§ 531.1Scope.
This part establishes average fuel economy standards pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 32902 for passenger automobiles.
資料由法律人 LawPlayer整理提供·U.S. federal law / curated by LawPlayer from GPO govinfo & eCFR
CFR Regulation
PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS
§ 531.2Purpose.
The purpose of this part is to increase the fuel economy of passenger automobiles by establishing minimum levels of average fuel economy for those vehicles.
§ 531.3Applicability.
This part applies to manufacturers of passenger automobiles.
§ 531.4Definitions.
(a) Statutory terms. (1) The terms average fuel economy, manufacture, manufacturer, and model year are used as defined in 49 U.S.C. 32901.
(2) The terms automobile and passenger automobile are used as defined in 49 U.S.C. 32901 and in accordance with the determination in part 523 of this chapter.
(b) Other terms. As used in this part, unless otherwise required by the context—
(1) The term domestically manufactured passenger automobile means the vehicle is deemed to be manufactured domestically under 49 U.S.C. 32904(b)(3) and 40 CFR 600.511-08.
(2) [Reserved]
§ 531.5Fuel economy standards.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, each manufacturer of passenger automobiles shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy standards in table 1 to this paragraph (a), expressed in miles per gallon, in the model year specified as applicable:
Table 1 to Paragraph ( a )
Model year
Average fuel economy standard (miles per gallon)
1978
18.0
1979
19.0
1980
20.0
1981
22.0
1982
24.0
1983
26.0
1984
27.0
1985
27.5
1986
26.0
1987
26.0
1988
26.0
1989
26.5
1990-2010
27.5
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, for model year 2011, a manufacturer's passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model year according to figure 1 and the appropriate values in table 2 to this paragraph (b).
Figure 1 to Paragraph (b)
Where:
N is the total number (sum) of passenger automobiles produced by a manufacturer;
N i is the number (sum) of the ith passenger automobile model produced by the manufacturer; and
T i is the fuel economy target of the ith model passenger automobile, which is determined according to the following formula, rounded to the nearest hundredth:
Where:
Parameters a, b, c, and d are defined in table 2 to this paragraph (b);
e = 2.718; and
x = footprint (in square feet, rounded to the nearest tenth) of the vehicle model.
Table 2 to paragraph ( b )— Parameters for the Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy Targets
Model year
Parameters
a (mpg)
b (mpg)
c (gal/mi/ft2)
d (gal/mi)
2011
31.20
24.00
51.41
1.91
(c) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, for model years 2012-2031, a manufacturer's passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model year according to this figure 2 and the appropriate values in this table 3 to this paragraph (c).
Figure 2 to Paragraph (c)
Where:
CAFE required is the fleet average fuel economy standard for a given fleet (domestic passenger automobiles or import passenger automobiles);
Subscript i is a designation of multiple groups of automobiles, where each group's designation, i.e., i = 1, 2, 3, etc., represents automobiles that share a unique model type and footprint within the applicable fleet, either domestic passenger automobiles or import passenger automobiles;
Production i is the number of passenger automobiles produced for sale in the United States within each ith designation, i.e., which share the same model type and footprint;
TARGET i is the fuel economy target in miles per gallon (mpg) applicable to the footprint of passenger automobiles within each ith designation, i.e., which share the same model type and footprint, calculated according to figure 3 to this paragraph (c) and rounded to the nearest hundredth of a mpg, i.e., 35.455 = 35.46 mpg, and the summations in the numerator and denominator are both performed over all models in the fleet in question.
Figure 3 to Paragraph (c)
Where:
TARGET is the fuel economy target (in mpg) applicable to vehicles of a given footprint ( FOOTPRINT, in square feet);
Parameters a, b, c, and d are defined in table 3 to this paragraph (c); and
The MIN and MAX functions take the minimum and maximum, respectively, of the included values.
