CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, LARGE NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

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CFR Regulation

CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, LARGE NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

Citation

40 CFR Part 1048

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§ 1048.1Does this part apply to me?

(a) The regulations in this part 1048 apply for all new, spark-ignition nonroad engines (defined in § 1048.801) with maximum engine power above 19 kW, except as provided in § 1048.5.
(b) This part 1048 applies for engines built on or after January 1, 2004. You need not follow this part for engines you produce before January 1, 2004. See §§ 1048.101 through 1048.115, § 1048.145, and the definition of model year in § 1048.801 for more information about the timing of new requirements.
(c) The definition of nonroad engine in 40 CFR 1068.30 excludes certain engines used in stationary applications. These engines may be required by 40 CFR part 60, subpart JJJJ, to comply with some of the provisions of this part 1048; otherwise, these engines are only required to comply with the requirements in § 1048.20. In addition, the prohibitions in 40 CFR 1068.101 restrict the use of stationary engines for nonstationary purposes unless they are certified under this part 1048 to the same standards that would apply to nonroad engines for the same model year.
(d) In certain cases, the regulations in this part 1048 apply to engines with maximum engine power at or below 19 kW that would otherwise be covered by 40 CFR part 90 or 1054. See 40 CFR 90.913 or 1054.615 for provisions related to this allowance.

§ 1048.2Who is responsible for compliance?

The regulations in this part 1048 contain provisions that affect both engine manufacturers and others. However, the requirements of this part are generally addressed to the engine manufacturer. The term “you” generally means the engine manufacturer, as defined in § 1048.801, especially for issues related to certification (including production-line testing, reporting, etc.).

§ 1048.5Which engines are excluded from this part's requirements?

This part does not apply to the following nonroad engines:
(a) Engines that are certified to meet the requirements of 40 CFR part 1051, or are otherwise subject to 40 CFR part 1051 (for example, engines used in snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles).
(b) Propulsion marine engines. See 40 CFR parts 91 and 1045. This part applies with respect to auxiliary marine engines.
(c) Engines that are certified to meet the requirements of 40 CFR parts 92 or 1033 (locomotive engines), or are otherwise subject to 40 CFR parts 92 or 1033.

§ 1048.10How is this part organized?

This part 1048 is divided into the following subparts:
(a) Subpart A of this part defines the applicability of part 1048 and gives an overview of regulatory requirements.
(b) Subpart B of this part describes the emission standards and other requirements that must be met to certify engines under this part. Note that § 1048.145 discusses certain interim requirements and compliance provisions that apply only for a limited time.
(c) Subpart C of this part describes how to apply for a certificate of conformity.
(d) Subpart D of this part describes general provisions for testing production-line engines.
(e) Subpart E of this part describes general provisions for testing in-use engines.
(f) Subpart F of this part describes how to test your engines (including references to other parts of the Code of Federal Regulations).
(g) Subpart G of this part and 40 CFR part 1068 describe requirements, prohibitions, and other provisions that apply to engine manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, owners, operators, rebuilders, and all others.
(h) [Reserved]
(i) Subpart I of this part contains definitions and other reference information.

§ 1048.15Do any other regulation parts apply to me?

(a) Part 1060 of this chapter describes standards and procedures for controlling evaporative emissions from engines fueled by gasoline or other volatile liquid fuels and the associated fuel systems. These requirements apply to engine manufacturers as specified in this part 1048. Part 1060 applies optionally for equipment manufacturers and fuel-system component manufacturers for certifying their products.
(b) Part 1065 of this chapter describes procedures and equipment specifications for testing engines to measure exhaust emissions. Subpart F of this part 1048 describes how to apply the provisions of part 1065 of this chapter to determine whether engines meet the exhaust emission standards in this part.
(c) The requirements and prohibitions of part 1068 of this chapter apply to everyone, including anyone who manufactures, imports, installs, owns, operates, or rebuilds any of the engines subject to this part 1048, or equipment containing these engines. Part 1068 of this chapter describes general provisions, including these seven areas:
(1) Prohibited acts and penalties for engine manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, and others.
(2) Rebuilding and other aftermarket changes.
(3) Exclusions and exemptions for certain engines.
(4) Importing engines.
(5) Selective enforcement audits of your production.
(6) Defect reporting and recall.
(7) Procedures for hearings.
(d) Other parts of this chapter apply if referenced in this part.

§ 1048.20What requirements from this part apply to excluded stationary engines?

(a) You must add a permanent label or tag to each new engine you produce or import that is excluded under § 1048.1(c) as a stationary engine and is not required by 40 CFR part 60, subpart JJJJ, to meet the standards and other requirements of this part 1048 that are equivalent to the requirements applicable to nonroad SI engines for the same model year. To meet labeling requirements, you must do the following things:
(1) Attach the label or tag in one piece so no one can remove it without destroying or defacing it.
(2) Secure it to a part of the engine needed for normal operation and not normally requiring replacement.
(3) Make sure it is durable and readable for the engine's entire life.
(4) Write it in English.
(5) Follow the requirements in § 1048.135(g) regarding duplicate labels if the engine label is obscured in the final installation.
(b) Engine labels or tags required under this section must have the following information:
(1) Include the heading “EMISSION CONTROL INFORMATION”.
(2) Include your full corporate name and trademark. You may instead include the full corporate name and trademark of another company you choose to designate.
(3) State the engine displacement (in liters) and maximum engine power.
(4) State: “THIS ENGINE IS EXCLUDED FROM THE REQUIREMENTS OF 40 CFR PART 1048 AS A “STATIONARY ENGINE” AND THE OWNER/OPERATOR MUST COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF 40 CFR PART 60. INSTALLING OR USING THIS ENGINE IN ANY OTHER APPLICATION MAY BE A VIOLATION OF FEDERAL LAW SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTY.”.
(c) Stationary engines required by 40 CFR part 60, subpart JJJJ, to meet the requirements of this part 1048 must meet the labeling requirements of 40 CFR 60.4242.

§ 1048.30Submission of information.

(a) This part includes various requirements to record data or other information. Refer to § 1048.825 and 40 CFR 1068.25 regarding recordkeeping requirements. Unless we specify otherwise, store these records in any format and on any media and keep them readily available for one year after you send an associated application for certification, or one year after you generate the data if they do not support an application for certification. You must promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. We may review them at any time.
(b) The regulations in § 1048.255 and 40 CFR 1068.101 describe your obligation to report truthful and complete information and the consequences of failing to meet this obligation. This includes information not related to certification.
(c) Send all reports and requests for approval to the Designated Compliance Officer ( see § 1048.801).
(d) Any written information we require you to send to or receive from another company is deemed to be a required record under this section. Such records are also deemed to be submissions to EPA. We may require you to send us these records whether or not you are a certificate holder.

Appendix IIAppendix II to Part 1048—Large Spark-ignition (SI) Composite Transient Cycle

