試比較下列各組名詞相異之處:(每小題8 分,共40 分)
懲罰(punishment)與負增強(negative reinforcement)
常模參照評量(norm-referenced evaluation)與標準參照評量(criterion-referenced
evaluation)
自我觀念(self-concept)與自我價值(self-worth)
學習目標(learning goals)與表現目標(performance goals)
運作記憶(working memory)與長期記憶(long-term memory)