Table 3 to Paragraph ( c )—Parameters for the Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy Targets, MYs 2012-2031
Model year
Parameters
a (mpg)
b (mpg)
c (gal/mi/ft2)
d (gal/mi)
2012
35.95
27.95
0.0005308
0.006057
2013
36.80
28.46
0.0005308
0.005410
2014
37.75
29.03
0.0005308
0.004725
2015
39.24
29.90
0.0005308
0.003719
2016
41.09
30.96
0.0005308
0.002573
2017
43.61
32.65
0.0005131
0.001896
2018
45.21
33.84
0.0004954
0.001811
2019
46.87
35.07
0.0004783
0.001729
2020
48.74
36.47
0.0004603
0.001643
2021
49.48
37.02
0.000453
0.00162
2022
50.24
37.59
0.000447
0.00159
2023
51.00
38.16
0.000440
0.00157
2024
55.44
41.48
0.000405
0.00144
2025
60.26
45.08
0.000372
0.00133
2026
66.95
50.09
0.000335
0.00120
2027
68.32
51.12
0.00032841
0.00117220
2028
69.71
52.16
0.00032184
0.00114876
2029
71.14
53.22
0.00031541
0.00112579
2030
72.59
54.31
0.00030910
0.00110327
2031
74.07
55.42
0.00030292
0.00108120
(d) In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, each manufacturer, other than manufacturers subject to standards in paragraph (e) of this section, shall also meet the minimum fleet standard for domestically manufactured passenger automobiles expressed in table 4 to this paragraph (d):
Table 4 to Paragraph ( d )—Minimum Fuel Economy Standards for Domestically Manufactured Passenger Automobiles, MYs 2011-2031
Model year
Minimum standard
2011
27.8
2012
30.7
2013
31.4
2014
32.1
2015
33.3
2016
34.7
2017
36.7
2018
38.0
2019
39.4
2020
40.9
2021
39.9
2022
40.6
2023
41.1
2024
44.3
2025
48.1
2026
53.5
2027
54.2
2028
55.2
2029
56.4
2030
57.5
2031
58.7
(e) The following manufacturers shall comply with the standards indicated in paragraphs (e)(1) through (15) of this section for the specified model years:
(1) Avanti Motor Corporation.
Table 5 to § 531.5( e )(1)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
Model year
Miles per gallon
1978
16.1
1979
14.5
1980
15.8
1981
18.2
1982
18.2
1983
16.9
1984
16.9
1985
16.9
(2) Rolls-Royce Motors, Inc.
Table 6 to § 531.5( e )(2)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
Model year
Miles per gallon
1978
10.7
1979
10.8
1980
11.1
1981
10.7
1982
10.6
1983
9.9
1984
10.0
1985
10.0
1986
11.0
1987
11.2
1988
11.2
1989
11.2
1990
12.7
1991
12.7
1992
13.8
1993
13.8
1994
13.8
1995
14.6
1996
14.6
1997
15.1
1998
16.3
1999
16.3
(3) Checker Motors Corporation.
Table 7 to § 531.5( e )(3)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
Model year
Miles per gallon
1978
17.6
1979
16.5
1980
18.5
1981
18.3
1982
18.4
(4) Aston Martin Lagonda Limited.
Table 8 to § 531.5( e )(4)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
(Miles per gallon)
1979
11.5
1980
12.1
1981
12.2
1982
12.2
1983
11.3
1984
11.3
1985
11.4
2008
19.0
2009
18.6
2010
19.2
2011
19.1
2012
19.2
2013
20.1
2014
19.7
2015
19.8
2016
20.2
2017
21.4
2018
22.9
2019
22.4
2020
22.6
2021
24.9
2022
24.9
2023
24.9
(5) Excalibur Automobile Corporation.
Table 9 to § 531.5( e )(5)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
Model year
Miles per gallon
1978
11.5
1979
11.5
1980
16.2
1981
17.9
1982
17.9
1983
16.6
1984
16.6
1985
16.6
(6) Lotus Cars Ltd.
Table 10 to § 531.5( e )(6)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
Model year
Miles per gallon
1994
24.2
1995
23.3
(7) Officine Alfieri Maserati, S.p.A.
Table 11 to § 531.5( e )(7)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
Miles per gallon
1978
12.5
1979
12.5
1980
9.5
1984
17.9
1985
16.8
(8) Lamborghini of North America.
