inch of water and must have an F rating of not less than the required fire resistance rating of the wall or floor-ceiling assembly penetrated; or

(iii) Where the penetrating items are steel, ferrous or copper pipes, tubes, or conduits, the material used to fill the annular space must prevent the passage of flame and hot gasses sufficient to ignite cotton waste where subjected to ASTM E119 or UL 263 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) time temperature fire conditions under a positive pressure differential of not less than 0.01 inch of water at the location of the through penetration for the time period equivalent to the fire resistance rating of the construction penetrated.

(2) Membrane penetrations. Membrane penetrations must comply with paragraph (d)(1) of this section. Where walls are required to have a fire resistance rating, recessed fixtures must be installed so that the required fire resistance rating will not be reduced except as follows:

(i) By membrane penetrations of fire-resistant-rated walls, ceiling/floors and partitions by steel electrical boxes provided they do not exceed 16 square inches in area and the aggregate area of the openings through the membrane does not exceed 100 square inches in any 100 square feet of wall area. The annular space between the wall membrane and the box must not exceed

1/8 inch. Such boxes on opposite sides of the wall must be separated by one of the following:

(A) A horizontal distance of not less than 24 inches where the wall or partition is constructed with individual non-communicating stud cavities; or

(B) A horizontal distance of not less than the depth of the wall cavity, where the wall cavity is filled with loose-fill insulation; or

(C) Solid fire blocking in accordance with § 3280.206; or

(D) Protecting both boxes with listed putty pads; or

(E) Other listed materials and methods.

(ii) By membrane penetrations of listed electrical boxes of any materials provided that the boxes have been tested for use in fire resistance rated assemblies and are installed in accordance with the instructions included with the listing. The annular space between the wall membrane and the box must not exceed

1/8 inch unless otherwise noted. Such boxes on opposite sides of the wall must be separated by one of the following:

(A) The horizontal distance specified in the listing of the electrical boxes; or

(B) Sold fire blocking in accordance with § 3280.206; or

(C) Protecting boxes with listed putty pads; or

(D) Other listed materials and methods.

(iii) By the annular space created by the penetration of a fire sprinkler provided that it is covered by a metal escutcheon plate.

§ 3280.216 Draftstopping requirements for multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes.

(a) When there is usable space both above and below the concealed space of a floor/ceiling assembly in multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes, draftstops must be installed so that the area of the concealed space does not exceed 1,000 square feet. Draftstopping must divide the concealed space into approximately equal areas. Where the assembly is enclosed by a floor membrane above and a ceiling membrane below, draftstopping shall be provided in floor-ceiling assemblies under the following circumstances:

(1) Ceiling is suspended under the floor framing; or

(2) Floor framing is constructed of truss type open-web or perforated members.

(b) Draftstopping materials must not be less than

1/2 inch gypsum board,

3/8 inch wood structural panels, or other approved materials adequately supported.

(c) Draftstopping must be installed parallel to the floor framing members.

(d) The integrity of all draftstops must be maintained.

§ 3280.301 Scope.

This subpart covers the minimum requirements for materials, products, equipment, and workmanship needed to assure that the manufactured home will provide the following:

(a) Structural strength and rigidity;

(b) Protection against corrosion, decay, insects, rodents, and other similar destructive forces;

(c) Protection against wind hazards;

(d) Resistance to the elements; and

(e) Durability and economy of maintenance.

§ 3280.302 Definitions.

The following definitions are applicable to subpart D only:

Anchor assembly means any device or other means designed to transfer home anchoring loads to the ground.

Anchoring equipment means ties, straps, cables, turnbuckles, chains, and other approved components, including tensioning devices that are used to secure a manufactured home to anchor assemblies.

Anchoring system means a combination of anchoring equipment and anchor assemblies that will, when properly designed and installed, resist the uplift, overturning, and lateral forces on the manufactured home and on its support and foundation system.

Diagonal tie means a tie intended to resist horizontal or shear forces, but which may resist vertical, uplift, and overturning forces.

Footing: means that portion of the support system that transmits loads directly to the soil.

Foundation system means a system of support that is capable of transferring all design loads to the ground, including elements of the support system as defined in this section, or a site-built permanent foundation that meets the requirements of 24 CFR 3282.12.

Ground anchor means a specific anchoring assembly device designed to transfer home anchoring loads to the ground.

Loads: (1) Dead load: means the weight of all permanent construction including walls, floors, roof, partition, and fixed service equipment.

(2) Live load: means the weight superimposed by the use and occupancy of the manufactured home, including wind load and snow load, but not including dead load.

(3) Wind load: means the lateral or vertical pressure or uplift on the manufactured home due to wind blowing in any direction.

Main frame: means the structural component on which is mounted the body of the manufactured home.

Pier: means that portion of the support system between the footing and manufactured home exclusive of caps and shims.

Sheathing: means material which is applied on the exterior side of a building frame under the exterior weather resistant covering.

Stabilizing devices means all components of the anchoring and support systems, such as piers, footings, ties, anchoring equipment, anchoring assemblies, or any other equipment, materials, and methods of construction that support and secure the manufactured home to the ground.

Support system: means a combination of footings, piers, caps, and shims that will, when properly installed, support the manufactured home.

Support system means any pilings, columns, footings, piers, foundation walls, shims, and any combination thereof that, when properly installed, support the manufactured home.

Tie: means straps, cable, or securing devices used to connect the manufactured home to ground anchors.

Vertical tie: means a tie intended to resist the uplifting or overturning forces.

§ 3280.303 General requirements.

(a) Minimum requirements. The design and construction of a manufactured home shall conform with the provisions of this standard. Requirements for any size, weight, or quality of material modified by the terms of minimum, not less than, at least, and similar expressions are minimum standards. The manufacturer or installer may exceed these standards provided such deviation does not result in any inferior installation or defeat the purpose and intent of this standard.