The following table shows the transient duty-cycle for engines that are not constant-speed engines, as described in § 1048.510:
Time(s)
Normalized speed (percent)
Normalized torque (percent)
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
9
1
8
10
6
54
11
8
61
12
34
59
13
22
46
14
5
51
15
18
51
16
31
50
17
30
56
18
31
49
19
25
66
20
58
55
21
43
31
22
16
45
23
24
38
24
24
27
25
30
33
26
45
65
27
50
49
28
23
42
29
13
42
30
9
45
31
23
30
32
37
45
33
44
50
34
49
52
35
55
49
36
61
46
37
66
38
38
42
33
39
17
41
40
17
37
41
7
50
42
20
32
43
5
55
44
30
42
45
44
53
46
45
56
47
41
52
48
24
41
49
15
40
50
11
44
51
32
31
52
38
54
53
38
47
54
9
55
55
10
50
56
33
55
57
48
56
58
49
47
59
33
44
60
52
43
61
55
43
62
59
38
63
44
28
64
24
37
65
12
44
66
9
47
67
12
52
68
34
21
69
29
44
70
44
54
71
54
62
72
62
57
73
72
56
74
88
71
75
100
69
76
100
34
77
100
42
78
100
54
79
100
58
80
100
38
81
83
17
82
61
15
83
43
22
84
24
35
85
16
39
86
15
45
87
32
34
88
14
42
89
8
48
90
5
51
91
10
41
92
12
37
93
4
47
94
3
49
95
3
50
96
4
49
97
4
48
98
8
43
99
2
51
100
5
46
101
8
41
102
4
47
103
3
49
104
6
45
105
3
48
106
10
42
107
18
27
108
3
50
109
11
41
110
34
29
111
51
57
112
67
63
113
61
32
114
44
31
115
48
54
116
69
65
117
85
65
118
81
29
119
74
21
120
62
23
121
76
58
122
96
75
123
100
77
124
100
27
125
100
79
126
100
79
127
100
81
128
100
57
129
99
52
130
81
35
131
69
29
132
47
22
133
34
28
134
27
37
135
83
60
136
100
74
137
100
7
138
100
2
139
70
18
140
23
39
141
5
54
142
11
40
143
11
34
144
11
41
145
19
25
146
16
32
147
20
31
148
21
38
149
21
42
150
9
51
151
4
49
152
2
51
153
1
58
154
21
57
155
29
47
156
33
45
157
16
49
158
38
45
159
37
43
160
35
42
161
39
43
162
51
49
163
59
55
164
65
54
165
76
62
166
84
59
167
83
29
168
67
35
169
84
54
170
90
58
171
93
43
172
90
29
173
66
19
174
52
16
175
49
17
176
56
38
177
73
71
178
86
80
179
96
75
180
89
27
181
66
17
182
50
18
183
36
25
184
36
24
185
38
40
186
40
50
187
27
48
188
19
48
189
23
50
190
19
45
191
6
51
192
24
48
193
49
67
194
47
49
195
22
44
196
25
40
197
38
54
198
43
55
199
40
52
200
14
49
201
11
45
202
7
48
203
26
41
204
41
59
205
53
60
206
44
54
207
22
40
208
24
41
209
32
53
210
44
74
211
57
25
212
22
49
213
29
45
214
19
37
215
14
43
216
36
40
217
43
63
218
42
49
219
15
50
220
19
44
221
47
59
222
67
80
223
76
74
224
87
66
225
98
61
226
100
38
227
97
27
228
100
53
229
100
72
230
100
49
231
100
4
232
100
13
233
87
15
234
53
26
235
33
27
236
39
19
237
51
33
238
67
54
239
83
60
240
95
52
241
100
50
242
100
36
243
100
25
244
85
16
245
62
16
246
40
26
247
56
39
248
81
75
249
98
86
250
100
76
251
100
51
252
100
78
253
100
83
254
100
100
255
100
66
256
100
85
257
100
72
258
100
45
259
98
58
260
60
30
261
43
32
262
71
36
263
44
32
264
24
38
265
42
17
266
22
51
267
13
53
268
23
45
269
29
50
270
28
42
271
21
55
272
34
57
273
44
47
274
19
46
275
13
44
276
25
36
277
43
51
278
55
73
279
68
72
280
76
63
281
80
45
282
83
40
283
78
26
284
60
20
285
47
19
286
52
25
287
36
30
288
40
26
289
45
34
290
47
35
291
42
28
292
46
38
293
48
44
294
68
61
295
70
47
296
48
28
297
42
22
298
31
29
299
22
35
300
28
28
301
46
46
302
62
69
303
76
81
304
88
85
305
98
81
306
100
74
307
100
13
308
100
11
309
100
17
310
99
3
311
80
7
312
62
11
313
63
11
314
64
16
315
69
43
316
81
67
317
93
74
318
100
72
319
94
27
320
73
15
321
40
33
322
40
52
323
50
50
324
11
53
325
12
45
326
5
50
327
1
55
328
7
55
329
62
60
330
80
28
331
23
37
332
39
58
333
47
24
334
59
51
335
58
68
336
36
52
337
18
42
338
36
52
339
59
73
340
72
85
341
85
92
342
99
90
343
100
72
344
100
18
345
100
76
346
100
64
347
100
87
348
100
97
349
100
84
350
100
100
351
100
91
352
100
83
353
100
93
354
100
100
355
94
43
356
72
10
357
77
3
358
48
2
359
29
5
360
59
19
361
63
5
362
35
2
363
24
3
364
28
2
365
36
16
366
54
23
367
60
10
368
33
1
369
23
0
370
16
0
371
11
0
372
20
0
373
25
2
374
40
3
375
33
4
376
34
5
377
46
7
378
57
10
379
66
11
380
75
14
381
79
11
382
80
16
383
92
21
384
99
16
385
83
2
386
71
2
387
69
4
388
67
4
389
74
16
390
86
25
391
97
28
392
100
15
393
83
2
394
62
4
395
40
6
396
49
10
397
36
5
398
27
4
399
29
3
400
22
2
401
13
3
402
37
36
403
90
26
404
41
2
405
25
2
406
29
2
407
38
7
408
50
13
409
55
10
410
29
3
411
24
7
412
51
16
413
62
15
414
72
35
415
91
74
416
100
73
417
100
8
418
98
11
419
100
59
420
100
98
421
100
99
422
100
75
423
100
95
424
100
100
425
100
97
426
100
90
427
100
86
428
100
82
429
97
43
430
70
16
431
50
20
432
42
33
433
89
64
434
89
77
435
99
95
436
100
41
437
77
12
438
29
37
439
16
41
440
16
38
441
15
36
442
18
44
443
4
55
444
24
26
445
26
35
446
15
45
447
21
39
448
29
52
449
26
46
450
27
50
451
13
43
452
25
36
453
37
57
454
29
46
455
17
39
456
13
41
457
19
38
458
28
35
459
8
51
460
14
36
461
17
47
462
34
39
463
34
57
464
11
70
465
13
51
466
13
68
467
38
44
468
53
67
469
29
69
470
19
65
471
52
45
472
61
79
473
29
70
474
15
53
475
15
60
476
52
40
477
50
61
478
13
74
479
46
51
480
60
73
481
33
84
482
31
63
483
41
42
484
26
69
485
23
65
486
48
49
487
28
57
488
16
67
489
39
48
490
47
73
491
35
87
492
26
73
493
30
61
494
34
49
495
35
66
496
56
47
497
49
64
498
59
64
499
42
69
500
6
77
501
5
59
502
17
59
503
45
53
504
21
62
505
31
60
506
53
68
507
48
79
508
45
61
509
51
47
510
41
48
511
26
58
512
21
62
513
50
52
514
39
65
515
23
65
516
42
62
517
57
80
518
66
81
519
64
62
520
45
42
521
33
42
522
27
57
523
31
59
524
41
53
525
45
72
526
48
73
527
46
90
528
56
76
529
64
76
530
69
64
531
72
59
532
73
58
533
71
56
534
66
48
535
61
50
536
55
56
537
52
52
538
54
49
539
61
50
540
64
54
541
67
54
542
68
52
543
60
53
544
52
50
545
45
49
546
38
45
547
32
45
548
26
53
549
23
56
550
30
49
551
33
55
552
35
59
553
33
65
554
30
67
555
28
59
556
25
58
557
23
56
558
22
57
559
19
63
560
14
63
561
31
61
562
35
62
563
21
80
564
28
65
565
7
74
566
23
54
567
38
54
568
14
78
569
38
58
570
52
75
571
59
81
572
66
69
573
54
44
574
48
34
575
44
33
576
40
40
577
28
58
578
27
63
579
35
45
580
20
66
581
15
60
582
10
52
583
22
56
584
30
62
585
21
67
586
29
53
587
41
56
588
15
67
589
24
56
590
42
69
591
39
83
592
40
73
593
35
67
594
32
61
595
30
65
596
30
72
597
48
51
598
66
58
599
62
71
600
36
63
601
17
59
602
16
50
603
16
62
604
34
48
605
51
66
606
35
74
607
15
56
608
19
54
609
43
65
610
52
80
611
52
83
612
49
57
613
48
46
614
37
36
615
25
44
616
14
53
617
13
64
618
23
56
619
21
63
620
18
67
621
20
54
622
16
67
623
26
56
624
41
65
625
28
62
626
19
60
627
33
56
628
37
70
629
24
79
630
28
57
631
40
57
632
40
58
633
28
44
634
25
41
635
29
53
636
31
55
637
26
64
638
20
50
639
16
53
640
11
54
641
13
53
642
23
50
643
32
59
644
36
63
645
33
59
646
24
52
647
20
52
648
22
55
649
30
53
650
37
59
651
41
58
652
36
54
653
29
49
654
24
53
655
14
57
656
10
54
657
9
55
658
10
57
659
13
55
660
15
64
661
31
57
662
19
69
663
14
59
664
33
57
665
41
65
666
39
64
667
39
59
668
39
51
669
28
41
670
19
49
671
27
54
672
37
63
673
32
74
674
16
70
675
12
67
676
13
60
677
17
56
678
15
62
679
25
47
680
27
64
681
14
71
682
5
65
683
6
57
684
6
57
685
15
52
686
22
61
687
14
77
688
12
67
689
12
62
690
14
59
691
15
58
692
18
55
693
22
53
694
19
69
695
14
67
696
9
63
697
8
56
698
17
49
699
25
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700
14
70
701
12
60
702
22
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703
27
67
704
29
68
705
34
62
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35
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28
78
708
11
71
709
4
58
710
5
58
711
10
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712
20
63
713
13
76
714
11
65
715
9
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716
7
55
717
8
53
718
10
60
719
28
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720
12
73
721
4
64
722
4
61
723
4
61
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725
8
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20
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32
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66
729
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33
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733
31
59
734
29
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735
31
53
736
33
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737
33
48
738
27
44
739
21
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740
13
57
741
12
56
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22
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15
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8
66
746
34
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18
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9
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11
55
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12
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10
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16
53
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12
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754
6
70
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12
55
756
24
50
757
28
60
758
28
64
759
23
60
760
20
56
761
26
50
762
28
55
763
18
56
764
15
52
765
11
59
766
16
59
767
34
54
768
16
82
769
15
64
770
36
53
771
45
64
772
41
59
773
34
50
774
27
45
775
22
52
776
18
55
777
26
54
778
39
62
779
37
71
780
32
58
781
24
48
782
14
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783
7
59
784
7
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785
18
49
786
40
62
787
44
73
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41
68
789
35
48
790
29
54
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22
69
792
46
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793
59
71
794
69
68
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75
47
796
62
32
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48
35
798
27
59
799
13
58
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14
54
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21
53
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23
56
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23
57
804
23
65
805
13
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9
64
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27
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26
78
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40
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35
76
811
28
66
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23
57
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16
50
814
11
53
815
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9
62
817
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42
69
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53
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61
62
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63
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60
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49
39
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39
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50
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9
55
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27
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40
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17
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4
67
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2
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7
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12
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9
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30
78
865
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14
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10
55
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6
59
869
7
59
870
19
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61
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24
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873
34
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874
51
67
875
60
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876
58
55
877
60
52
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64
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879
68
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880
63
54
881
64
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882
68
58
883
73
47
884
63
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885
50
38
886
29
61
887
14
61
888
14
53
889
42
6
890
58
6
891
58
6
892
77
39
893
93
56
894
93
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93
37
896
93
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897
93
25
898
93
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899
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900
93
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901
93
21
902
93
22
903
93
24
904
93
23
905
93
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906
93
34
907
93
32
908
93
26
909
93
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910
93
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911
93
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912
93
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913
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36
914
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37
915
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916
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30
917
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32
918
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35
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920
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32
921
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28
922
93
23
923
94
18
924
95
18
925
96
17
926
95
13
927
96
10
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95
9
929
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7
930
95
7
931
96
7
932
96
6
933
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6
934
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6
935
90
6
936
69
43
937
76
62
938
93
47
939
93
39
940
93
35
941
93
34
942
93
36
943
93
39
944
93
34
945
93
26
946
93
23
947
93
24
948
93
24
949
93
22
950
93
19
951
93
17
952
93
19
953
93
22
954
93
24
955
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23
956
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20
957
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20
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959
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19
960
95
17
961
96
13
962
95
10
963
96
9
964
95
7
965
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7
966
95
7
967
95
6
968
96
6
969
96
6
970
89
6
971
68
6
972
57
6
973
66
32
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84
52
975
93
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976
93
42
977
93
36
978
93
28
979
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980
93
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981
93
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93
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93
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987
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93
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93
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93
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93
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93
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1014
93
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93
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1016
93
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1017
93
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1020
93
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93
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1022
93
37
1023
93
28
1024
93
26
1025
93
24
1026
93
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1027
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22
1028
93
21
1029
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1030
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20
1031
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1032
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1034
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1037
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1048
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1051
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1053
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1054
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1059
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1062
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1063
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1064
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1065
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1067
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1069
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1072
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1073
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1076
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1077
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1079
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1080
93
16
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1101
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1102
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1103
93
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1106
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1110
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1111
93
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1120
93
17
1121
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1122
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1125
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1126
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1127
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1128
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1130
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1148
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1190
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95
20
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96
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1193
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15
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11
1195
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1197
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7
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33
1199
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1203
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1209
0
0

§ 1048.101What exhaust emission standards must my engines meet?

The exhaust emission standards of this section apply by model year. You may certify engines earlier than we require. The Tier 1 standards apply only to steady-state testing, as described in paragraph (b) of this section. The Tier 2 standards apply to steady-state, transient, and field testing, as described in paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section.
(a) Emission standards for transient testing. Starting in the 2007 model year, transient exhaust emissions from your engines may not exceed the Tier 2 emission standards, as follows:
(1) Measure emissions using the applicable transient test procedures described in subpart F of this part.
(2) The Tier 2 HC + NO X standard is 2.7 g/kW-hr and the Tier 2 CO standard is 4.4 g/kW-hr. For severe-duty engines, the Tier 2 HC + NO X standard is 2.7 g/kW-hr and the Tier 2 CO standard is 130.0 g/kW-hr. The following engines are not subject to the transient standards in this paragraph (a):
(i) High-load engines.
(ii) Engines with maximum engine power above 560 kW.
(iii) Engines with maximum test speed above 3400 rpm.
(iv) Constant-speed engines and severe-duty engines.
(3) You may optionally certify your engines according to the following formula instead of the standards in paragraph (a)(1) of this section: (HC + NO X ) × CO
0.784 ≤8.57. The HC + NO X and CO emission levels you select to satisfy this formula, rounded to the nearest 0.1 g/kW-hr, become the emission standards that apply for those engines. You may not select an HC + NO X emission standard higher than 2.7 g/kW-hr or a CO emission standard higher than 20.6 g/kW-hr. The following table illustrates a range of possible values under this paragraph (a)(3):
Table 1 of § 1048.101—Examples of Possible Tier 2 Duty-cycle Emission Standards
HC + NO X (g/kW-hr)
CO (g/kW-hr)
2.7
4.4
2.2
5.6
1.7
7.9
1.3
11.1
1.0
15.5
0.8
20.6
(b) Standards for steady-state testing. Except as we allow in paragraph (d) of this section, steady-state exhaust emissions from your engines may not exceed emission standards, as follows:
(1) Measure emissions using the applicable steady-state test procedures described in subpart F of this part:
(2) The following table shows the Tier 1 exhaust emission standards that apply to engines from 2004 through 2006 model years:
Table 2 of § 1048.101—Tier 1 Emission Standards (g/kW-hr)
Testing
General emission standards
Alternate emission standards for severe-duty engines
HC + NO X
CO
HC + NO X
CO
Certification and production-line testing
4.0
50.0
4.0
130.0
In-use testing
5.4
50.0
5.4
130.0
(3) Starting in the 2007 model year, steady-state exhaust emissions from your engines may not exceed the numerical emission standards in paragraph (a) of this section. See paragraph (d) of this section for alternate standards that apply for certain engines.
(c) Standards for field testing. Starting in 2007, exhaust emissions may not exceed field-testing standards, as follows:
(1) Measure emissions using the field-testing procedures in subpart F of this part:
(2) The HC + NO X standard is 3.8 g/kW-hr and the CO standard is 6.5 g/kW-hr. For severe-duty engines, the HC + NO X standard is 3.8 g/kW-hr and the CO standard is 200.0 g/kW-hr. For natural gas-fueled engines, you are not required to measure nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions or total hydrocarbon emissions for testing to show that the engine meets the emission standards of this paragraph (c); that is, you may assume HC emissions are equal to zero.
(3) You may apply the following formula to determine alternate emission standards that apply to your engines instead of the standards in paragraph (c)(1) of this section: (HC + NO X ) × CO
0.791 ≤16.78. HC + NO X emission levels may not exceed 3.8 g/kW-hr and CO emission levels may not exceed 31.0 g/kW-hr. The following table illustrates a range of possible values under this paragraph (c)(2):
Table 3 of § 1048.101—Examples of Possible Tier 2 Field-testing Emission Standards
HC + NO X (g/kW-hr)
CO (g/kW-hr)
3.8
6.5
3.1
8.5
2.4
11.7
1.8
16.8
1.4
23.1
1.1
31.0
(d) Engine protection. For engines that require enrichment at high loads to protect the engine, you may ask to meet alternate Tier 2 standards of 2.7 g/kW-hr for HC + NO X and 31.0 g/kW-hr for CO instead of the emission standards described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section for steady-state testing. If we approve your request, you must still meet the transient testing standards in paragraph (a) of this section and the field-testing standards in paragraph (c) of this section. To qualify for this allowance, you must do all the following things:
(1) Show that enrichment is necessary to protect the engine from damage.
(2) Show that you limit enrichment to operating modes that require additional cooling to protect the engine from damage.
(3) Show in your application for certification that enrichment will rarely occur in use in the equipment in which your engines are installed. For example, an engine that is expected to operate 5 percent of the time in use with enrichment would clearly not qualify.
(4) Include in your installation instructions any steps necessary for someone installing your engines to prevent enrichment during normal operation (see § 1048.130).
(e) Fuel types. The exhaust emission standards in this section apply for engines using each type of fuel specified in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart H, on which the engines in the engine family are designed to operate, except for engines certified under § 1048.625. For engines certified under § 1048.625, the standards of this section apply to emissions measured using the specified test fuel. You must meet the numerical emission standards for hydrocarbons in this section based on the following types of hydrocarbon emissions for engines powered by the following fuels:
(1) Natural gas-fueled engines: NMHC emissions.
(2) Alcohol-fueled engines: THCE emissions.
(3) Other engines: THC emissions.
(f) Small engines. Certain engines with total displacement at or below 1000 cc may comply with the requirements of 40 CFR part 90 or 1054 instead of complying with the requirements of this part, as described in § 1048.615.
(g) Useful life. Your engines must meet the exhaust emission standards in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section over their full useful life. For severe-duty engines, the minimum useful life is 1,500 hours of operation or seven years, whichever comes first. For all other engines, the minimum useful life is 5,000 hours of operation or seven years, whichever comes first.
(1) Specify a longer useful life in hours for an engine family under either of two conditions:
(i) If you design, advertise, or market your engine to operate longer than the minimum useful life (your recommended hours until rebuild may indicate a longer design life).
(ii) If your basic mechanical warranty is longer than the minimum useful life.
(2) You may request in your application for certification that we approve a shorter useful life for an engine family. We may approve a shorter useful life, in hours of engine operation but not in years, if we determine that these engines will rarely operate longer than the shorter useful life. If engines identical to those in the engine family have already been produced and are in use, your demonstration must include documentation from such in-use engines. In other cases, your demonstration must include an engineering analysis of information equivalent to such in-use data, such as data from research engines or similar engine models that are already in production. Your demonstration must also include any overhaul interval that you recommend, any mechanical warranty that you offer for the engine or its components, and any relevant customer design specifications. Your demonstration may include any other relevant information. The useful life value may not be shorter than any of the following:
(i) 1,000 hours of operation.
(ii) Your recommended overhaul interval.
(iii) Your mechanical warranty for the engine.
(h) Applicability for testing. The duty-cycle emission standards in this subpart apply to all testing performed according to the procedures in §§ 1048.505 and 1048.510, including certification, production-line, and in-use testing. The field-testing standards apply for all testing performed according to the procedures of subpart F of this part.