Table 12 to § 531.5( e )(8)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
Miles per gallon
1983
13.7
1984
13.7
(9) LondonCoach Co., Inc.
Table 13 to § 531.5( e )(9)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
Miles per gallon
1985
21.0
1986
21.0
1987
21.0
(10) Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A./Vector Aeromotive Corporation.
Table 14 § 531.5( e )(10)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
Miles per gallon
1995
12.8
1996
12.6
1997
12.5
(11) Dutcher Motors, Inc.
Table 15 to § 531.5( e )(11)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
Miles per gallon
1986
16.0
1987
16.0
1988
16.0
1992
17.0
1993
17.0
1994
17.0
1995
17.0
(12) MedNet, Inc.
Table 16 to § 531.5( e )(12)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
Average fuel economy standard (miles per gallon)
1996
17.0
1997
17.0
1998
17.0
(13) Vector Aeromotive Corporation.
Table 17 to § 531.5( e )(13)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
Miles per gallon
1998
12.1
(14) Qvale Automotive Group Srl.
Table 18 to § 531.5( e )(14)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
Miles per gallon
2000
22.0
2001
22.0
(15) Spyker Automobielen B.V.
Table 19 to § 531.5( e )(15)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
(Miles per gallon)
2006
18.9
2007
18.9
2008
19.6
2009
19.6
2010
20.7
(16) Ferrari.
Table 20 to § 531.5( e )(16)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
(Miles per gallon)
2016
21.7
2017
21.5
2018
21.6
2020
21.1
(17) Koenigsegg.
Table 21 to § 531.5( e )(17)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
(Miles per gallon)
2015
16.7
2018
16.7
2019
16.6
2020
16.6
2021
16.6
2022
16.9
2023
16.9
(18) McLaren.
Table 22 to § 531.5( e )(18)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
(Miles per gallon)
2012
23.2
2013
24.0
2014
23.8
2015
22.9
2016
23.2
2017
24.3
2018
23.3
2019
22.5
2020
22.5
2021
21.5
2022
24.6
2023
25.7
(19) Mobility Ventures.
Table 23 to § 531.5( e )(19)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
(Miles per gallon)
2014
19.6
2015
20.1
2016
20.1
(20) Pagani.
Table 24 to § 531.5( e )(20)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year
(Miles per gallon)
2014
15.6
2016
15.6
2017
15.6
2018
15.6
2019
15.5
2020
15.5
2021
15.5
2022
15.5
2023
15.5
§ 531.6Measurement and calculation procedures.
(a) The fleet average fuel economy performance of all passenger automobiles that are manufactured by a manufacturer in a model year shall be determined in accordance with procedures established by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under 49 U.S.C. 32904 and set forth in 40 CFR part 600.
(b) For model years 2017 through 2031, a manufacturer is eligible to increase the fuel economy performance of passenger cars in accordance with procedures established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set forth in 40 CFR part 600, subpart F, including adjustments to fuel economy for fuel consumption improvements related to air conditioning (AC) efficiency and off-cycle technologies. Starting in model year 2027, fuel economy increases for fuel consumption improvement values under 40 CFR 86.1868-12 and 40 CFR 86.1869-12 only apply for vehicles propelled by internal combustion engines. Manufacturers must provide reporting on these technologies as specified in § 537.7 of this chapter by the required deadlines.
(1) Efficient AC technologies. A manufacturer may increase its fleet average fuel economy performance through the use of technologies that improve the efficiency of AC systems pursuant to the requirements in 40 CFR 86.1868-12. Fuel consumption improvement values resulting from the use of those AC systems must be determined in accordance with 40 CFR 600.510-12(c)(3)(i).
(2) Off-cycle technologies on EPA's predefined list. A manufacturer may increase its fleet average fuel economy performance through the use of off-cycle technologies pursuant to the requirements in 40 CFR 86.1869-12 for predefined off-cycle technologies in accordance with 40 CFR 86.1869-12(b). The fuel consumption improvement is determined in accordance with 40 CFR 600.510-12(c)(3)(ii).