(b) Construction. All Construction methods must be in conformance with an approved quality assurance manual as provided by §§ 3282.203 and 3282.361(c) and accepted engineering practices to ensure durable, livable, and safe housing.

(c) Structural analysis. The strength and rigidity of the component parts and/or the integrated structure shall be determined by engineering analysis or by suitable load tests to simulate the actual loads and conditions of application that occur. (See subparts E and J.)

(d) [Reserved]

(e) New materials and methods. (1) Any new material or method of construction not provided for in this standard and any material or method of questioned suitability proposed for use in the manufacture of the structure shall nevertheless conform in performance to the requirements of this standard.

(2) Unless based on accepted engineering design for the use indicated, all new manufactured home materials, equipment, systems or methods of construction not provided for in this standard shall be subjected to the tests specified in paragraph (g) of this section.

(f) Allowable design stress. The design stresses of all materials shall conform to accepted engineering practice. The use of materials not certified as to strength or stress grade shall be limited to the minimum allowable stresses under accepted engineering practice.

(g) Alternative test procedures. In the absence of recognized testing procedures either in the Standards in this part or in the applicable provisions of those standards incorporated in this part by reference, the manufacturer electing this option must develop or cause to be developed testing procedures to demonstrate the structural properties and significant characteristics of the material, assembly, subassembly component, or member, except for testing methods involving one-piece metal roofing as would be required in § 3280.305(c)(1)(iii). Such testing procedures become part of the manufacturer's approved design. Such tests must be witnessed by an independent licensed professional engineer or architect or by a recognized testing organization. Copies of the test results must be kept on file by the manufactured home manufacturer.

§ 3280.304 Materials.

(a) Dimension and board lumber must not exceed 19 percent moisture content at the time of installation, except that treated lumber used for exterior purposes only and does not extend into the main home construction may have a moisture content exceeding 19 percent.

(b) The standards for some of the generally used materials and methods of construction that are listed in this paragraph (b) are incorporated by reference (see § 3280.4).

(1) Aluminum. (i) Aluminum Design Manual, Specifications and Guidelines for Aluminum Structures, Part 1-A (Aluminum Association).

(ii) Aluminum Design Manual, Specifications and Guidelines for Aluminum Structures, Part 1-B (Aluminum Association).

(2) Steel. (i) Specification for Structural Steel Buildings—AISC 360.

(ii) North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members—AISI S100.

(iii) Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members—SEI/ASCE 8.

(iv) Standard Specifications Load Tables and Weight Tables for Steel Joists and Joist Girders—SJI.

(v) Structural Applications of Steel Cables for Buildings—ASCE 19.

(vi) Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals—ASTM D3953.

(3) Wood and wood products. (i) Basic Hardboard—ANSI A135.4 (Composite Panel Association).

(ii) Prefinished Hardboard Paneling—ANSI A135.5 (Composite Panel Association).

(iii) Engineered Wood Siding—ANSI A135.6 (Composite Panel Association).

(iv) American National Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood—ANSI/HPVA HP-1 (Decorative Hardwoods Association).

(v) Structural Design Guide for Hardwood Plywood Wall Panels—HP-SG (Decorative Hardwoods Association).

(vi) For Wood Products—Structural Glued Laminated Timber—ANSI/AITC A190.1.

(vii) Structural Plywood (With Typical APA Trademarks)—NIST PS 1.

(viii) APA Design/Construction Guide, Residential and Commercial Structures—APA E30-P.

(ix) National Design Standard for Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss Construction, TPI 1.

(x) Design and Fabrication of All-Plywood Beams—H815G.

(xi) Panel Design Specification—APA D510C.

(xii) Design and Fabrication of Glued Plywood-Lumber Beams—APA S812S.

(xiii) Design and Fabrication of Plywood Curved Panels—APA S811P.

(xiv) Design and Fabrication of Plywood Sandwich Panels, APA U814J.

(xv) Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural Use Panels—NIST PS 2.

(xvi) Design and Fabrication of Plywood Stressed-Skin Panels—APA U813M.

(xvii) National Design Specifications for Wood Construction, with Supplement, Design Values for Wood Construction—AWC NDS.

(xviii) Wood Structural Design Data (AFPA).

(xix) Span Tables for Joists and Rafters: American Softwood Lumber Standard (PS 20-10) Sizes—AWC-2012.

(xx) Design Values for Joists and Rafters, Supplement to Span Tables for Joists and Rafters—AWC-2012.

(xxi) Particleboard—ANSI A208.1 (Composite Panel Association).

(xxii) North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors and Skylights—AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (CSA Group).

(xxiii) Standard Test Methods for Puncture and Stiffness of Paperboard, and Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard—ASTM D781.

(xxiv) Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials—ASTM D4442.

(xxv) Standard Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters—ASTM D4444.

(xxvi) Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) For Interior Applications—ANSI A208.2.

(xxvii) Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials—ASTM E119.

(xxviii) Engineered Wood Construction Guide—APA E30V.

(xxix) Plywood Design—APA Y510.

(4) Other. (i) Standard Specification for Gypsum Board—ASTM C1396/C1396M.

(ii) [Reserved]

(5) Fasteners. (i) ICC-ES Evaluation Report: Power Driven Staples and Nails—ESR 1539.

(ii) [Reserved]

(6) Unclassified. (i) Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures—ANSI/ASCE.

(ii) Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings—Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test—ANSI Z97.1.

(iii) Standard Specification for Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding—ASTM D3679-09a.

(iv) Standard Practice for Installation of Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding and Soffit—ASTM D4756.

(v) Standard Specification for Polypropylene (PP) Siding—ASTM D7254.

(c) Materials and methods of construction utilized in the design and construction of manufactured homes which are covered by the standards listed in this section, or any applicable portion thereof shall comply with these requirements.

(d) Engineering analysis and testing methods contained in these references shall be utilized to judge conformance with accepted engineering practices required in § 3280.303(c).