§ 1048.105What evaporative emission standards and requirements apply?

Starting in the 2007 model year, new engines that run on a volatile liquid fuel (such as gasoline) must meet the emission standards of this section over a useful life of five years, except as specified in paragraph (f) of this section. Note that § 1048.245 allows you to use design-based certification instead of generating new emission data.
(a) Fuel line permeation. For nonmetallic fuel lines, you must specify and use products that meet the Category 1 specifications for permeation in the November 1996 or November 2004 versions of SAE J2260 (both incorporated by reference in § 1048.810).
(b) [Reserved]
(c) Diurnal emissions. Evaporative hydrocarbon emissions may not exceed 0.2 grams per gallon of fuel tank capacity when measured using the test procedures specified in § 1048.501. Diurnal emission controls must continue to function during engine operation.
(d) Running loss. Liquid fuel in the fuel tank may not reach boiling during continuous engine operation in the final installation at an ambient temperature of 30 °C. Note that gasoline with a Reid vapor pressure of 62 kPa (9 psi) begins to boil at about 53 °C at atmospheric pressure, and at about 60 °C for fuel tanks that hold pressure as described in § 1048.245(e)(1)(i).
(e) Installation. If other companies install your engines in their equipment, you may introduce your engines into U.S. commerce without meeting all the requirements in this section. However, you must give equipment manufacturers any appropriate instructions so that fully assembled equipment will meet all the requirements in this section, as described in § 1048.130. Your instructions may specify that equipment manufacturers may alternatively use other fuel-system components that have been certified under 40 CFR part 1060. Introducing equipment into U.S. commerce without meeting all the requirements of this section violates 40 CFR 1068.101(a)(1).
(f) Motor vehicles and marine vessels. Motor vehicles and marine vessels may contain engines subject to the exhaust emission standards in this part 1048. Evaporative emission standards apply to these products as follows:
(1) Marine vessels using spark-ignition engines are subject to the requirements of 40 CFR part 1045. The vessels are not required to comply with the evaporative emission standards and related requirements of this part 1048.
(2) Motor vehicles are subject to the requirements of 40 CFR part 86. They are not required to comply with the evaporative emission standards and related requirements of this part 1048.

§ 1048.110How must my engines diagnose malfunctions?

The following engine-diagnostic requirements apply for engines equipped with three-way catalysts and closed-loop control of air-fuel ratios:
(a) Equip your engines with a diagnostic system. Starting in the 2007 model year, equip each engine with a diagnostic system that will detect significant malfunctions in its emission-control system using one of the following protocols:
(1) If your emission-control strategy depends on maintaining air-fuel ratios at stoichiometry, an acceptable diagnostic design would identify malfunction whenever the air-fuel ratio does not cross stoichiometry for one minute of intended closed-loop operation. You may use other diagnostic strategies if we approve them in advance.
(2) If the protocol described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section does not apply to your engine, you must use an alternative approach that we approve in advance. Your alternative approach must generally detect when the emission-control system is not functioning properly.
(b) Use a malfunction-indicator light (MIL). The MIL must be readily visible to the operator; it may be any color except red. When the MIL goes on, it must display “Check Engine,” “Service Engine Soon,” or a similar message that we approve. You may use sound in addition to the light signal. The MIL must go on under each of the following circumstances:
(1) When a malfunction occurs, as described in paragraph (a) of this section.
(2) When the diagnostic system cannot send signals to meet the requirement of paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
(3) When the engine's ignition is in the “key-on” position before starting or cranking. The MIL should go out after engine starting if the system detects no malfunction.
(c) Control when the MIL can go out. If the MIL goes on to show a malfunction or system error, it must remain on during all later engine operation until servicing corrects the malfunction. If the engine is not serviced, but the malfunction or system error does not recur for three consecutive engine starts during which the malfunctioning system is evaluated and found to be working properly, the MIL may stay off during later engine operation.
(d) Store trouble codes in computer memory. Record and store in computer memory any diagnostic trouble codes showing a malfunction that should illuminate the MIL. The stored codes must identify the malfunctioning system or component as uniquely as possible. Make these codes available through the data link connector as described in paragraph (g) of this section. You may store codes for conditions that do not turn on the MIL. The system must store a separate code to show when the diagnostic system is disabled.
(e) Make data, access codes, and devices accessible. Make all required data accessible to us without any access codes or devices that only you can supply. Ensure that anyone servicing your engine can read and understand the diagnostic trouble codes stored in the onboard computer with generic tools and information.
(f) Consider exceptions for certain conditions. Your diagnostic systems may disregard trouble codes for the first three minutes after engine starting. You may ask us to approve diagnostic-system designs that disregard trouble codes under other conditions that would produce an unreliable reading, damage systems or components, or cause other safety risks. This might include operation at altitudes over 8,000 feet.
(g) Follow standard references for formats, codes, and connections. Follow conventions defined in 40 CFR 1045.110 or in the following documents (incorporated by reference in § 1048.810) or ask us to approve using updated versions of (or variations from) these documents:
(1) ISO 9141-2 Road vehicles-Diagnostic systems—Part 2: CARB requirements for interchange of digital information, February 1994.
(2) ISO 14230-4 Road vehicles—Diagnostic systems—Keyword Protocol 2000—Part 4: Requirements for emission-related systems, June 2000.

§ 1048.115What other requirements apply?

Engines that are required to meet the emission standards of this part must meet the following requirements:
(a) Crankcase emissions. Crankcase emissions may not be discharged directly into the ambient atmosphere from any engine throughout its useful life, except as follows:
(1) Engines may discharge crankcase emissions to the ambient atmosphere if the emissions are added to the exhaust emissions (either physically or mathematically) during all emission testing. If you take advantage of this exception, you must do the following things:
(i) Manufacture the engines so that all crankcase emissions can be routed into the applicable sampling systems specified in 40 CFR part 1065.
(ii) Account for deterioration in crankcase emissions when determining exhaust deterioration factors.
(2) For purposes of this paragraph (a), crankcase emissions that are routed to the exhaust upstream of exhaust aftertreatment during all operation are not considered to be discharged directly into the ambient atmosphere.
(b) Torque broadcasting. Electronically controlled engines must broadcast their speed and output shaft torque (in newton-meters). Engines may alternatively broadcast a surrogate value for determining torque. Engines must broadcast engine parameters such that they can be read with a remote device, or broadcast them directly to their controller area networks. This information is necessary for testing engines in the field (see § 1048.515). This requirement applies beginning in the 2007 model year. Small-volume engine manufacturers may omit this requirement.
(c) EPA access to broadcast information. If we request it, you must provide us any hardware or tools we would need to readily read, interpret, and record all information broadcast by an engine's on-board computers and electronic control modules. If you broadcast a surrogate parameter for torque values, you must provide us what we need to convert these into torque units. We will not ask for hardware or tools if they are readily available commercially.
(d) [Reserved]
(e) Adjustable parameters. Engines that have adjustable parameters must meet all the requirements of this part for any adjustment in the practically adjustable range. We may require that you set adjustable parameters to any specification within the practically adjustable range during any testing, including certification testing, production-line testing, or in-use testing. General provisions for adjustable parameters apply as specified in 40 CFR 1068.50.
(f) Prohibited controls. You may not design your engines with emission control devices, systems, or elements of design that cause or contribute to an unreasonable risk to public health, welfare, or safety while operating. For example, an engine may not emit a noxious or toxic substance it would otherwise not emit that contributes to such an unreasonable risk.
(g) Defeat devices. You may not equip your engines with a defeat device. A defeat device is an auxiliary emission-control device that reduces the effectiveness of emission controls under conditions that the engine may reasonably be expected to encounter during normal operation and use. This does not apply to auxiliary-emission control devices you identify in your certification application if any of the following is true:
(1) The conditions of concern were substantially included in the applicable test procedures described in subpart F of this part.
(2) You show your design is necessary to prevent engine (or equipment) damage or accidents.
(3) The reduced effectiveness applies only to starting the engine.

§ 1048.120What emission-related warranty requirements apply to me?

(a) General requirements. You must warrant to the ultimate purchaser and each subsequent purchaser that the new nonroad engine, including all parts of its emission-control system, meets two conditions:
(1) It is designed, built, and equipped so it conforms at the time of sale to the ultimate purchaser with the requirements of this part.
(2) It is free from defects in materials and workmanship that may keep it from meeting these requirements.
(b) Warranty period. Your emission-related warranty for evaporative emission controls must be valid for at least two years. Your emission-related warranty for exhaust emission controls must be valid for at least 50 percent of the engine's useful life in hours of operation or at least three years, whichever comes first. In the case of a high-cost warranted part, the warranty must be valid for at least 70 percent of the engine's useful life in hours of operation or at least five years, whichever comes first. You may offer an emission-related warranty more generous than we require. The emission-related warranty for the engine may not be shorter than any published warranty you offer without charge for the engine. Similarly, the emission-related warranty for any component may not be shorter than any published warranty you offer without charge for that component. If an engine has no hour meter, we base the warranty periods in this paragraph (b) only on the engine's age (in years). The warranty period begins when the engine is placed into service.
(c) Components covered. The emission-related warranty covers all your components whose failure would increase an engine's emissions of any regulated pollutant, including components listed in 40 CFR part 1068, Appendix I, and components from any other system you develop to control emissions. The emission-related warranty covers these components even if another company produces the component for you. Your emission-related warranty does not cover components whose failure would not increase an engine's emissions of any regulated pollutant.
(d) Limited applicability. You may deny warranty claims under this section if the operator caused the problem through improper maintenance or use, as described in 40 CFR 1068.115.
(e) Owners manual. Describe in the owners manual the emission-related warranty provisions from this section that apply to the engine.

§ 1048.125What maintenance instructions must I give to buyers?

Give the ultimate purchaser of each new nonroad engine written instructions for properly maintaining and using the engine, including the emission-control system. The maintenance instructions also apply to service accumulation on your emission-data engines, as described in 40 CFR part 1065.
(a) Critical emission-related maintenance. Critical emission-related maintenance includes any adjustment, cleaning, repair, or replacement of critical emission-related components. This may also include additional emission-related maintenance that you determine is critical if we approve it in advance. You may schedule critical emission-related maintenance on these components if you meet the following conditions:
(1) You demonstrate that the maintenance is reasonably likely to be done at the recommended intervals on in-use engines. We will accept scheduled maintenance as reasonably likely to occur if you satisfy any of the following conditions:
(i) You present data showing that, if a lack of maintenance increases emissions, it also unacceptably degrades the engine's performance.
(ii) You present survey data showing that at least 80 percent of engines in the field get the maintenance you specify at the recommended intervals.
(iii) You provide the maintenance free of charge and clearly say so in your maintenance instructions
(iv) You otherwise show us that the maintenance is reasonably likely to be done at the recommended intervals.
(2) You may not schedule critical emission-related maintenance more frequently than the following minimum intervals, except as specified in paragraphs (a)(3), (b) and (c) of this section:
(i) For catalysts, fuel injectors, electronic control units, superchargers, and turbochargers: The useful life of the engine family.
(ii) For gaseous fuel-system components (cleaning without disassembly only) and oxygen sensors: 2,500 hours.
(3) If your engine family has an alternate useful life under § 1048.101(g) that is shorter than the period specified in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, you may not schedule critical emission-related maintenance more frequently than the alternate useful life, except as specified in paragraph (c) of this section.
(4) You may ask us to approve a maintenance interval shorter than that specified in paragraphs (a)(2) of this section. In your request you must describe the proposed maintenance step, recommend the maximum feasible interval for this maintenance, include your rationale with supporting evidence to support the need for the maintenance at the recommended interval, and demonstrate that the maintenance will be done at the recommended interval on in-use engines. In considering your request, we will evaluate the information you provide and any other available information to establish alternate specifications for maintenance intervals, if appropriate.
(b) Recommended additional maintenance. You may recommend any additional amount of maintenance on the components listed in paragraph (a) of this section, as long as you state clearly that these maintenance steps are not necessary to keep the emission-related warranty valid. If operators do the maintenance specified in paragraph (a) of this section, but not the recommended additional maintenance, this does not allow you to disqualify those engines from in-use testing or deny a warranty claim. Do not take these maintenance steps during service accumulation on your emission-data engines.
(c) Special maintenance. You may specify more frequent maintenance to address problems related to special situations, such as substandard fuel or atypical engine operation. For example, you may specify more frequent cleaning of fuel system components for engines you have reason to believe will be using fuel that causes substantially more engine performance problems than commercial fuels of the same type that are generally available across the United States. You must clearly state that this additional maintenance is associated with the special situation you are addressing. We may disapprove your maintenance instructions if we determine that you have specified special maintenance steps to address engine operation that is not atypical, or that the maintenance is unlikely to occur in use. If we determine that certain maintenance items do not qualify as special maintenance under this paragraph (c), you may identify this as recommended additional maintenance under paragraph (b) of this section.
(d) Noncritical emission-related maintenance. Subject to the provisions of this paragraph (d), you may schedule any amount of emission-related inspection or maintenance that is not covered by paragraph (a) of this section (i.e., maintenance that is neither explicitly identified as critical emission-related maintenance, nor that we approve as critical emission-related maintenance). Noncritical emission-related maintenance generally includes changing spark plugs, re-seating valves, or any other emission-related maintenance on the components we specify in 40 CFR part 1068, Appendix I that is not covered in paragraph (a) of this section. You must state in the owners manual that these steps are not necessary to keep the emission-related warranty valid. If operators fail to do this maintenance, this does not allow you to disqualify those engines from in-use testing or deny a warranty claim. Do not take these inspection or maintenance steps during service accumulation on your emission-data engines.
(e) Maintenance that is not emission-related. For maintenance unrelated to emission controls, you may schedule any amount of inspection or maintenance. You may also take these inspection or maintenance steps during service accumulation on your emission-data engines, as long as they are reasonable and technologically necessary. This might include adding engine oil, changing air, fuel, or oil filters, servicing engine-cooling systems, and adjusting idle speed, governor, engine bolt torque, valve lash, or injector lash. You may perform this nonemission-related maintenance on emission-data engines at the least frequent intervals that you recommend to the ultimate purchaser (but not the intervals recommended for severe service).
(f) Source of parts and repairs. State clearly on the first page of your written maintenance instructions that a repair shop or person of the owner's choosing may maintain, replace, or repair emission-control devices and systems. Your instructions may not require components or service identified by brand, trade, or corporate name. Also, do not directly or indirectly condition your warranty on a requirement that the engine be serviced by your franchised dealers or any other service establishments with which you have a commercial relationship. You may disregard the requirements in this paragraph (f) if you do one of two things:
(1) Provide a component or service without charge under the purchase agreement.
(2) Get us to waive this prohibition in the public's interest by convincing us the engine will work properly only with the identified component or service.
(g) Payment for scheduled maintenance. Owners are responsible for properly maintaining their engines. This generally includes paying for scheduled maintenance. However, manufacturers must pay for scheduled maintenance during the useful life if it meets all the following criteria:
(1) Each affected component was not in general use on similar engines before January 1, 2004.
(2) The primary function of each affected component is to reduce emissions.
(3) The cost of the scheduled maintenance is more than 2 percent of the price of the engine.
(4) Failure to perform the maintenance would not cause clear problems that would significantly degrade the engine's performance.
(h) Owners manual. Explain the owner's responsibility for proper maintenance in the owners manual.