(3) Off-cycle technologies using 5-cycle testing. Through model year 2026, a manufacturer may increase its fleet average fuel economy performance through the use of off-cycle technologies tested using the EPA's 5-cycle methodology in accordance with 40 CFR 86.1869-12(c). The fuel consumption improvement is determined in accordance with 40 CFR 600.510-12(c)(3)(ii).
(4) Off-cycle technologies using the alternative EPA-approved methodology. Through model year 2026, a manufacturer may seek to increase its fuel economy performance through use of an off-cycle technology requiring an application request made to the EPA in accordance with 40 CFR 86.1869-12(d).
(i) Eligibility under the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program requires compliance with paragraphs (b)(4)(i)(A) through (C) of this section. Paragraphs (b)(4)(i)(A), (B) and (D) of this section apply starting in model year 2024. Paragraph (b)(4)(i)(E) of this section applies starting in model year 2025.
(A) A manufacturer seeking to increase its fuel economy performance using the alternative methodology for an off-cycle technology, should submit a detailed analytical plan to EPA prior to the applicable model year. The detailed analytical plan may include information, such as planned test procedure and model types for demonstration. The plan will be approved or denied in accordance with 40 CFR 86.1869.12(d).
(B) A manufacturer seeking to increase its CAFE program fuel economy performance using the alternative methodology for an off-cycle technology must submit an official credit application to EPA and obtain approval in accordance with 40 CFR 86.1869.12(e) prior to September of the given model year.
(C) A manufacturer's plans, applications and requests approved by the EPA must be made in consultation with NHTSA. To expedite NHTSA's consultation with the EPA, a manufacturer must concurrently submit its application to NHTSA if the manufacturer is seeking off-cycle fuel economy improvement values under the CAFE program for those technologies. For off-cycle technologies that are covered under 40 CFR 86.1869-12(d), NHTSA will consult with the EPA regarding NHTSA's evaluation of the specific off-cycle technology to ensure its impact on fuel economy and the suitability of using the off-cycle technology to adjust the fuel economy performance.
(D) A manufacturer may request an extension from NHTSA for more time to obtain an EPA approval. Manufacturers should submit their requests 30 days before the deadlines in paragraphs (b)(4)(i)(A) through (C) of this section. Requests should be submitted to NHTSA's Director of the Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance at [email protected] .
(E) For MYs 2025 and 2026, a manufacturer must respond within 60-days to any requests from EPA or NHTSA for additional information or clarifications to submissions provided pursuant to paragraphs (b)(4)(i)(A) and (B) of this section. Failure to respond within 60 days may result in denial of the manufacturer's request to increase its fuel economy performance through use of an off-cycle technology requests made to the EPA in accordance with 40 CFR 86.1869-12(d).
(ii) Review and approval process. NHTSA will provide its views on the suitability of the technology for that purpose to the EPA. NHTSA's evaluation and review will consider:
(A) Whether the technology has a direct impact upon improving fuel economy performance;
(B) Whether the technology is related to crash-avoidance technologies, safety critical systems or systems affecting safety-critical functions, or technologies designed for the purpose of reducing the frequency of vehicle crashes;
(C) Information from any assessments conducted by the EPA related to the application, the technology and/or related technologies; and
(D) Any other relevant factors.
(iii) Safety. (A) Technologies found to be defective or non-compliant, subject to recall pursuant to part 573 of this chapter, Defect and Noncompliance Responsibility and Reports, due to a risk to motor vehicle safety, will have the values of approved off-cycle credits removed from the manufacturer's credit balance or adjusted to the population of vehicles the manufacturer remedies as required by 49 U.S.C. chapter 301. NHTSA will consult with the manufacturer to determine the amount of the adjustment.