(e) Materials and methods of installation conforming to these standards shall be considered acceptable when installed in conformance with the requirements of this part.

(f) Materials meeting the standards listed in this section (or the applicable portion thereof) are considered acceptable unless otherwise specified herein or unless substantial doubt exists as to conformance.

(g) Wood products shall be identified as complying with the appropriate standards.

§ 3280.305 Structural design requirements.

(a) General. Each manufactured home must be designed and constructed as a completely integrated structure capable of sustaining the design load requirements of this part and must be capable of transmitting these loads to stabilizing devices without exceeding the allowable stresses or deflections. Roof framing must be securely fastened to wall framing, walls to floor structure, and floor structure to chassis to secure and maintain continuity between the floor and chassis, so as to resist wind overturning, uplift, and sliding as imposed by design loads in this part. In multistory construction, each story must be securely fastened to the story above and/or below to provide continuity and resist design loads in this part. Uncompressed finished flooring greater than

1/8 inch in thickness must not extend beneath load-bearing walls that are fastened to the floor structure.

(b) Design loads —(1) Design dead loads. Design dead loads shall be the actual dead load supported by the structural assembly under consideration.

(2) Design live loads. The design live loads and wind and snow loads shall be as specified in this section and shall be considered to be uniformly distributed. The roof live load or snow load shall not be considered as acting simultaneously with the wind load and the roof live or snow load and floor live loads shall not be considered as resisting the overturning moment due to wind.

(3) When engineering calculations are performed, allowable unit stresses may be increased as provided in the documents referenced in § 3280.304 except as otherwise indicated in §§ 3280.304(b)(1) and 3280.306(a).

(4) Whenever the roof slope does not exceed 20 degrees, the design horizontal wind loads required by § 3280.305(c)(1) may be determined without including the vertical roof projection of the manufactured home. However, regardless of the roof slope of the manufactured home, the vertical roof projection shall be included when determining the wind loading for split level or clerestory-type roof systems.

(c) Wind, snow, and roof loads —(1) Wind loads—design requirements. (i) Standard wind loads (Zone I ). When a manufactured home is not designed to resist the wind loads for high-wind areas (Zone II or Zone III) specified in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, the manufactured home and each of its wind-resisting parts and portions must be designed for horizontal wind loads of not less than 15 psf and a net uplift roof load of not less than 9 psf. The net uplift roof load must not be reduced by the dead load of the roof structure for the purposes of engineering design or structural load testing.

(ii) Wind loads for high wind areas (Zone II and Zone III). When designed for high wind areas (Zone II and Zone III), the manufactured home, each of its wind resisting parts (including, but not limited to, shear walls, diaphragms, ridge beams, and their fastening and anchoring systems), and its components and cladding materials (including, but not limited to, roof trusses, wall studs, exterior sheathing, roofing and siding materials, exterior glazing, and their connections and fasteners) shall be designed by a Professional Engineer or Architect to resist:

(A) The design wind loads for Exposure C specified in ANSI/ASCE 7-88, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,” for a fifty-year recurrence interval, and a design wind speed of 100 mph, as specified for Wind Zone II, or 110 mph, as specified for Wind Zone III (Basic Wind Zone Map); or

(B) The wind pressures specified in the following table:

Table of Design Wind Pressures

Element

Wind zone II design wind speed 100 MPH

Wind zone III design wind speed 110 MPH

Anchorage for lateral and vertical stability (See § 3280.306(a)):

Net Horizontal Drag 1 2 :

3 ±39 PSF

3 ±47 PSF

Uplift 4 :

5 −27 PSF

−32 PSF

Main wind force resisting system:

Shearwalls, Diaphragms and their Fastening and Anchorage Systems 1 2

±39 PSF

±47 PSF

Ridge beams and other Main Roof Support Beams (Beams supporting expanding room sections, etc.)

−30 PSF

−36 PSF

Components and cladding:

Roof trusses 4 in all areas; trusses shall be doubled within 3′-0′ from each end of the roof

5 −39 PSF

5 −47 PSF

Exterior roof coverings, sheathing and fastenings 4 , 6 , 7 in all areas except the following

5 −39 PSF

5 −47 PSF

Within 3′-0′ from each gable end (overhang at end wall) of the roof or endwall if no overhang is provided 4 , 6 , 7

5 −73 PSF

5 −89 PSF

Within 3′-0′ from the ridge and eave (overhang at sidewall) or sidewall if no eave is provided 4 , 6 , 7

5 −51 PSF

5 −62 PSF

Eaves (Overhangs at Sidewalls) 4 , 6 , 7

5 −51 PSF

5 −62 PSF

Gables (Overhangs at Endwalls) 4 , 6 , 7

5 −73 PSF

5 −89 PSF

Wall studs in sidewalls and endwalls, exterior windows and sliding glass doors (glazing and framing), exterior coverings, sheathing and fastenings 8 :

Within 3′-0′ from each corner of the sidewall and endwall

±48 PSF

±58 PSF

All other areas

±38 PSF

±46 PSF

NOTES:

1 The net horizontal drag of ±39 PSF to be used in calculating Anchorage for Lateral and Vertical Stability and for the design of Main Wind Force Resisting Systems is based on a distribution of wind pressures of + 0.8 or + 24 PSF to the windward wall and −0.5 or −15 PSF to the leeward wall.

2 Horizontal drag pressures need not be applied to roof projections when the roof slope does not exceed 20 degrees.

3 + sign would mean pressures are acting towards or on the structure; − sign means pressures are acting away from the structure; ±sign means forces can act in either direction, towards or away from the structure.

4 Design values in this “Table” are only applicable to roof slopes between 10 degrees (nominal 2/12 slope) and 30 degrees.

5 The design uplift pressures are the same whether they are applied normal to the surface of the roof or to the horizontal projection of the roof.