§ 1048.130What installation instructions must I give to equipment manufacturers?

(a) If you sell an engine for someone else to install in a piece of nonroad equipment, give the engine installer instructions for installing it consistent with the requirements of this part. Include all information necessary to ensure that an engine will be installed in its certified configuration.
(b) Make sure these instructions have the following information:
(1) Include the heading: “Emission-related installation instructions”.
(2) State: “Failing to follow these instructions when installing a certified engine in a piece of nonroad equipment violates federal law (40 CFR 1068.105(b)), subject to fines or other penalties as described in the Clean Air Act.”.
(3) Describe the instructions needed to properly install the exhaust system and any other components. Include instructions consistent with the requirements of § 1048.205(v).
(4) Describe the steps needed to control evaporative emissions, as described in §§ 1048.105 and 1048.245.
(5) Describe any necessary steps for installing the diagnostic system described in § 1048.110.
(6) Describe any limits on the range of applications needed to ensure that the engine operates consistently with your application for certification. For example, if your engines are certified only for constant-speed operation, tell equipment manufacturers not to install the engines in variable-speed applications. Also, if you need to avoid sustained high-load operation to meet the field-testing emission standards we specify in § 1048.101(c) or to comply with the provisions of § 1048.101(d), describe how the equipment manufacturer must properly size the engines for a given application.
(7) Describe any other instructions to make sure the installed engine will operate according to design specifications in your application for certification. This may include, for example, instructions for installing aftertreatment devices when installing the engines.
(8) State: “If you install the engine in a way that makes the engine's emission control information label hard to read during normal engine maintenance, you must place a duplicate label on the equipment, as described in 40 CFR 1068.105.”.
(c) You do not need installation instructions for engines you install in your own equipment.
(d) Provide instructions in writing or in an equivalent format. For example, you may post instructions on a publicly available Web site for downloading or printing. If you do not provide the instructions in writing, explain in your application for certification how you will ensure that each installer is informed of the installation requirements.

§ 1048.135How must I label and identify the engines I produce?

(a) Assign each engine a unique identification number and permanently affix, engrave, or stamp it on the engine in a legible way.
(b) At the time of manufacture, affix a permanent and legible label identifying each engine. The label must be—
(1) Attached in one piece so it is not removable without being destroyed or defaced.
(2) Secured to a part of the engine needed for normal operation and not normally requiring replacement.
(3) Durable and readable for the engine's entire life.
(4) Written in English.
(c) The label must—
(1) Include the heading “EMISSION CONTROL INFORMATION”.
(2) Include your full corporate name and trademark. You may identify another company and use its trademark instead of yours if you comply with the provisions of § 1048.635.
(3) Include EPA's standardized designation for the engine family (and subfamily, where applicable).
(4) State the engine's displacement (in liters); however, you may omit this from the label if all the engines in the engine family have the same per-cylinder displacement and total displacement.
(5) State the date of manufacture [DAY (optional), MONTH, and YEAR]; however, you may omit this from the label if you stamp, engrave, or otherwise permanently identify it elsewhere on the engine, in which case you must also describe in your application for certification where you will identify the date on the engine.
(6) Identify the emission control system. Use terms and abbreviations as described in 40 CFR 1068.45. You may omit this information from the label if there is not enough room for it and you put it in the owners manual instead.
(7) State: “THIS ENGINE IS CERTIFIED TO OPERATE ON [specify operating fuel or fuels].”
(8) Identify any requirements for fuel and lubricants. You may omit this information from the label if there is not enough room for it and you put it in the owners manual instead.
(9) List specifications and adjustments for engine tuneups; show the proper position for the transmission during tuneup and state which accessories should be operating. You may omit this information from the label if there is not enough room for it and you put it in the owners manual instead.
(10) State the useful life for your engine family if it has a longer useful life under § 1048.101(g)(1) or a shortened useful life under § 1048.101(g)(2).
(11) Identify the emission standards to which you have certified the engine (in g/kW-hr).
(12) Include one of the following compliance statements:
(i) For engines that may be used in nonroad or stationary equipment, state: “THIS ENGINE COMPLIES WITH U.S. EPA REGULATIONS FOR [MODEL YEAR] NONROAD AND STATIONARY ENGINES.”
(ii) For engines that will be used only in nonroad equipment, state: “THIS ENGINE COMPLIES WITH U.S. EPA REGULATIONS FOR [MODEL YEAR] NONROAD ENGINES.”
(iii) For engines that will be used only in stationary equipment, state: “THIS ENGINE COMPLIES WITH U.S. EPA REGULATIONS FOR [MODEL YEAR] STATIONARY ENGINES.”
(13) Include any of the following additional statements for special situations if they apply to your engines:
(i) If your engines are certified only for constant-speed operation, state: “USE IN CONSTANT-SPEED APPLICATIONS ONLY.”
(ii) If your engines are certified only for variable-speed operation, state: “USE IN VARIABLE-SPEED APPLICATIONS ONLY.”
(iii) If your engines are certified only for high-load engines, state: “THIS ENGINE IS NOT INTENDED FOR OPERATION AT LESS THAN 75 PERCENT OF FULL LOAD.”
(iv) If you certify your engines under § 1048.101(d), and show in your application for certification that in-use engines will experience infrequent high-load operation, state: “THIS ENGINE IS NOT INTENDED FOR OPERATION AT MORE THAN PERCENT OF FULL LOAD.” Specify the appropriate percentage of full load based on the nature of the engine protection. You may add other statements to discourage operation in engine-protection modes.
(v) If your engines are certified to the voluntary standards in § 1048.140, state: “BLUE SKY SERIES” and identify the standard to which you certify the engines.
(d) You may add information to the emission control information label to identify other emission standards that the engine meets or does not meet (such as California standards). You may also add other information to ensure that the engine will be properly maintained and used.
(e) You may ask us to approve modified labeling requirements in this part 1048 if you show that it is necessary or appropriate. We will approve your request if your alternate label is consistent with the requirements of this part.
(f) If you obscure the engine label while installing the engine in the equipment such that the label cannot be read during normal maintenance, you must place a duplicate label on the equipment. If others install your engine in their equipment in a way that obscures the engine label, we require them to add a duplicate label on the equipment (see 40 CFR 1068.105); in that case, give them the number of duplicate labels they request and keep the following records for at least five years:
(1) Written documentation of the request from the equipment manufacturer.
(2) The number of duplicate labels you send for each engine family and the date you sent them.

§ 1048.140What are the provisions for certifying Blue Sky Series engines?

This section defines voluntary standards for a recognized level of superior emission control for engines designated as “Blue Sky Series” engines. If you certify an engine family under this section, it is subject to all the requirements of this part as if these voluntary standards were mandatory. To receive a certificate of conformity as “Blue Sky Series,” you must certify to one of the sets of exhaust emission standards in the following table:
Table 1 of § 1048.140—Standards for Blue Sky Series Engines (g/kW-hr)
Standards for steady-state and transient test procedures
Standards for field-testing procedures
HC + NO X
CO
HC + NO X
CO
80
4
10
6
60
4
84
6
40
4
56
6
20
4
28
6
10
4
14
6

§ 1048.145Are there interim provisions that apply only for a limited time?

The interim provisions in this section apply instead of other provisions in this part. This section describes when these interim provisions expire.
(a)-(f) [Reserved]
(g) Small-volume provisions. If you qualify for the hardship provisions in § 1068.250 of this chapter, we may approve extensions of up to four years total.

§ 1048.201What are the general requirements for obtaining a certificate of conformity?

(a) You must send us a separate application for a certificate of conformity for each engine family. A certificate of conformity is valid starting with the indicated effective date, but it is not valid for any production after December 31 of the model year for which it is issued. No certificate will be issued after December 31 of the model year.
(b) The application must contain all the information required by this part and must not include false or incomplete statements or information (see § 1048.255).
(c) We may ask you to include less information than we specify in this subpart, as long as you maintain all the information required by § 1048.250.
(d) You must use good engineering judgment for all decisions related to your application (see 40 CFR 1068.5).
(e) An authorized representative of your company must approve and sign the application.
(f) See § 1048.255 for provisions describing how we will process your application.
(g) We may require you to deliver your test engines to a facility we designate for our testing (see § 1048.235(c)).
(h) For engines that become new after being placed into service, such as engines converted to nonroad use after being used in motor vehicles, we may specify alternate certification provisions consistent with the intent of this part. See the definition of “new nonroad engine” in § 1048.801.

§ 1048.205What must I include in my application?

