一直徑為2 ft 之鋼管內水流平均流速為15 ft/s。此鋼管之粗糙度
(roughness)ε為0.0003 ft。水之密度為1 g/cm3(= 62.4 lb/ft3),黏度
(viscosity)為1 cp。入口及出口處之摩擦損失可忽略。如在鋼管內置入
一光滑塑膠襯墊(smooth plastic liner)使得內徑變為1.9 ft,請問如壓力
降維持不變,此時流量為原來流量之幾倍?(25 分)
單位換算:1 ft = 12 in.,1 in. = 2.54 cm,1 lb = 0.45359 kg,1 poise = 0.0672
lb/ft ∙ s。
Material of construction
Equivalent roughness for new pipes,ε
(m)
Drawn tubing
1.5 × 10-5
Commercial steel
4.6 × 10-5
Wrought iron
4.6 × 10-5
Asphalted cast iron
1.2 × 10-4
Galvanized iron
1.5 × 10-4
Cast iron
2.6 × 10-4
Wood stove
1.8 × 10-4
to 9 × 10-4
Concrete
3
× 10-4
to 3 × 10-3
Riveted steel
9
× 10-4
to 9 × 10-3
Reynolds number, NRe =
υρ
µ
D
Fanning friction factor, f
critical
region
turbulent flow
relative
roughness
ε/D
10,000,000
smooth pipe
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1000
100
laminar flow