6 Shingle roof coverings that are secured with 6 fasteners per shingle through an underlayment which is cemented to a 3/8” structural rated roof sheathing need not be evaluated for these design wind pressures.

7 Structural rated roof sheathing that is at least 3/8” in thickness, installed with the long dimension perpendicular to roof framing supports, and secured with fasteners at 4” on center within 3′-0′ of each gable end or endwall if no overhang is provided and 6” on center in all other areas, need not be evaluated for these design wind pressures.

8 Exterior coverings that are secured at 6″ o.c. to a 3/8″ structural rated sheathing that is fastened to wall framing members at 6″ on center need not be evaluated for these design wind pressures.

(iii) One-piece metal roofing capable of resisting the design wind pressures for “Components and Cladding: (Exterior roof coverings)” in the Table for Design Wind Pressures in this section is allowed to be used without structural sheathing, provided the metal roofing is tested using procedures that have been approved by HUD and that meet all requirements of §§ 3280.303(c) and (g) and 3280.401.

(2) Wind loads—zone designations. The Wind Zone and specific wind design load requirements are determined by the fastest basic wind speed (mph) within each Zone and the intended location, based on the Basic Wind Zone Map, as follows:

(i) Wind Zone I. Wind Zone I consists of those areas on the Basic Wind Zone Map that are not identified in paragraphs (c)(2)(ii) or (iii) of this section as being within Wind Zone II or III, respectively.

(ii) Wind Zone II. ....100 mph. The following areas are deemed to be within Wind Zone II of the Basic Wind Zone Map:

Local governments: The following local governments listed by State (counties, unless specified otherwise):

Alabama: Baldwin and Mobile.

Florida: All counties except those identified in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this section as within Wind Zone III.

Georgia: Bryan, Camden, Chatham, Glynn, Liberty, McIntosh.

Louisiana: Parishes of Acadia, Allen, Ascension, Assumption, Calcasieu, Cameron, East Baton Rouge, East Feliciana, Evangeline, Iberia, Iberville, Jefferson Davis, LaFayette, Livingston, Pointe Coupee, St. Helena, St. James, St. John the Baptist, St. Landry, St. Martin, St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, Vermillion, Washington, West Baton Rouge, and West Feliciana.

Maine: Hancock and Washington.

Massachusetts: Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Nantucket, and Plymouth.

Mississippi: George, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Pearl River, and Stone.

North Carolina: Beaufort, Brunswick, Camden, Chowan, Columbus, Craven, Currituck, Jones, New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, Pasquotank, Pender, Perquimans, Tyrrell, and Washington.

South Carolina: Beaufort, Berkeley, Charleston, Colleton, Dorchester, Georgetown, Horry, Jasper, and Williamsburg.

Texas: Aransas, Brazoria, Calhoun, Cameron, Chambers, Galveston, Jefferson, Kenedy, Kleberg, Matagorda, Nueces, Orange, Refugio, San Patricio, and Willacy.

Virginia: Cities of Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Princess Anne, and Virginia Beach.

(iii) Wind Zone III. ....110 mph. The following areas are considered to be within Wind Zone III of the Basic Wind Zone Map:

(A) States and Territories: The entire State of Hawaii, the coastal regions of Alaska (as determined by the 90 mph isotach on the ANSI/ASCE 7-88 map), and all of the U.S. Territories of American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and the United States Virgin Islands.

(B) Local governments: The following local governments listed by State (counties, unless specified otherwise):

Florida: Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Franklin, Gulf, Hendry, Lee, Martin, Manatee, Monroe, Palm Beach, Pinellas, and Sarasota.

Louisiana: Parishes of Jefferson, La Fourche, Orleans, Plaquemines, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. Mary, and Terrabonne.

North Carolina: Carteret, Dare, and Hyde.

(iv) Consideration of local requirements. For areas where wind mapping data or records or the requirements of the State or local authority indicate wind speeds in excess of those identified in this section, the Department may establish, through rulemaking, more stringent requirements for manufactured homes to be installed in such areas.

(3) Snow and roof loads. (i) Flat, curved and pitched roofs shall be designed to resist the following live loads, applied downward on the horizontal projection as appropriate for the design zone marked on the manufactured home:

Zone (see Map in § 3280.305(c)(4))

Pounds per square foot

North Zone

40

Middle Zone

30

South Zone

20

(A) North Roof Load Zone. The following counties in each of the following states are deemed to be within the North Roof Load Zone:

Maine—Aroostook, Piscataquis, Somerset, Penobscot, Waldo, Knox, Hancock, and Washington.

Alaska—All Counties

(B) Middle Roof Load Zone. The following counties in each of the following states are deemed to be within the Middle Roof Load Zone:

States

Counties

South Dakota

Grant

Brookings

Hanson

Lincoln

Codington

Miner

Minnehaha

Yankton

Deuel

Lake

Hutchinson

Union

Hamlin

Moody

Turner

Clay

Kingsbury

McCook

Minnesota

Koochiching

Stearns

Renville

Sibley

Itasca

Swift

McLeod

Nicollet

Hubbard

Kandiyohi

Carver

Blue Earth

Cass

Meeker

Dakota

Martin

Crow Wing

Wright

Goodhue

Watonwan

Aitkin

Lac qui Parle

Wabasha

Brown

St. Louis

Chippewa

Winona

Redwood

Lake

Yellow Medicine

Fillmore

Lyon

Cook

Mille Lacs

Mower

Lincoln

Carlton

Kanabec

Olmsted

Pipestone

Pine

Benton

Dodge

Murray

Wadena

Isanti

Rice

Cottonwood

Todd

Sherburne

Steele

Jackson

Morrison

Anoka

Freeborn

Nobles

Douglas

Chisapo

Faribault

Rock

Grant

Washington

Waseca

Stevens

Hennepin

Le Sueur

Pope

Ramsey

Scott

Iowa

Hancock

Mitchell

Hamilton

Buena Vista

Lyon

Howard

Webster

Cherokee

Osceola

Chickasaw

Calhoun

Plymouth

Dickinson

Butler

Sac

Sioux

Emmet

Floyd

Ida

O'Brien

Kossuth

Cerro Gordo

Humboldt

Clay

Winnebago

Franklin

Pocahontas

Wright

Worth

Hardin

Palo Alto

Wisconsin

Douglas

Oconto

Pepin

Lincoln

Bayfield

Menominee

Pierce

Oneida

Ashland

Langlade

Dunn

Polk

Iron

Marathon

Eau Claire

Burnett

Vilas

Clark

Chippewa

Washburn

Forest

Jackson

Rusk

Sawyer

Florence

Trempealeau

Barron

Price

Marinette

Buffalo

Taylor

Door

St. Croix

Michigan

Houghton

Iron

Presque Isle

Wexford

Baraga

Dickinson

Charlevoix

Benzie

Marquette

Menominee

Montmorency

Grand Traverse

Alger

Delta

Alpena

Kalkaska

Luce

Schoolcraft

Alcona

Oscoda

Chippewa

Mackinac

Ogemaw

Otsego

Keweenaw

Cheyboygan

Roscommon

Leelanau

Ontonagon

Emmet

Missaukee

Antrim

Gogebic

Crawford

New York

St. Lawrence

Herkimer

Onondaga

Genesee

Franklin

Lewis

Madison

Orleans

Clinton

Oswego

Cayuga

Niagara

Essex

Jefferson

Seneca

Erie

Hamilton

Oneida

Wayne

Wyoming

Warren

Fulton

Ontario

Monroe

Saratoga

Montgomery

Yates

Washington

Schenectady

Livingston

Massachusetts

Essex

Maine

Franklin

Kennebec

Lincoln

Cumberland

Oxford

Androscoggin

Sagadahoc

York

Montana

All Counties

Idaho

All Counties

Colorado

All Counties

Wyoming

All Counties

Utah

All Counties

Vermont

Franklin

Orleans

Caledonia

Addison

Grand Isle

Essex

Washington

Rutland

Lamoille

Chittenden

Orange

Windsor

New Hampshire

All Counties

(C) South Roof Load Zone. The states and counties that are not listed for the North Roof Load Zone in paragraph (c)(3)(i)(A) of this section, or the Middle Roof Load Zone in paragraph (c)(3)(i)(B) of this section, are deemed to be within the South Roof Load Zone.

(ii) Consideration of local requirements. For exposures in areas (mountainous or other) where recognized snow records, wind records, or the requirements of the State or local authority indicate significant differences from the loads stated in this paragraph (c)(3), the Department may establish, through rulemaking, more stringent requirements for manufactured homes to be installed in such areas. For snow loads, such requirements must be based on a roof snow load of 0.6 of the ground snow load for areas exposed to wind and a roof snow load of 0.8 of the ground snow load for sheltered areas.

(iii) Eaves and cornices shall be designed for a net uplift pressure of 2.5 times the design uplift wind pressure cited in § 3280.305(c)(1)(i) for Wind Zone I, and for the design pressures cited in § 3280.305(c)(1)(ii) for Wind Zones II and III.

(iv) Skylights must be capable of withstanding roof loads as specified in paragraphs (c)(3)(i) or (c)(3)(ii) of this section. Skylights must be listed and tested in accordance with AAMA 1600/I.S.7-00, 2003, Voluntary Specification for Skylights.

(4) Data plate requirements. The Data Plate posted in the manufactured home (see § 3280.5) shall designate the wind and roof load zones or, if designed for higher loads, the actual design external snow and wind loads for which the home has been designed. The Data Plate shall include reproductions of the Load Zone Maps shown in this paragraph (c)(4), with any related information. The Load Zone Maps shall be not less than either 3

1/2 in. by 2

1/4 in., or one-half the size illustrated in the Code of Federal Regulations.

(d) Design load deflection. (1) When a structural assembly is subjected to total design live loads, the deflection for structural framing members shall not exceed the following (where L equals the clear span between supports or two times the length of a cantilever):

Floor—L/240

Roof and ceiling—L/180

Headers, beams, and girders (vertical load)—L/180

Walls and partitions—L/180

(2) The allowable eave or cornice deflection for uplift is to be measured at the design uplift load of 9 psf for Wind Zone I, and at the design uplift pressure cited in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section for Wind Zones II and III. The allowable deflection shall be (2 × Lc)/180, where Lc is the measured horizontal eave projection from the wall.

(e) Fastening of structural systems. (1) Roof framing must be securely fastened to wall framing, walls to floor structure, and floor structure to chassis, to secure and maintain continuity between the floor and chassis in order to resist wind overturning, uplift, and sliding, and to provide continuous load paths for these forces to the foundation or anchorage system. The number and type of fasteners used must be capable of transferring all forces between elements being joined. In multistory construction, each story must be securely fastened to the story above and/or below to provide continuity and resist design loads in this section.

(2) For Wind Zone II and Wind Zone III, roof framing members must be securely fastened at the vertical bearing points to resist design overturning, uplift, and sliding forces. When engineered connectors are not installed, roof framing members must be secured at the vertical bearing points to wall framing members (studs), and wall framing members (studs) must be secured to floor framing members, with 0.016 inch base metal, minimum steel strapping or engineered connectors, or by a combination of 0.016 inch base metal, minimum steel strapping or engineered connectors, and structural-rated wall sheathing that overlaps the roof and floor system if substantiated by structural analysis or by suitable load tests. Steel strapping or engineered connectors are to be installed at a maximum spacing of 24 inches on center in Wind Zone II, and 16 inches on center in Wind Zone III. Exception: Where substantiated by structural analysis or suitable load tests, the 0.016 inch base metal minimum steel strapping or engineered connectors may be omitted at the roof to wall and/or wall to floor connections, when structural rated sheathing that overlaps the roof and wall and/or wall and floor is capable of resisting the applicable design wind loads.