This section specifies the information that must be in your application, unless we ask you to include less information under § 1048.201(c). We may require you to provide additional information to evaluate your application.
(a) Describe the engine family's specifications and other basic parameters of the engine's design and emission controls. List the fuel types on which your engines are designed to operate (for example, gasoline and natural gas). List each distinguishable engine configuration in the engine family.
(b) Explain how the emission control systems operate. Describe the evaporative emission controls, if applicable. Also describe in detail all system components for controlling exhaust emissions, including all auxiliary emission control devices (AECDs) and all fuel-system components you will install on any production or test engine. Identify the part number of each component you describe. For this paragraph (b), treat as separate AECDs any devices that modulate or activate differently from each other. Include sufficient detail to allow us to evaluate whether the AECDs are consistent with the defeat device prohibition of § 1048.115.
(c) Explain how the engine diagnostic system works, describing especially the engine conditions (with the corresponding diagnostic trouble codes) that cause the malfunction-indicator light to go on. Propose what you consider to be extreme conditions under which the diagnostic system should disregard trouble codes, as described in § 1048.110.
(d) Describe the engines you selected for testing and the reasons for selecting them.
(e) Describe the test equipment and procedures that you used, including any special or alternate test procedures you used (see § 1048.501).
(f) Describe how you operated the emission-data engine before testing, including the duty cycle and the number of engine operating hours used to stabilize emission levels. Explain why you selected the method of service accumulation. Describe any scheduled maintenance you did.
(g) List the specifications of each test fuel to show that it falls within the required ranges we specify in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart H.
(h) Identify the engine family's useful life.
(i) Include the maintenance instructions you will give to the ultimate purchaser of each new nonroad engine (see § 1048.125).
(j) Include the emission-related installation instructions you will provide if someone else installs your engines in a piece of nonroad equipment (see § 1048.130).
(k) Identify each high-cost warranted part and show us how you calculated its replacement cost, including the estimated retail cost of the part, labor rates, and labor hours to diagnose and replace defective parts.
(l) Describe your emission control information label (see § 1048.135).
(m) Identify the emission standards to which you are certifying engines in the engine family.
(n) Identify the engine family's deterioration factors and describe how you developed them (see § 1048.240). Present any emission test data you used for this.
(o) State that you operated your emission-data engines as described in the application (including the test procedures, test parameters, and test fuels) to show you meet the requirements of this part.
(p) Present emission data to show that you meet emission standards, as follows:
(1) Present exhaust emission data for HC, NO X , and CO on an emission-data engine to show your engines meet the applicable duty-cycle emission standards we specify in § 1048.101. Show emission figures before and after applying deterioration factors for each engine. Include emission results for each mode if you do discrete-mode testing under § 1048.505. Include test data for each type of fuel from 40 CFR part 1065, subpart H, on which you intend for engines in the engine family to operate (for example, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, or natural gas). If we specify more than one grade of any fuel type (for example, a summer grade and winter grade of gasoline), you need to submit test data only for one grade unless the regulations of this part specify otherwise for your engine. Note that § 1048.235 allows you to submit an application in certain cases without new emission data.
(2) If your engine family includes a volatile liquid fuel (and you do not use design-based certification under § 1048.245), present evaporative test data to show your vehicles meet the evaporative emission standards we specify in subpart B of this part. Show these figures before and after applying deterioration factors, where applicable.
(q) State that all the engines in the engine family comply with the field-testing emission standards we specify in § 1048.101(c) for all normal operation and use when tested as specified in § 1048.515. Describe any relevant testing, engineering analysis, or other information in sufficient detail to support your statement.
(r) For engines not subject to transient testing requirements in § 148.101(a), include information showing how your emission controls will function during normal in-use transient operation. For example, this might include the following:
(1) Emission data from transient testing of engines using measurement systems designed for measuring in-use emissions.
(2) Comparison of the engine design for controlling transient emissions with that from engines for which you have emission data over the transient duty cycle for certification.
(3) Detailed descriptions of control algorithms and other design parameters for controlling transient emissions.
(s) Report test results as follows:
(1) Report all test results involving measurement of pollutants for which emission standards apply. Include test results from invalid tests or from any other tests, whether or not they were conducted according to the test procedures of subpart F of this part. We may ask you to send other information to confirm that your tests were valid under the requirements of this part and 40 CFR part 1065.
(2) Report measured CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 as described in § 1048.235. Small-volume engine manufacturers may omit reporting N 2 O and CH 4 .
(t) Describe all adjustable operating parameters (see § 1048.115(e)), including production tolerances. For any operating parameters that do not qualify as adjustable parameters, include a description supporting your conclusion (see 40 CFR 1068.50(c)). Include the following in your description of each adjustable parameter:
(1) For practically adjustable parameters, include the nominal or recommended setting, the intended practically adjustable range, and the limits or stops used to establish adjustable ranges. State that the limits, stops, or other means of inhibiting adjustment are effective in preventing adjustment of parameters on in-use engines to settings outside your intended practically adjustable ranges and provide information to support this statement.
(2) For programmable operating parameters, state that you have restricted access to electronic controls to prevent parameter adjustments on in-use engines that would allow operation outside the practically adjustable range. Describe how your engines are designed to prevent unauthorized adjustments.
(u) Provide the information to read, record, and interpret all the information broadcast by an engine's onboard computers and electronic control units. State that, upon request, you will give us any hardware, software, or tools we would need to do this. If you broadcast a surrogate parameter for torque values, you must provide us what we need to convert these into torque units. You may reference any appropriate publicly released standards that define conventions for these messages and parameters. Format your information consistent with publicly released standards.
(v) Confirm that your emission-related installation instructions specify how to ensure that sampling of exhaust emissions will be possible after engines are installed in equipment and placed in service. If this cannot be done by simply adding a 20-centimeter extension to the exhaust pipe, show how to sample exhaust emissions in a way that prevents diluting the exhaust sample with ambient air.
(w) State whether your certification is intended to include engines used in stationary applications. Also state whether your certification is limited for certain engines. If this is the case, describe how you will prevent use of these engines in applications for which they are not certified. This applies for engines such as the following:
(1) Constant-speed engines.
(2) Variable-speed engines.
(x) Unconditionally certify that all the engines in the engine family comply with the requirements of this part, other referenced parts of the CFR, and the Clean Air Act.
(y) Include good-faith estimates of U.S.-directed production volumes. Include a justification for the estimated production volumes if they are substantially different than actual production volumes in earlier years for similar models.
(z) Include other applicable information, such as information specified in this part or part 1068 of this chapter related to requests for exemptions.
(aa) Name an agent for service located in the United States. Service on this agent constitutes service on you or any of your officers or employees for any action by EPA or otherwise by the United States related to the requirements of this part.

§ 1048.210May I get preliminary approval before I complete my application?

If you send us information before you finish the application, we will review it and make any appropriate determinations, especially for questions related to engine family definitions, auxiliary emission-control devices, deterioration factors, testing for service accumulation, and maintenance. Decisions made under this section are considered to be preliminary approval, subject to final review and approval. We will generally not reverse a decision where we have given you preliminary approval, unless we find new information supporting a different decision. If you request preliminary approval related to the upcoming model year or the model year after that, we will make best-efforts to make the appropriate determinations as soon as practicable. We will generally not provide preliminary approval related to a future model year more than two years ahead of time.

§ 1048.220How do I amend the maintenance instructions in my application?

You may amend your emission-related maintenance instructions after you submit your application for certification as long as the amended instructions remain consistent with the provisions of § 1048.125. You must send the Designated Compliance Officer a written request to amend your application for certification for an engine family if you want to change the emission-related maintenance instructions in a way that could affect emissions. In your request, describe the proposed changes to the maintenance instructions. If operators follow the original maintenance instructions rather than the newly specified maintenance, this does not allow you to disqualify those engines from in-use testing or deny a warranty claim.
(a) If you are decreasing or eliminating any specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions to your customers 30 days after we receive your request, unless we disapprove your request. This would generally include replacing one maintenance step with another. We may approve a shorter time or waive this requirement.
(b) If your requested change would not decrease the specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions anytime after you send your request. For example, this paragraph (b) would cover adding instructions to increase the frequency of a maintenance step for engines in severe-duty applications.
(c) You need not request approval if you are making only minor corrections (such as correcting typographical mistakes), clarifying your maintenance instructions, or changing instructions for maintenance unrelated to emission control. We may ask you to send us copies of maintenance instructions revised under this paragraph (c).

§ 1048.225How do I amend my application for certification to include new or modified engine configurations?

Before we issue you a certificate of conformity, you may amend your application to include new or modified engine configurations, subject to the provisions of this section. After we have issued your certificate of conformity, you may send us an amended application requesting that we include new or modified engine configurations within the scope of the certificate, subject to the provisions of this section. You must amend your application if any changes occur with respect to any information included in your application.
(a) You must amend your application before you take any of the following actions:
(1) Add an engine configuration to an engine family. In this case, the engine configuration added must be consistent with other engine configurations in the engine family with respect to the criteria listed in § 1048.230.
(2) Change an engine configuration already included in an engine family in a way that may affect emissions, or change any of the components you described in your application for certification. This includes production and design changes that may affect emissions any time during the engine's lifetime.
(b) To amend your application for certification, send the Designated Compliance Officer the following information:
(1) Describe in detail the addition or change in the engine model or configuration you intend to make.
(2) Include engineering evaluations or data showing that the amended engine family complies with all applicable requirements. You may do this by showing that the original emission-data engine is still appropriate for showing that the amended family complies with all applicable requirements.
(3) If the original emission-data engine for the engine family is not appropriate to show compliance for the new or modified engine configuration, include new test data showing that the new or modified engine configuration meets the requirements of this part.
(c) We may ask for more test data or engineering evaluations. You must give us these within 30 days after we request them.
(d) For engine families already covered by a certificate of conformity, we will determine whether the existing certificate of conformity covers your newly added or modified engine. You may ask for a hearing if we deny your request (see § 1048.820).
(e) For engine families already covered by a certificate of conformity, you may start producing the new or modified engine configuration anytime after you send us your amended application and before we make a decision under paragraph (d) of this section. However, if we determine that the affected engines do not meet applicable requirements, we will notify you to cease production of the engines and may require you to recall the engines at no expense to the owner. Choosing to produce engines under this paragraph (e) is deemed to be consent to recall all engines that we determine do not meet applicable emission standards or other requirements and to remedy the nonconformity at no expense to the owner. If you do not provide information required under paragraph (c) of this section within 30 days after we request it, you must stop producing the new or modified engines.

§ 1048.230How do I select engine families?

(a) For purposes of certification, divide your product line into families of engines that are expected to have similar emission characteristics throughout the useful life as described in this section. Your engine family is limited to a single model year.
(b) Group engines in the same engine family if they are the same in all of the following aspects:
(1) The combustion cycle.
(2) The cooling system (water-cooled vs. air-cooled).
(3) Configuration of the fuel system (for example, fuel-injected vs. carbureted gasoline engines).
(4) Method of air aspiration.
(5) The number, location, volume, and composition of catalytic converters.
(6) The number, arrangement (such as in-line or vee configuration), and approximate bore diameter of cylinders.
(c) You may subdivide a group of engines that is identical under paragraph (b) of this section into different engine families if you show the expected emission characteristics are different during the useful life.
(d) In unusual circumstances, you may group engines that are not identical with respect to the things listed in paragraph (b) of this section in the same engine family if you show that their emission characteristics during the useful life will be similar.
(e) You may create separate families for exhaust emissions and evaporative emissions. If we do this, list both families on the emission control information label.
(f) Where necessary, you may divide an engine family into sub-families to meet different emission standards, as specified in § 1048.101(a)(2). For issues related to compliance and prohibited actions, we will generally apply decisions to the whole engine family. For engine labels and other administrative provisions, we may approve your request for separate treatment of sub-families.

§ 1048.235What emission testing must I perform for my application for a certificate of conformity?

This section describes the emission testing you must perform to show compliance with the emission standards in §§ 1048.101(a) and (b) and 1048.105 during certification. See § 1048.205(q) regarding emission testing related to the field-testing standards. See § 1048.240 and 40 CFR part 1065, subpart E, regarding service accumulation before emission testing.
(a) Test your emission-data engines using the procedures and equipment specified in subpart F of this part.
(b) Select emission-data engines according to the following criteria:
(1) Exhaust testing. For each fuel type from each engine family, select an emission-data engine with a configuration that is most likely to exceed the exhaust emission standards, using good engineering judgment. Consider the emission levels of all exhaust constituents over the full useful life of the engine when operated in a piece of equipment.
(2) Evaporative testing. For each engine family that includes a volatile liquid fuel, select a test fuel system with a configuration that is most likely to exceed the evaporative emission standards, using good engineering judgment.
(c) We may measure emissions from any of your test engines or other engines from the engine family, as follows:
(1) We may decide to do the testing at your plant or any other facility. If we do this, you must deliver the test engine to a test facility we designate. The test engine you provide must include appropriate manifolds, aftertreatment devices, electronic control units, and other emission-related components not normally attached directly to the engine block. If we do the testing at your plant, you must schedule it as soon as possible and make available the instruments, personnel, and equipment we need.
(2) If we measure emissions on one of your test engines, the results of that testing become the official emission results for the engine. Unless we later invalidate these data, we may decide not to consider your data in determining if your engine family meets applicable requirements.
(3) Before we test one of your engines, we may set its adjustable parameters to any point within the physically adjustable ranges (see § 1048.115(e)).
(4) Before we test one of your engines, we may calibrate it within normal production tolerances for anything we do not consider an adjustable parameter. For example, this would apply where we determine that an engine parameter is not an adjustable parameter (as defined in § 1048.801) but that it is subject to production variability.
(d) You may ask to use carryover emission data from a previous model year instead of doing new tests, but only if all the following are true:
(1) The engine family from the previous model year differs from the current engine family only with respect to model year or other characteristics unrelated to emissions. You may also ask to add a configuration subject to § 1048.225.
(2) The emission-data engine from the previous model year remains the appropriate emission-data engine under paragraph (b) of this section.
(3) The data show that the emission-data engine would meet all the requirements that apply to the engine family covered by the application for certification.
(e) We may require you to test another engine of the same or different configuration in addition to the engine tested under paragraph (b) of this section.
(f) If you use an alternate test procedure under 40 CFR 1065.10 and later testing shows that such testing does not produce results that are equivalent to the procedures specified in subpart F of this part, we may reject data you generated using the alternate procedure.
(g) Measure CO 2 and CH 4 with each low-hour certification test using the procedures specified in 40 CFR part 1065 starting in the 2011 and 2012 model years, respectively. Also measure N 2 O with each low-hour certification test using the procedures specified in 40 CFR part 1065 starting in the 2013 model year for any engine family that depends on NOx aftertreatment to meet emission standards. Small-volume engine manufacturers may omit measurement of N 2 O and CH 4 . These measurements are not required for measurements using field-testing procedures. Use the same units and modal calculations as for your other results to report a single weighted value for each constituent. Round the final values as follows:
(1) Round CO 2 to the nearest 1 g/kW-hr.
(2) Round N 2 O to the nearest 0.001 g/kW-hr.
(3) Round CH 4 to the nearest 0.001 g/kW-hr.

§ 1048.240How do I demonstrate that my engine family complies with exhaust emission standards?