(B) Approval granted for innovative and off-cycle technology credits under NHTSA's fuel efficiency program does not affect or relieve the obligation to comply with the Vehicle Safety Act (49 U.S.C. chapter 301), including the “make inoperative” prohibition (49 U.S.C. 30122), and all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards (FMVSSs) issued thereunder (part 571 of this chapter). In order to generate off-cycle or innovative technology credits manufacturers must state—
( 1 ) That each vehicle equipped with the technology for which they are seeking credits will comply with all applicable FMVSS(s); and
( 2 ) Whether or not the technology has a fail-safe provision. If no fail-safe provision exists, the manufacturer must explain why not and whether a failure of the innovative technology would affect the safety of the vehicle.
Appendix AAppendix A to Part 531—Example of Calculating Compliance Under § 531.5(c)
Assume a hypothetical manufacturer (Manufacturer X) produces a fleet of domestic passenger automobiles in MY 2012 as follows:
Appendix A—Table I
Model type
Description
Actual measured fuel economy (mpg)
Volume
Group
Carline name
Basic engine (L)
Transmission class
1
PC A FWD
1.8
A5
2-door sedan
34.0
1,500
2
PC A FWD
1.8
M6
2-door sedan
34.6
2,000
3
PC A FWD
2.5
A6
4-door wagon
33.8
2,000
4
PC A AWD
1.8
A6
4-door wagon
34.4
1,000
5
PC A AWD
2.5
M6
2-door hatchback
32.9
3,000
6
PC B RWD
2.5
A6
4-door wagon
32.2
8,000
7
PC B RWD
2.5
A7
4-door sedan
33.1
2,000
8
PC C AWD
3.2
A7
4-door sedan
30.6
5,000
9
PC C FWD
3.2
M6
2-door coupe
28.5
3,000
Total
27,500
Note to Table I to this appendix: Manufacturer X's required fleet average fuel economy standard level would first be calculated by determining the fuel economy targets applicable to each unique model type and footprint combination for model type groups 1-9 as illustrated in Table II to this appendix.
Manufacturer X calculates a fuel economy target standard for each unique model type and footprint combination.
Appendix A—Table II
Model type
Description
Base tire size
Wheelbase (inches)
Track width F&R average (inches)
Footprint (ft 2 )
Volume
Fuel economy target standard (mpg)
Group
Carline name
Basic engine (L)
Transmission class
1
PC A FWD
1.8
A5
2-door sedan
205/75R14
99.8
61.2
42.4
1,500
35.01
2
PC A FWD
1.8
M6
2-door sedan
215/70R15
99.8
60.9
42.2
2,000
35.14
3
PC A FWD
2.5
A6
4-door wagon
215/70R15
100.0
60.9
42.3
2,000
35.08
4
PC A AWD
1.8
A6
4-door wagon
235/60R15
100.0
61.2
42.5
1,000
35.95
5
PC A AWD
2.5
M6
2-door hatchback
225/65R16
99.6
59.5
41.2
3,000
35.81
6
PC B RWD
2.5
A6
4-door wagon
265/55R18
109.2
66.8
50.7
8,000
30.33
7
PC B RWD
2.5
A7
4-door sedan
235/65R17
109.2
67.8
51.4
2,000
29.99
8
PC C AWD
3.2
A7
4-door sedan
265/55R18
111.3
67.8
52.4
5,000
29.52
9
PC C FWD
3.2
M6
2-door coupe
225/65R16
111.3
67.2
51.9
3,000
29.76
Total
27,500
Note to Table II to this appendix: With the appropriate fuel economy targets determined for each unique model type and footprint combination, Manufacturer X's required fleet average fuel economy standard would be calculated as illustrated in Figure 1 to this appendix.
Note to Figure 2 to this appendix:
Since the actual fleet average fuel economy performance of Manufacturer X's fleet is 32.0 mpg, as compared to its required fleet fuel economy standard of 31.6 mpg, Manufacturer X complied with the CAFE standard for MY 2012 as set forth in § 531.5(c).
7 sections
Cite this law
PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS (U.S.C.). Retrieved via LawPlayer, https://lawplayer.com/us/act/cfr-title-49-part-531
United States government works (U.S. Code, Code of Federal Regulations) are in the public domain under 17 U.S.C. § 105.
本頁資料來源：GPO govinfo / eCFR·整理提供：法律人 LawPlayer· lawplayer.com