(f) Walls. The walls shall be of sufficient strength to withstand the load requirements as defined in § 3280.305(c) of this part, without exceeding the deflections as specified in § 3280.305(d). The connections between the bearing walls, floor, and roof framework members shall be fabricated in such a manner as to provide support for the material used to enclose the manufactured home and to provide for transfer of all lateral and vertical loads to the floor and chassis.

(1) Except where substantiated by engineering analysis or tests, studs shall not be notched or drilled in the middle one-third of their length.

(2) Interior walls and partitions shall be constructed with structural capacity adequate for the intended purpose and shall be capable of resisting a horizontal load of not less than five pounds per square foot. An allowable stress increase of 1.33 times the permitted published design values may be used in the design of wood framed interior partitions. Finish of walls and partitions shall be securely fastened to wall framing.

(g) Floors. (1) Floor assemblies shall be designed in accordance with accepted engineering practice standards to support a minimum uniform live load of 40 lb/ft

2 plus the dead load of the materials. In addition (but not simultaneously), floors shall be able to support a 200-pound concentrated load on a one-inch diameter disc at the most critical location with a maximum deflection not to exceed one-eighth inch relative to floor framing. Perimeter wood joists of more than six inches depth shall be stabilized against overturning from superimposed loads as follows: at ends by solid blocking not less than two-inch thickness by full depth of joist, or by connecting to a continuous header not less than two-inch thickness and not less than the depth of the joist with connecting devices; at eight-feet maximum intermediate spacing by solid blocking or by wood cross-bridging of not less than one inch by three inches, metal cross-bridging of equal strength, or by other approved methods.

(2) Wood, wood fiber or plywood floors or subfloors in kitchens, bathrooms (including toilet compartments), laundry areas, water heater compartments, and any other areas subject to excessive moisture shall be moisture resistant or shall be made moisture resistant by sealing or by an overlay of nonabsorbent material applied with water-resistant adhesive. Use of one of the following methods would meet this requirement:

(i) Sealing the floor with a water-resistant sealer; or

(ii) Installing an overlay of a non-absorbent floor covering material applied with water-resistant adhesive; or

(iii) Direct application of a water-resistant sealer to the exposed wood floor area when covered with a non-absorbent overlay; or

(iv) The use of a non-absorbent floor covering which may be installed without a continuous application of a water-resistant adhesive or sealant when the floor covering meets the following criteria:

(A) The covering is a continuous membrane with any seams or patches seam bonded or welded to preserve the continuity of the floor covering; and

(B) The floor is protected at all penetrations in these areas by sealing with a compatible water-resistant adhesive or sealant to prevent moisture from migrating under the nonabsorbent floor covering; and

(C) The covering is fastened around the perimeter of the subfloor in accordance with the floor covering manufacturer's instructions; and,

(D) The covering is designed to be installed to prevent moisture penetration without the use of a water-resistant adhesive or sealer except as required in this paragraph (g). The vertical edges of penetrations for plumbing shall be covered with a moisture-resistant adhesive or sealant. The vertical penetrations located under the bottom plates of perimeter walls of rooms, areas, or compartments are not required to be sealed; this does not include walls or partitions within the rooms or areas.

(3) Wood panel products used as floor or subfloor materials on the exterior of the home, such as in recessed entryways, must be rated for exterior exposure and protected from moisture by sealing or applying nonabsorbent overlay with water resistant adhesive.

(4) Carpet or carpet pads shall not be installed under concealed spaces subject to excessive moisture, such as plumbing fixture spaces, floor areas under installed laundry equipment. Carpet may be installed in laundry space provided:

(i) The appliances are not provided;

(ii) The conditions of paragraph (g)(2) of this section are followed; and

(iii) Instructions are provided to remove carpet when appliances are installed.

(5) Except where substantiated by engineering analysis or tests:

(i) Notches on the ends of joists shall not exceed one-fourth the joist depth.

(ii) Holes bored in joists shall not be within 2 inches of the top or bottom of the joist, and the diameter of any such hole shall not exceed one-third the depth of the joist.

(iii) Notches in the top or bottom of the joists shall not exceed one-sixth the depth and shall not be located in the middle third of the span.

(6) Bottom board material (with or without patches) must meet or exceed the level of 48 inch-pounds of puncture resistance as tested by the Beach Puncture Test in accordance with Standard Test Methods for Puncture and Stiffness of Paperboard, and Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard, ASTM D781-1968 (Reapproved 1973) (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). The material must be suitable for patches and the patch life must be equivalent to the material life. Patch installation instruction must be included in the manufactured home manufacturer's instructions. The bottom board material must be tight fitted against all penetrations.

(h) Roofs. (1) Roofs shall be of sufficient strength to withstand the load requirements as defined in § 3280.305 (b) and (c) without exceeding the deflections specified in § 3280.305(d). The connections between roof framework members and bearing walls shall be fabricated in such a manner to provide for the transfer of design vertical and horizontal loads to the bearing walls and to resist uplift forces.

(2) Roofing membranes shall be of sufficient rigidity to prevent deflection which would permit ponding of water or separation of seams due to wind, snow, ice, erection or transportation forces.

(3) Cutting of roof framework members for passage of electrical, plumbing or mechanical systems shall not be allowed except where substantiated by engineering analysis.

(4) All roof penetrations for electrical, plumbing or mechanical systems shall be properly flashed and sealed. In addition, where a metal roof membrane is penetrated, a wood backer shall be installed. The backer plate shall be not less than

5/16 inch plywood, with exterior glues, secured to the roof framing system beneath the metal roof, and shall be of a size to assure that all screws securing the flashing are held by the backer plate.