(a) For purposes of certification, your engine family is considered in compliance with the applicable numerical emission standards in § 1048.101(a) and (b) if all emission-data engines representing that family have test results showing official emission results and deteriorated emission levels at or below these standards. This includes all test points over the course of the durability demonstration. This also applies for all test points for emission-data engines within the family used to establish deterioration factors. See paragraph (e) of this section for provisions related to demonstrating compliance with field-testing standards.
(b) Your engine family is deemed not to comply if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing an official emission result or a deteriorated emission level for any pollutant that is above an applicable emission standard from § 1048.101(a) and (b). Similarly, your engine family is deemed not to comply if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing any emission level above the applicable field-testing standard for any pollutant. This also applies for all test points for emission-data engines within the family used to establish deterioration factors.
(c) To compare emission levels from the emission-data engine with the applicable emission standards, apply deterioration factors to the measured emission levels for each pollutant. Specify the deterioration factors based on emission measurements using four significant figures, consistent with good engineering judgment. For example, your deterioration factors must take into account any available data from in-use testing with similar engines (see subpart E of this part). Small-volume engine manufacturers may use assigned deterioration factors that we establish. In addition, anyone may use assigned deterioration factors for engine families with a projected U.S.-directed production volume at or below 300 engines. Apply deterioration factors as follows:
(1) Multiplicative deterioration factor. Except as specified in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, use a multiplicative deterioration factor for exhaust emissions. A multiplicative deterioration factor is the ratio of exhaust emissions at the end of useful life to exhaust emissions at the low-hour test point. Adjust the official emission results for each tested engine at the selected test point by multiplying the measured emissions by the deterioration factor. If the factor is less than one, use one.
(2) Additive deterioration factor. Use an additive deterioration factor for exhaust emissions if engines do not use aftertreatment technology. Also, you may use an additive deterioration factor for exhaust emissions for a particular pollutant if all the emission-data engines in the engine family have low-hour emission levels at or below 0.3 g/kW-hr for HC + NO X or 0.5 g/kW-hr for CO, unless a multiplicative deterioration factor is more appropriate. For example, you should use a multiplicative deterioration factor if emission increases are best represented by the ratio of exhaust emissions at the end of the useful life to exhaust emissions at the low-hour test point. An additive deterioration factor is the difference between exhaust emissions at the end of useful life and exhaust emissions at the low-hour test point. Adjust the official emission results for each tested engine at the selected test point by adding the factor to the measured emissions. If the factor is less than zero, use zero.
(d) Collect emission data using measurements to one more decimal place than the applicable standard. Apply the deterioration factor to the official emission result, as described in paragraph (c) of this section, then round the adjusted figure to the same number of decimal places as the emission standard. Compare the rounded emission levels to the emission standard for each emission-data engine. In the case of HC + NO X standards, apply the deterioration factor to each pollutant and then add the results before rounding.
(e) Use good engineering judgment to demonstrate compliance with field-testing standards throughout the useful life. You may, but are not required to, apply the same deterioration factors used to show compliance with the applicable duty-cycle standards.
(f) You may alternatively determine and verify deterioration factors based on bench-aged aftertreatment as described in 40 CFR 1036.245 and 1036.246, with the following exceptions:
(1) The minimum required aging for engines as specified in 40 CFR 1036.245(c)(2) is 300 hours. Operate the engine for service accumulation using the same sequence of duty cycles that would apply for determining a deterioration factor under paragraph (c) of this section.
(2) Use good engineering judgment to perform verification testing using the procedures of § 1048.515 rather than 40 CFR 1036.555. For PEMS testing, measure emissions as the equipment goes through its normal operation over the course of the day (or shift-day).

§ 1048.245How do I demonstrate that my engine family complies with evaporative emission standards?

(a) For certification, your engine family is considered in compliance with the evaporative emission standards in subpart B of this part if you do either of the following:
(1) You have test results showing that evaporative emissions in the family are at or below the standards throughout the useful life.
(2) Where applicable, you comply with the design specifications in paragraph (e) of this section.
(b) Your engine family does not comply if any fuel system representing that family has test results showing emission levels above the standards.
(c) Use good engineering judgment to develop a test plan to establish deterioration factors to show how much emissions increase at the end of the useful life.
(d) If you adjust the emission levels for deterioration, round them to the same number of decimal places as the emission standard. Compare the rounded emission levels to the emission standard for each test fuel system.
(e) You may demonstrate that your engine family complies with the evaporative emission standards by demonstrating that you use the following control technologies:
(1) For certification to the standards specified in § 1048.105(c), with the following technologies:
(i) Use a tethered or self-closing gas cap on a fuel tank that stays sealed up to a positive pressure of 24.5 kPa (3.5 psig); however, they may contain air inlets that open when there is a vacuum pressure inside the tank. Nonmetal fuel tanks must also use one of the qualifying designs for controlling permeation emissions specified in 40 CFR 1060.240.
(ii) [Reserved]
(2) For certification to the standards specified in § 1048.105(d), demonstrating that you use design features to prevent fuel boiling under all normal operation. If you install engines in equipment, you may do this using fuel temperature data measured during normal operation. Otherwise, you may do this by including appropriate information in your emission-related installation instructions.
(3) We may establish additional options for design-based certification where we find that new test data demonstrate that a technology will ensure compliance with the emission standards in this section.

§ 1048.250What records must I keep and make available to EPA?

(a) Send the Designated Compliance Officer information related to your U.S.-directed production volumes as described in § 1048.345. In addition, within 45 days after the end of the model year, you must send us a report describing information about engines you produced during the model year as follows:
(1) State the total production volume for each engine family that is not subject to reporting under § 1048.345.
(2) State the total production volume for any engine family for which you produce engines after completing the reports required in § 1048.345.
(3) For production volumes you report under this paragraph (a), identify whether or not the figures include California sales. Include a separate count of production volumes for California sales if those figures are available.
(b) Organize and maintain the following records:
(1) A copy of all applications and any summary information you send us.
(2) Any of the information we specify in § 1048.205 that you were not required to include in your application.
(3) A detailed history of each emission-data engine. For each engine, describe all of the following:
(i) The emission-data engine's construction, including its origin and buildup, steps you took to ensure that it represents production engines, any components you built specially for it, and all the components you include in your application for certification.
(ii) How you accumulated engine operating hours (service accumulation), including the dates and the number of hours accumulated.
(iii) All maintenance, including modifications, parts changes, and other service, and the dates and reasons for the maintenance.
(iv) All your emission tests, including documentation on routine and standard tests, as specified in part 40 CFR part 1065, and the date and purpose of each test.
(v) All tests to diagnose engine or emission-control performance, giving the date and time of each and the reasons for the test.
(vi) Any other significant events.
(4) Production figures for each engine family divided by assembly plant.
(5) Keep a list of engine identification numbers for all the engines you produce under each certificate of conformity.
(c) Keep data from routine emission tests (such as test cell temperatures and relative humidity readings) for one year after we issue the associated certificate of conformity. Keep all other information specified in this section for eight years after we issue your certificate.
(d) Store these records in any format and on any media, as long as you can promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. You must keep these records readily available. We may review them at any time.

§ 1048.255What decisions may EPA make regarding a certificate of conformity?

(a) If we determine an application is complete and shows that the engine family meets all the requirements of this part and the Act, we will issue a certificate of conformity for the engine family for that model year. We may make the approval subject to additional conditions.
(b) We may deny an application for certification if we determine that an engine family fails to comply with emission standards or other requirements of this part or the Clean Air Act. We will base our decision on all available information. If we deny an application, we will explain why in writing.
(c) In addition, we may deny your application or suspend or revoke a certificate of conformity if you do any of the following:
(1) Refuse to comply with any testing or reporting requirements in this part.
(2) Submit false or incomplete information. This includes doing anything after submitting an application that causes submitted information to be false or incomplete.
(3) Cause any test data to become inaccurate.
(4) Deny us from completing authorized activities (see 40 CFR 1068.20). This includes a failure to provide reasonable assistance.
(5) Produce engines for importation into the United States at a location where local law prohibits us from carrying out authorized activities.
(6) Fail to supply requested information or amend an application to include all engines being produced.
(7) Take any action that otherwise circumvents the intent of the Act or this part.
(d) We may void a certificate of conformity if you fail to keep records, send reports, or give us information as required under this part or the Act. Note that these are also violations of 40 CFR 1068.101(a)(2).
(e) We may void a certificate of conformity if we find that you intentionally submitted false or incomplete information. This includes doing anything after submitting an application that causes submitted information to be false or incomplete after submission.
(f) If we deny an application or suspend, revoke, or void a certificate, you may ask for a hearing (see § 1048.820).

§ 1048.301When must I test my production-line engines?

(a) If you produce engines that are subject to the requirements of this part, you must test them as described in this subpart, except as follows:
(1) [Reserved]
(2) We may exempt engine families with a projected U.S.-directed production volume below 150 units from routine testing under this subpart. Request this exemption in your application for certification and include your basis for projecting a production volume below 150 units. We will approve your request if we agree that you have made good-faith estimates of your production volumes. Your exemption is approved when we grant your certificate. You must promptly notify us if your actual production exceeds 150 units during the model year. If you exceed the production limit or if there is evidence of a nonconformity, we may require you to test production-line engines under this subpart, or under 40 CFR part 1068, subpart E, even if we have approved an exemption under this paragraph (a)(2).
(b) We may suspend or revoke your certificate of conformity for certain engine families if your production-line engines do not meet the requirements of this part or you do not fulfill your obligations under this subpart (see §§ 1048.325 and 1048.340).
(c) Other regulatory provisions authorize us to suspend, revoke, or void your certificate of conformity, or order recalls for engine families, without regard to whether they have passed these production-line testing requirements. The requirements of this subpart do not affect our ability to do selective enforcement audits, as described in part 1068 of this chapter. Individual engines in families that pass these production-line testing requirements must also conform to all applicable regulations of this part and part 1068 of this chapter.
(d) You may use alternate programs for testing production-line engines in the following circumstances:
(1) You may use analyzers and sampling systems that meet the field-testing requirements of 40 CFR part 1065, subpart J, but not the otherwise applicable requirements in 40 CFR part 1065 for laboratory testing, to demonstrate compliance with duty-cycle emission standards if you double the minimum sampling rate specified in § 1048.310(b). Use measured test results to determine whether engines comply with applicable standards without applying a measurement allowance. This alternate program does not require prior approval but we may disallow use of this option where we determine that use of field-grade equipment would prevent you from being able to demonstrate that your engines are being produced to conform to the specifications in your application for certification.
(2) You may ask to use another alternate program for testing production-line engines. In your request, you must show us that the alternate program gives equal assurance that your products meet the requirements of this part. We may waive some or all of this subpart's requirements if we approve your alternate approach. For example, in certain circumstances you may be able to give us equal assurance that your products meet the requirements of this part by using less rigorous measurement methods if you offset that by increasing the number of test engines.
(e) If you certify an engine family with carryover emission data, as described in § 1048.235(d), and these equivalent engine families consistently pass the production-line testing requirements over the preceding two-year period, you may ask for a reduced testing rate for further production-line testing for that family. The minimum testing rate is one engine per engine family. If we reduce your testing rate, we may limit our approval to any number of model years. In determining whether to approve your request, we may consider the number of engines that have failed the emission tests.
(f) We may ask you to make a reasonable number of production-line engines available for a reasonable time so we can test or inspect them for compliance with the requirements of this part.

§ 1048.305How must I prepare and test my production-line engines?

This section describes how to prepare and test production-line engines. You must assemble the test engine in a way that represents the assembly procedures for other engines in the engine family. You must ask us to approve any deviations from your normal assembly procedures for other production engines in the engine family.
(a) Test procedures. Test your production-line engines using either the steady-state or transient testing procedures specified in subpart F of this part to show you meet the duty-cycle emission standards in subpart B of this part. The field-testing standards apply for this testing, but you need not do additional testing to show that production-line engines meet the field-testing standards.
(b) Modifying a test engine. Once an engine is selected for testing (see § 1048.310), you may adjust, repair, prepare, or modify it or check its emissions only if one of the following is true:
(1) You document the need for doing so in your procedures for assembling and inspecting all your production engines and make the action routine for all the engines in the engine family.
(2) This subpart otherwise specifically allows your action.
(3) We approve your action in advance.
(c) Engine malfunction. If an engine malfunction prevents further emission testing, ask us to approve your decision to either repair the engine or delete it from the test sequence.
(d) Setting adjustable parameters. Before any test, we may require you to adjust any adjustable parameter to any setting within its physically adjustable range.
(1) We may require you to adjust idle speed outside the physically adjustable range as needed, but only until the engine has stabilized emission levels (see paragraph (e) of this section). We may ask you for information needed to establish an alternate minimum idle speed.
(2) We may specify adjustments within the physically adjustable range by considering their effect on emission levels. We may also consider how likely it is that someone will make such an adjustment with in-use equipment.
(e) Stabilizing emission levels. Before you test production-line engines, you may operate the engine to stabilize the emission levels. Using good engineering judgment, operate your engines in a way that represents the way production engines will be used. You may operate each engine for no more than the greater of two periods:
(1) 50 hours.
(2) The number of hours you operated your emission-data engine for certifying the engine family (see 40 CFR part 1065, subpart E).
(f) Damage during shipment. If shipping an engine to a remote facility for production-line testing makes necessary an adjustment or repair, you must wait until after the initial emission test to do this work. We may waive this requirement if the test would be impossible or unsafe, or if it would permanently damage the engine. Report to us, in your written report under § 1048.345, all adjustments or repairs you make on test engines before each test.
(g) Retesting after invalid tests. You may retest an engine if you determine an emission test is invalid under subpart F of this part. Explain in your written report reasons for invalidating any test and the emission results from all tests. If we determine that you improperly invalidated a test, we may require you to ask for our approval for future testing before substituting results of the new tests for invalid ones.

§ 1048.310How must I select engines for production-line testing?

(a) Use test results from two engines each quarter to calculate the required sample size for the model year for each engine family.
(b) Early in each calendar quarter, randomly select and test two engines from the end of the assembly line for each engine family.
(c) Calculate the required sample size for each engine family. Separately calculate this figure for HC + NO X and CO. The required sample size is the greater of these calculated values. Use the following equation:
Where:
N = Required sample size for the model year.
t 95 = 95% confidence coefficient, which depends on the number of tests completed, n, as specified in the table in paragraph (c)(1) of this section. It defines 95% confidence intervals for a one-tail distribution.
σ = Test sample standard deviation (see paragraph (c)(2) of this section).
x = Mean of emission test results of the sample.
STD = Emission standard.
(1) Determine the 95% confidence coefficient, t 95 , from the following table:
n t 95
n t 95
n t 95
2 6.31
12 1.80
22 1.72
3 2.92
13 1.78
23 1.72
4 2.35
14 1.77
24 1.71
5 2.13
15 1.76
25 1.71
6 2.02
16 1.75
26 1.71
7 1.94
17 1.75
27 1.71
8 1.90
18 1.74
28 1.70
9 1.86
19 1.73
29 1.70
10 1.83
20 1.73
30 + 1.70
11 1.81
21 1.72
(2) Calculate the standard deviation, σ, for the test sample using the following formula:
Where:
X i = Emission test result for an individual engine.
n = The number of tests completed in an engine family.
(d) Use final deteriorated test results to calculate the variables in the equations in paragraph (c) of this section (see § 1048.315(a)).
(e) After each new test, recalculate the required sample size using the updated mean values, standard deviations, and the appropriate 95-percent confidence coefficient.
(f) Distribute the remaining tests evenly throughout the rest of the year. You may need to adjust your schedule for selecting engines if the required sample size changes. If your scheduled quarterly testing for the remainder of the model year is sufficient to meet the calculated sample size, you may wait until the next quarter to do additional testing. Continue to randomly select engines from each engine family.
(g) Continue testing until one of the following things happens:
(1) After completing the minimum number of tests required in paragraph (b) of this section, the number of tests completed in an engine family, n, is greater than the required sample size, N, and the sample mean, x, is less than or equal to the emission standard. For example, if N = 5.1 after the fifth test, the sample-size calculation does not allow you to stop testing.
(2) The engine family does not comply according to § 1048.315.
(3) You test 30 engines from the engine family.
(4) You test one percent of your projected annual U.S.-directed production volume for the engine family, rounded to the nearest whole number. Do not count an engine under this paragraph (g)(4) if it fails to meet an applicable emission standard. You may stop testing after you test one percent of your production volume even if you have not tested the number of engines specified in paragraph (b) of this section. For example, if projected volume is 475 engines, test two engines in each of the first two quarters and one engine in the third quarter to fulfill your testing requirements under this section for that engine family.
(5) You choose to declare that the engine family does not comply with the requirements of this subpart.
(h) If the sample-size calculation allows you to stop testing for one pollutant but not another, you must continue measuring emission levels of all pollutants for any additional tests required under this section. However, you need not continue making the calculations specified in this subpart for the pollutant for which testing is not required. This paragraph (h) does not affect the number of tests required under this section, the required calculations in § 1048.315, or the remedial steps required under § 1048.320.
(i) You may elect to test more randomly chosen engines than we require under this section. Include these engines in the sample-size calculations.

§ 1048.315How do I know when my engine family fails the production-line testing requirements?

This section describes the pass/fail criteria for the production-line testing requirements. We apply these criteria on an engine-family basis. See § 1048.320 for the requirements that apply to individual engines that fail a production-line test.
(a) Calculate your test results as follows:
(1) Initial and final test results. Calculate and round the test results for each engine. If you do several tests on an engine, calculate the initial results for each test, then add all the test results together and divide by the number of tests. Round this final calculated value for the final test results on that engine.
(2) Final deteriorated test results. Apply the deterioration factor for the engine family to the final test results (see § 1048.240(c)).
(3) Round deteriorated test results. Round the results to the number of decimal places in the emission standard expressed to one more decimal place.
(b) Construct the following CumSum Equation for each engine family for HC + NO X and CO emissions:
C i = Max [0 or C i-1 + X i − (STD + 0.25 × σ)]
Where:
C i = The current CumSum statistic.
C i -1 = The previous CumSum statistic. For the first test, the CumSum statistic is 0 ( i.e. , C 1 = 0).
X i = The current emission test result for an individual engine.
STD = Emission standard.
(c) Use final deteriorated test results to calculate the variables in the equation in paragraph (b) of this section (see § 1048.315(a)).
(d) After each new test, recalculate the CumSum statistic.
(e) If you test more than the required number of engines, include the results from these additional tests in the CumSum Equation.
(f) After each test, compare the current CumSum statistic, C i , to the recalculated Action Limit, H, defined as H = 5.0 × σ.
(g) If the CumSum statistic exceeds the Action Limit in two consecutive tests, the engine family fails the production-line testing requirements of this subpart. Tell us within ten working days if this happens.
(h) If you amend the application for certification for an engine family (see § 1048.225), do not change any previous calculations of sample size or CumSum statistics for the model year.

§ 1048.320What happens if one of my production-line engines fails to meet emission standards?

If you have a production-line engine with final deteriorated test results exceeding one or more emission standards (see § 1048.315(a)), the certificate of conformity is automatically suspended for that failing engine. You must take the following actions before your certificate of conformity can cover that engine:
(a) Correct the problem and retest the engine to show it complies with all emission standards.
(b) Include the test results and describe the remedy for each engine in the written report required under § 1048.345.

§ 1048.325What happens if an engine family fails the production-line testing requirements?

(a) We may suspend your certificate of conformity for an engine family if it fails under § 1048.315. The suspension may apply to all facilities producing engines from an engine family, even if you find noncompliant engines only at one facility.
(b) We will tell you in writing if we suspend your certificate in whole or in part. We will not suspend a certificate until at least 15 days after the engine family fails. The suspension is effective when you receive our notice.
(c) Up to 15 days after we suspend the certificate for an engine family, you may ask for a hearing (see § 1048.820). If we agree before a hearing occurs that we used erroneous information in deciding to suspend the certificate, we will reinstate the certificate.
(d) Section 1048.335 specifies steps you must take to remedy the cause of the engine family's production-line failure. All the engines you have produced since the end of the last test period are presumed noncompliant and should be addressed in your proposed remedy. We may require you to apply the remedy to engines produced earlier if we determine that the cause of the failure is likely to have affected the earlier engines.

§ 1048.330May I sell engines from an engine family with a suspended certificate of conformity?

You may sell engines that you produce after we suspend the engine family's certificate of conformity under § 1048.315 only if one of the following occurs:
(a) You test each engine you produce and show it complies with emission standards that apply.
(b) We conditionally reinstate the certificate for the engine family. We may do so if you agree to recall all the affected engines and remedy any noncompliance at no expense to the owner if later testing shows that the engine family still does not comply.

§ 1048.335How do I ask EPA to reinstate my suspended certificate?

(a) Send us a written report asking us to reinstate your suspended certificate. In your report, identify the reason for noncompliance, propose a remedy for the engine family, and commit to a date for carrying it out. In your proposed remedy include any quality control measures you propose to keep the problem from happening again.

(b) Give us data from production-line testing that shows the remedied engine family complies with all the emission standards that apply.

§ 1048.340When may EPA revoke my certificate under this subpart and how may I sell these engines again?

(a) We may revoke your certificate for an engine family in the following cases:
(1) You do not meet the reporting requirements.
(2) Your engine family fails to comply with the requirements of this subpart and your proposed remedy to address a suspended certificate under § 1048.325 is inadequate to solve the problem or requires you to change the engine's design or emission-control system.
(b) To sell engines from an engine family with a revoked certificate of conformity, you must modify the engine family and then show it complies with the requirements of this part.
(1) If we determine your proposed design change may not control emissions for the engine's full useful life, we will tell you within five working days after receiving your report. In this case we will decide whether production-line testing will be enough for us to evaluate the change or whether you need to do more testing.
(2) Unless we require more testing, you may show compliance by testing production-line engines as described in this subpart.
(3) We will issue a new or updated certificate of conformity when you have met these requirements.

§ 1048.345What production-line testing records must I send to EPA?

(a) Within 30 calendar days of the end of each calendar quarter, send us a report with the following information:
(1) Describe any facility used to test production-line engines and state its location.
(2) State the total U.S.-directed production volume and number of tests for each engine family.
(3) Describe how you randomly selected engines.
(4) Describe each test engine, including the engine family's identification and the engine's model year, build date, model number, identification number, and number of hours of operation before testing.
(5) Identify how you accumulated hours of operation on the engines and describe the procedure and schedule you used.
(6) Provide the test number; the date, time and duration of testing; test procedure; all initial test results; final test results; and final deteriorated test results for all tests. Provide the emission results for all measured pollutants. Include information for both valid and invalid tests and the reason for any invalidation.
(7) Describe completely and justify any nonroutine adjustment, modification, repair, preparation, maintenance, or test for the test engine if you did not report it separately under this subpart. Include the results of any emission measurements, regardless of the procedure or type of equipment.
(8) Provide the CumSum analysis required in § 1048.315 and the sample-size calculation required in § 1048.310 for each engine family.
(9) Report on each failed engine as described in § 1048.320.
(10) State the date the calendar quarter ended for each engine family.
(b) We may ask you to add information to your written report, so we can determine whether your new engines conform with the requirements of this subpart. We may also ask you to send less information.
(c) An authorized representative of your company must sign the following statement:
We submit this report under Sections 208 and 213 of the Clean Air Act. Our production-line testing conformed completely with the requirements of 40 CFR part 1048. We have not changed production processes or quality-control procedures for test engines in a way that might affect emission controls. All the information in this report is true and accurate, to the best of my knowledge. I know of the penalties for violating the Clean Air Act and the regulations. (Authorized Company Representative)
(d) Send electronic reports of production-line testing to the Designated Compliance Officer using an approved information format. If you want to use a different format, send us a written request with justification for a waiver.
(e) We will send copies of your reports to anyone from the public who asks for them. See § 1048.815 for information on how we treat information you consider confidential.

§ 1048.350What records must I keep?

(a) Organize and maintain your records as described in this section. We may review your records at any time.
(b) Keep paper or electronic records of your production-line testing for eight years after you complete all the testing required for an engine family in a model year.
(c) Keep a copy of the written reports described in § 1048.345.
(d) Keep the following additional records:
(1) A description of all test equipment for each test cell that you can use to test production-line engines.
(2) The names of supervisors involved in each test.
(3) The name of anyone who authorizes adjusting, repairing, preparing, or modifying a test engine and the names of all supervisors who oversee this work.
(4) If you shipped the engine for testing, the date you shipped it, the associated storage or port facility, and the date the engine arrived at the testing facility.
(5) Any records related to your production-line tests that are not in the written report.
(6) A brief description of any significant events during testing not otherwise described in the written report or in this section.
(7) Any information specified in § 1048.345 that you do not include in your written reports.
(e) If we ask, you must give us projected or actual production figures for an engine family. We may ask you to divide your production figures by maximum engine power, displacement, fuel type, or assembly plant (if you produce engines at more than one plant).
(f) Keep records of the engine identification number for each engine you produce under each certificate of conformity. You may identify these numbers as a range. Give us these records within 30 days if we ask for them.
(g) We may ask you to keep or send other information necessary to implement this subpart.

§ 1048.401What testing requirements apply to my engines that have gone into service?

(a) If you produce engines that are subject to the requirements of this part, you must test them as described in this subpart. This generally involves testing engines in the field or removing them for measurement in a laboratory.
(b) We may approve an alternate plan for showing that in-use engines comply with the requirements of this part if one of the following is true:
(1) You produce 200 or fewer engines per year in the selected engine family.
(2) Removing the engine from most of the applications for that engine family causes significant, irreparable damage to the equipment.
(3) You identify a unique aspect of your engine applications that keeps you from doing the required in-use testing.
(c) We may void your certificate of conformity for an engine family if you do not meet your obligations under this part.
(d) Independent of your responsibility to test in-use engines, we may choose at any time to do our own testing of your in-use engines.
(e) If in-use testing shows that engines fail to meet emission standards or other requirements of this part, we may pursue a recall or other remedy as allowed by the Act (see § 1048.415).

§ 1048.405How does this program work?

(a) You must test in-use engines, for exhaust emissions, from the families we select. We may select up to 25 percent of your engine families in any model year—or one engine family if you have three or fewer families. We will select engine families for testing before the end of the model year. When we select an engine family for testing, we may specify that you preferentially test engines based on fuel type or equipment type. In addition, we may identify specific modes of operation or sampling times. You may choose to test additional engine families that we do not select.
(b) Send us an in-use testing plan within six months after we direct you to test a particular engine family. If we request additional information or require you to modify your plan to meet the requirements of this subpart, you must provide the information or the modified plan within 30 days of our request. Complete the testing within 36 months after we direct you to test a particular engine family.
(c) You may need to test engines from more than one model year at a given time.
(d) In appropriate extreme and unusual circumstances that are clearly outside your control and could not have been avoided by the exercise of prudence, diligence, and due care, we may allow more time to complete testing or we may waive the in-use testing requirement for an engine family. For example, if your test fleet is destroyed by severe weather during service accumulation and we agree that completion of testing is not possible, we would generally waive testing requirements for that engine family.

§ 1048.410How must I select, prepare, and test my in-use engines?