(5) Portions of roof assemblies, including, but not limited to, dormers, gables, crickets, hinged roof sections, sheathing, roof coverings, underlayments, flashings, and eaves and overhangs are permitted to be assembled and installed on site in accordance with 24 CFR part 3282, subpart M, provided that the requirements in paragraphs (h)(5)(i) through (iv) of this section are met.

(i) Approved installation instructions must be provided that include requirements for the following items:

(A) Materials, installation, and structural connections complying with this section;

(B) Installation and fastening of sheathing and roof coverings;

(C) Installation of appliance vent systems in accordance with § 3280.710;

(D) Installation of plumbing vents as required by § 3280.611; and

(E) Installation of attic ventilation in accordance with § 3280.504(c).

(ii) The installation instructions specified in paragraph (h)(5)(i) of this section must include drawings, details, and instructions as necessary to assure that the on-site work complies with the approved design.

(iii) The installation instructions specified in paragraph (h)(5)(i) of this section must provide for inspection of the work at the installation site. As necessary to ensure conformance, inspection panels may be required, or inspections may need to occur in stages that assure inspections are performed before any work is concealed. Such inspection procedures shall be addressed in the approved installation instructions.

(iv) Temporary weather protection must be provided per § 3280.307(e).

(i) Frame construction. The frame shall be capable of transmitting all design loads to stabilizing devices without exceeding the allowable load and deflections of this section. The frame shall also be capable of withstanding the effects of transportation shock and vibration without degradation as required by subpart J.

(1) [Reserved]

(2) Protection of metal frames against corrosion. Metal frames shall be made corrosion resistant or protected against corrosion. Metal frames may be protected against corrosion by painting.

(j) Welded connections. (1) All welds must be made in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, AISC 360 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4); the North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, AISI S100 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4); and the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members, SEI/ASCE 8 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

(2) Regardless of the provisions of any reference standard contained in this subpart, deposits of weld slag or flux shall be required to be removed only from welded joints at the following locations:

(i) Drawbar and coupling mechanisms;

(ii) Main member splices, and

(iii) Spring hanger to main member connections.

(k) Attics. (1) For roofs with slopes 7:12 or greater, the area of the attic floor that meets the ceiling-height/living-space requirements of these construction and safety standards must be designed to resist a minimum design live load of 40 pounds per square foot (psf) in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section.

(2) For roofs with slopes less than 7:12 that contain an attic area or for portions of roofs with slopes 7:12 or greater that do meet the ceiling height/living space requirements of the standards, the attic floor must be designed for a storage live load of 20 pounds per square foot (psf).

(i) Attic area as used within this section are those spaces where the maximum clear height between joist and rafters is 42 inches or greater or where there are two or more adjacent trusses with web configurations capable of accommodating an assumed rectangle 42 inches high by 24 inches in width or greater, within the plane of the trusses.

(ii) The live load need only be applied to those portions of the joist or truss bottom chords where all of the following criteria are met:

(A) The attic area is accessible from an opening not less than 20 inches in width and 30 inches in length that is located where the clear height in the attic is a minimum of 30 inches; and

(B) The slope of the joists of the truss bottom chord are no greater than 2 inches vertical to 12 inches horizontal; and

(C) Required insulation depth is less than the joist or truss bottom chord member depth.

§ 3280.306 Windstorm protection.

(a) Provisions for support and anchoring systems. Each manufactured home shall have provisions for support/anchoring or foundation systems that, when properly designed and installed, will resist overturning and lateral movement (sliding) of the manufactured home as imposed by the respective design loads. For Wind Zone I, the design wind loads to be used for calculating resistance to overturning and lateral movement shall be the simultaneous application of the wind loads indicated in § 3280.305(c)(1)(i), increased by a factor of 1.5. The 1.5 factor of safety for Wind Zone I is also to be applied simultaneously to both the vertical building projection, as horizontal wind load, and across the surface of the full roof structure, as uplift loading. For Wind Zones II and III, the resistance shall be determined by the simultaneous application of the horizontal drag and uplift wind loads, in accordance with § 3280.305(c)(1)(ii). The basic allowable stresses of materials required to resist overturning and lateral movement shall not be increased in the design and proportioning of these members. No additional shape or location factors need to be applied in the design of the tiedown system. The dead load of the structure may be used to resist these wind loading effects in all Wind Zones.

(1) The provisions of this section shall be followed and the support and anchoring systems shall be designed by a Registered Professional Engineer or Architect.

(2) The manufacturer of each manufactured home is required to make provision for the support and anchoring systems but is not required to provide the anchoring equipment or stabilizing devices. When the manufacturer's installation instructions provide for the main frame structure to be used as the points for connection of diagonal ties, no specific connecting devices need be provided on the main frame structure.

(b) Contents of instructions. (1) The manufacturer must provide printed instructions with each manufactured home that specify the location and required capacity of stabilizing devices on which the home's design is based. The manufacturer must identify by paint, label, decal stencil, or other means: the location of each column support pier location required along the marriage line(s) of multi-section manufactured homes; each pier location required along the perimeter of the home; each required shear wall pier support; and any other special pier support locations specified in the manufacturer's printed instructions. Such identifications must be visible after the home is installed. The manufacturer must provide drawings and specifications, certified by a registered professional engineer or architect, that indicate at least one acceptable system of anchoring, including the details or required straps or cables, their end connections, and all other devices needed to transfer the wind loads from the manufactured home to an anchoring or foundation system.

(2) For anchoring systems, the instructions shall indicate:

(i) The minimum anchor capacity required;

(ii) That anchors should be certified by a professional engineer, architect, or a nationally recognized testing laboratory as to their resistance, based on the maximum angle of diagonal tie and/or vertical tie loading (see paragraph (c)(3) of this section) and angle of anchor installation, and type of soil in which the anchor is to be installed;

(iii) That ground anchors are to be embedded below the frost line, unless the foundation system is frost-protected in accordance with §§ 3285.312(b) and 3285.404 of the Model Manufactured Home Installation Standards in this chapter.

(iv) That ground anchors must be installed to their full depth, and stabilizer plates must be installed in accordance with the ground anchor listing or certification to provide required resistance to overturning and sliding.

(v) That anchoring equipment should be certified by a registered professional engineer or architect to resist these specified forces in accordance with testing procedures in ASTM D3953-97, Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

(c) Design criteria. The provisions made for anchoring systems shall be based on the following design criteria for manufactured homes.

(1) The minimum number of ties provided per side of each home shall resist design wind loads required in § 3280.305(c)(1).

(2) Ties shall be as evenly spaced as practicable along the length of the manufactured home, with not more than two (2) feet open-end spacing on each end.

(3) Vertical ties or straps shall be positioned at studs. Where a vertical tie and a diagonal tie are located at the same place, both ties may be connected to a single anchor, provided that the anchor used is capable of carrying both loadings, simultaneously.

(4) Add-on sections of expandable manufactured homes shall have provisions for vertical ties at the exposed ends.

(d) Requirements for ties. Manufactured homes in Wind Zone I require only diagonal ties. These ties shall be placed along the main frame and below the outer side walls. All manufactured homes designed to be located in Wind Zones II and III shall have a vertical tie installed at each diagonal tie location.

(e) Protection requirements. Protection shall be provided at sharp corners where the anchoring system requires the use of external straps or cables. Protection shall also be provided to minimize damage to siding by the cable or strap.

(f) Anchoring equipment—load resistance. Anchoring equipment shall be capable of resisting an allowable working load equal to or exceeding 3,150 pounds and shall be capable of withstanding a 50 percent overload (4,725 pounds total) without failure of either the anchoring equipment or the attachment point on the manufactured home.

(g) Anchoring equipment—weatherization. Anchoring equipment exposed to weathering shall have a resistance to weather deterioration at least equivalent to that provided by a coating of zinc on steel of not less than 0.30 ounces per square foot of surface coated, and in accordance with the following:

(1) Slit or cut edges of zinc-coated steel strapping do not need to be zinc coated.

(2) Type 1, Finish B, Grade 1 steel strapping, 1

1/4 inches wide and 0.035 inches in thickness, certified by a registered professional engineer or architect as conforming with ASTM D3953-97, Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4).

§ 3280.307 Resistance to elements and use.

(a) Exterior coverings shall be of moisture and weather resistive materials attached with corrosion resistant fasteners to resist wind, snow and rain. Metal coverings and exposed metal structural members shall be of corrosion resistant materials or shall be protected to resist corrosion. All joints between portions of the exterior covering shall be designed, and assembled to protect against the infiltration of air and water, except for any designed ventilation of wall or roof cavity.

(b) Joints between dissimilar materials and joints between exterior coverings and frames of openings shall be protected with a compatible sealant suitable to resist infiltration of air or water.

(c) Where adjoining materials or assemblies of materials are of such nature that separation can occur due to expansion, contraction, wind loads or other loads induced by erection or transportation, sealants shall be of a type that maintains protection against infiltration or penetration by air, moisture or vermin.

(d) Exterior surfaces shall be sealed to resist the entrance of rodents.

(e) Multi-section and attached manufactured homes (see subpart K of this part) are not required to comply with the factory installation of weather-resistant exterior finishes for those areas left open for field connection of the sections provided the following conditions are satisfied:

(1) Temporary weather protection for exposed, unprotected construction is provided in accordance with methods to be included in the approved design.

(2) Methods for on-site completion and finishing of these elements are included in the approved design.

(3) Complete installation instructions and the required materials for finishing these elements are provided.

(f) The exterior wall envelope must be designed and constructed in a manner that prevents the accumulation of water within the wall assembly by providing a Water Resistive Barrier (WRB) behind the exterior cladding and a means of draining water that enters the assembly.

§ 3280.308 Formaldehyde emission controls for composite wood products

(a) Definitions. For purposes of this section, the definitions found in 40 CFR 770.3 apply.

(b) Formaldehyde emission levels. The following maximum formaldehyde emission standards apply whether the composite wood product is in the form of a panel or is incorporated into a component part or finished good:

(1) For hardwood plywood made with a veneer core or composite core, the maximum level is 0.05 parts per million (ppm) of formaldehyde;

(2) For medium density fiberboard, the maximum level is 0.11 ppm of formaldehyde;

(3) For thin medium density fiberboard, the maximum level is 0.13 ppm of formaldehyde; and

(4) For particleboard, the maximum level is 0.09 ppm of formaldehyde.

(c) Product certification and continuing qualification. Only certified composite wood products whether in the form of panels or incorporated into component parts or finished goods, are permitted to be used in manufactured homes sold, supplied, offered for sale, or manufactured in or imported into the United States, consistent with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) product testing requirements at 40 CFR 770.15. See § 3280.406 for testing requirements for product certification and testing requirements for continuing qualification of formaldehyde emission levels.

(d) Panel label. Manufactured homes must use panels or bundles of panels that are labeled by a panel producer consistent with the labeling requirements at 40 CFR 770.45.

(e) Finished good certification label. Each manufactured home must be provided with a finished good certification label indicating that the home has been produced with composite wood products, or finished goods that contain composite wood products, that comply with the formaldehyde emission requirements of this part and 40 CFR part 770, consistent with § 3280.5(i).

(f) Non-complying lots. Composite wood products from non-complying lots ( i.e., lots that exceed the applicable formaldehyde ppm) are not certified composite wood products and may not be used in manufactured homes except in accordance with 40 CFR 770.22.

(g) Stockpiling. The use of stockpiled inventory of composite wood products, whether in the form of panels or incorporated into component parts or finished goods, in manufactured homes, is prohibited in accordance with EPA regulations at 40 CFR 770.12(b) through (d).

(h) Third party certification. All composite wood products in paragraph (b) of this section must be certified by an agency or organization that has been recognized to participate in the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Title VI Third Party Certification Program.