(a) You may make arrangements to select representative test engines from your own fleet or from other independent sources.
(b) For the selected engine families, select engines that you or your customers have—
(1) Operated for at least 50 percent of the engine family's useful life (see § 1048.101(d));
(2) Not maintained or used in an abnormal way; and
(3) Documented in terms of total hours of operation, maintenance, operating conditions, and storage.
(c) Use the following methods to determine the number of engines you must test in each engine family:
(1) Test at least two engines if you produce 2,000 or fewer engines in the model year from all engine families, or if you produce 500 or fewer engines from the selected engine family. Otherwise, test at least four engines.
(2) If you successfully complete an in-use test program on an engine family and later certify an equivalent engine family with carryover emission data, as described in § 1048.235(c), then test at least one engine instead of the testing rates in paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
(3) If you test the minimum required number of engines and all comply fully with emission standards, you may stop testing.
(4) For each engine that fails any applicable standard, test two more. Regardless of measured emission levels, you do not have to test more than ten engines in an engine family. You may do more tests than we require.
(5) You may concede that the engine family does not comply before testing a total of ten engines.
(d) You may do minimal maintenance to set components of a test engine to specifications for anything we do not consider an adjustable parameter (see § 1048.205(p)). Limit maintenance to what is in the owner's instructions for engines with that amount of service and age. Document all maintenance and adjustments.
(e) You may do repeat measurements with a test engine; however, you must conduct the same number of tests on each engine.
(f) For a test program on an engine family, choose one of the following methods to test your engines:
(1) Remove the selected engines for testing in a laboratory. Use the applicable steady-state and transient procedures in subpart F of this part to show compliance with the duty-cycle standards in § 1048.101(a) and (b). We may direct you to measure emissions on the dynamometer using the supplemental test procedures in § 1048.515 to show compliance with the field-testing standards in § 1048.101(c).
(2) Test the selected engines while they remain installed in the equipment. Use the field testing procedures in subpart F of this part. Measure emissions during normal operation of the equipment to show compliance with the field-testing standards in § 1048.101(c). We may direct you to include specific areas of normal operation.
(g) You may ask us to waive parts of the prescribed test procedures if they are not necessary to determine in-use compliance.
(h) Calculate the average emission levels for an engine family from the results for the set of tested engines. Round them to the number of decimal places in the emission standards expressed to one more decimal place.

§ 1048.415What happens if in-use engines do not meet requirements?

(a) Determine the reason each in-use engine exceeds the emission standards.
(b) If the average emission levels calculated in § 1048.410(h) exceed any of the emission standards that apply, notify us within fifteen days of completing testing on this family. Otherwise follow the reporting instructions in § 1048.420.
(c) We will consider failure rates, average emission levels, and any defects—among other things—to decide on taking remedial action under this subpart (see 40 CFR 1068.505). We may consider the results from any voluntary additional testing you perform. We may also consider information related to testing from other engine families showing that you designed them to exceed the minimum requirements for controlling emissions. We may order a recall before or after you complete testing of an engine family if we determine a substantial number of engines do not conform to section 213 of the Act or to this part. The scope of the recall may include other engine families in the same or different model years if the cause of the problem identified in paragraph (a) of this section applies more broadly than the tested engine family, as allowed by the Act.
(d) If in-use testing reveals a design or manufacturing defect that prevents engines from meeting the requirements of this part, you must correct the defect as soon as possible for any future production for engines in every family affected by the defect. See 40 CFR 1068.501 for additional requirements related to defect reporting.
(e) You may voluntarily recall an engine family for emission failures, as described in 40 CFR 1068.535, unless we have ordered a recall for that family under 40 CFR 1068.505.
(f) You have the right to a hearing before we order you to recall your engines or implement an alternative remedy (see § 1048.820).

§ 1048.420What in-use testing information must I report to EPA?

(a) In a report to us within three months after you finish testing an engine family, do all the following:
(1) Identify the engine family, model, serial number, and date of manufacture.
(2) For each engine inspected or considered for testing, identify whether the diagnostic system was functioning.
(3) Describe the specific reasons for disqualifying any engines for not being properly maintained or used.
(4) For each engine selected for testing, include the following information:
(i) Estimate the hours each engine was used before testing.
(ii) Describe all maintenance, adjustments, modifications, and repairs to each test engine.
(5) State the date and time of each test attempt.
(6) Include the results of all emission testing, including incomplete or invalidated tests, if any.
(b) Send electronic reports of in-use testing to the Designated Compliance Officer using an approved information format. If you want to use a different format, send us a written request with justification for a waiver.
(c) We will send copies of your reports to anyone from the public who asks for them. See § 1048.815 for information on how we treat information you consider confidential.
(d) We may ask for more information.

§ 1048.425What records must I keep?

(a) Organize and maintain your records as described in this section. We may review your records at any time.
(b) Keep paper records of your in-use testing for one full year after you complete all the testing required for an engine family in a model year. You may use any additional storage formats or media if you like.
(c) Keep a copy of the written reports described in § 1048.420.
(d) Keep any additional records related to the procurement process.

§ 1048.501How do I run a valid emission test?

(a) Use the equipment and procedures for spark-ignition engines in 40 CFR part 1065 to determine whether engines meet the duty-cycle emission standards in § 1048.101(a) and (b). Measure the emissions of all the pollutants we regulate in § 1048.101 using the sampling procedures specified in 40 CFR part 1065. Measure CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 as described in § 1048.235. Use the applicable duty cycles specified in §§ 1048.505 and 1048.510.
(b) Section 1048.515 describes the supplemental procedures for evaluating whether engines meet the field-testing emission standards in § 1048.101(c).
(c) Use the fuels and lubricants specified in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart H, to perform valid tests for all the testing we require in this part, except as noted in § 1048.515.
(1) Use gasoline meeting the specifications described in 40 CFR 1065.710(c) for general testing. For service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is representative of the fuel that in-use engines will use.
(2) You may alternatively use ethanol-blended fuel meeting the specifications described in 40 CFR 1065.710(b) for general testing without our advance approval. If you use the ethanol-blended fuel for certifying a given engine family, you may also use it for production-line testing or any other testing you perform for that engine family under this part. If you use the ethanol-blended fuel for certifying a given engine family, we may use the ethanol-blended fuel or the specified neat gasoline test fuel with that engine family.
(d) In place of the provisions of 40 CFR 1065.405, you may consider emission levels stable without measurement after 50 hours of engine operation.
(e) To test engines for evaporative emissions, use the equipment and procedures specified for testing diurnal emissions as described in 40 CFR 1060.525, subject to the following provisions:
(1) Precondition nonmetal fuel tanks as specified in 40 CFR 1060.520(a) and (b).
(2) For engines equipped with carbon canisters that store fuel vapors that will be purged for combustion in the engine, precondition the canister as specified in 40 CFR 86.132-96(h) and then operate the engine for 60 minutes over repeat runs of the duty cycle specified in appendix II of this part.
(3) Start the diurnal emission test after the engine is stabilized at room temperatures, but within 36 hours after the engine operation specified in paragraph (e)(2) of this section.
(4) You may not separately measure permeation emissions from nonmetal fuel tanks for subtracting from the diurnal emission measurement.
(5) Note that you may omit testing for evaporative emissions during certification if you certify by design, as specified in § 1048.245.
(f) You may use special or alternate procedures to the extent we allow them under 40 CFR 1065.10.
(g) This subpart is addressed to you as a manufacturer, but it applies equally to anyone who does testing for you, and to us when we perform testing to determine if your engines meet emission standards.

§ 1048.505How do I test engines using steady-state duty cycles, including ramped-modal testing?

This section describes how to test engines under steady-state conditions. In some cases, we allow you to choose the appropriate steady-state duty cycle for an engine; you may also choose between discrete-mode and ramped-modal testing. In all cases, you must use the duty cycle you select in your application for certification for all testing you perform for that engine family. If we test your engines to confirm that they meet emission standards, we will use the duty cycles you select for your own testing. If you submit certification test data using more than one duty cycle, any of the selected duty cycles may be used for any subsequent testing. We may also perform other testing as allowed by the Clean Air Act.
(a) You may perform steady-state testing with either discrete-mode or ramped-modal cycles described in 40 CFR Part 1065.
(b) Measure emissions by testing the engine on a dynamometer with one or more of the following sets of duty cycles to determine whether it meets the steady-state emission standards in § 1048.101(b):
(1) For engines from an engine family that will be used only in variable-speed applications, use one of the following duty cycles:
(i) The following duty cycle applies for discrete-mode testing:
Table 1 of § 1048.505
C2 mode No.
Engine speed 1
Torque (percent) 2
Weighting factors
1
Maximum test speed
25
0.06
2
Intermediate test
100
0.02
3
Intermediate test
75
0.05
4
Intermediate test
50
0.32
5
Intermediate test
25
0.30
6
Intermediate test
10
0.10
7
Warm idle
0
0.15
1 Speed terms are defined in 40 CFR part 1065.
2 The percent torque is relative to the maximum torque at the given engine speed.
(ii) The following duty cycle applies for ramped-modal testing:
Table 2 of § 1048.505
RMC mode
Time in mode (seconds)
Engine speed 1 2
Torque (percent) 2 3
1a Steady-state
119
Warm idle
0
1b Transition
20
Linear transition
Linear transition.
2a Steady-state
29
Intermediate speed
100
2b Transition
20
Intermediate speed
Linear transition.
3a Steady-state
150
Intermediate speed
10
3b Transition
20
Intermediate speed
Linear transition.
4a Steady-state
80
Intermediate speed
75
4b Transition
20
Intermediate speed
Linear transition.
5a Steady-state
513
Intermediate speed
25
5b Transition
20
Intermediate speed
Linear transition.
6a Steady-state
549
Intermediate speed
50
6b Transition
20
Linear transition
Linear transition.
7a Steady-state
96
Maximum test speed
25
7b Transition
20
Linear transition
Linear transition.
8 Steady-state
124
Warm idle
0
1 Speed terms are defined in 40 CFR part 1065.
2 Advance from one mode to the next within a 20-second transition phase. During the transition phase, command a linear progression from the torque setting of the current mode to the torque setting of the next mode.
3 The percent torque is relative to maximum torque at the commanded engine speed.
(2) For engines from an engine family that will be used only at a single, rated speed, use the 5-mode duty cycle or the corresponding ramped-modal cycle described in 40 CFR part 1039, Appendix II, paragraph (a).
(3) Use a duty cycle from both paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of this section if you will not restrict an engine family to constant-speed or variable-speed applications.
(4) Use a duty cycle specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section for all severe-duty engines.
(5) For high-load engines, use one of the following duty cycles:
(i) The following duty cycle applies for discrete-mode testing:
Table 3 of § 1048.505
Mode No.
Engine speed
Torque (percent) 1
Minimum time in mode (minutes)
Weighting factors
1
Maximum test speed
100
3.0
0.50
2
Maximum test speed
75
3.0
0.50
1 The percent torque is relative to the maximum torque at maximum test speed.
(ii) The following duty cycle applies for discrete-mode testing:
Table 4 of § 1048.505
RMC modes
Time in mode (seconds)
Engine speed (percent)
Torque (percent) 1 2
1a Steady-state
290
Engine governed
100
1b Transition
20
Engine governed
Linear transition.
2 Steady-state
290
Engine governed
75
1 The percent torque is relative to maximum test torque.
2 Advance from one mode to the next within a 20-second transition phase. During the transition phase, command a linear progression from the torque setting of the current mode to the torque setting of the next mode.
(c) For full-load operating modes, operate the engine at wide-open throttle.

§ 1048.510What transient duty cycles apply for laboratory testing?

(a) Starting with the 2007 model year, measure emissions by testing the engine on a dynamometer with the duty cycle described in Appendix II to determine whether it meets the transient emission standards in § 1048.101(a).
(b) Calculate cycle statistics and compare with the established criteria as specified in 40 CFR 1065.514 to confirm that the test is valid.
(c) Warm up the test engine as follows before running a transient test:
(1) Operate the engine for the first 180 seconds of the appropriate duty cycle, then allow it to idle without load for 30 seconds. At the end of the 30-second idling period, start measuring emissions as the engine operates over the prescribed duty cycle. For severe-duty engines, this engine warm-up procedure may include up to 15 minutes of operation over the appropriate duty cycle.
(2) If the engine was already operating before a test, use good engineering judgment to let the engine cool down enough so measured emissions during the next test will accurately represent those from an engine starting at room temperature. For example, if an engine starting at room temperature warms up enough in three minutes to start closed-loop operation and achieve full catalyst activity, then minimal engine cooling is necessary before starting the next test.
(3) You are not required to measure emissions while the engine is warming up. However, you must design your emission-control system to start working as soon as possible after engine starting. In your application for certification, describe how your engine meets this objective (see § 1048.205(b)).

§ 1048.515What are the field-testing procedures?

(a) This section describes the procedures to determine whether your engines meet the field-testing emission standards in § 1048.101(c). These procedures may include any normal engine operation and ambient conditions that the engines may experience in use. Paragraph (b) of this section defines the limits of what we will consider normal engine operation and ambient conditions. Use the test procedures we specify in § 1048.501, except for the provisions we specify in this section. Measure emissions with one of the following procedures:
(1) Remove the selected engines for testing in a laboratory. You may use an engine dynamometer to simulate normal operation, as described in this section.
(2) Test the selected engines while they remain installed in the equipment. In 40 CFR part 1065, subpart J, we describe the equipment and sampling methods for testing engines in the field. Use fuel meeting the specifications of 40 CFR part 1065, subpart H, or a fuel typical of what you would expect the engine to use in service.
(b) An engine's emissions may not exceed the levels we specify in § 1048.101(c) for any continuous sampling period of at least 120 seconds under the following ranges of operation and operating conditions:
(1) Engine operation during the emission sampling period may include any normal operation, subject to the following restrictions:
(i) Average power must be at least 5 percent of maximum brake power.
(ii) Continuous time at idle must not be greater than 120 seconds.
(iii) The sampling period may not begin until the engine has reached stable operating temperatures. For example, this would exclude engine operation after starting until the thermostat starts modulating coolant temperature.
(iv) The sampling period may not include engine starting.
(v) For engines that qualify for the alternate Tier 2 emission standards in § 1048.101(d), operation at 90 percent or more of maximum power must be less than 10 percent of the total sampling time. You may request our approval for a different power threshold.
(2) Engine testing may occur under any normal conditions without correcting measured emission levels, subject to the following restrictions:
(i) Barometric pressure must be between 80.0 and 103.3 kPa (600 and 775 mm Hg).
(ii) Ambient air temperature must be between 13° and 35 °C.

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CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, LARGE NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES (U.S.C.). Retrieved via LawPlayer, https://lawplayer.com/us/act/cfr-title-40-part-1048

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